Structural Biochemistry
Appearance
Structural biochemistry is a branch of the life sciences, specially biochemistry, that combines biology, physics, and chemistry to study living organisms and to summarize some mutual physicochemical underlying principles that all forms of life share. It is also referred to more generally as structural biology. Structural biochemists aim to describe, in atomic precision level, molecular terms of the structures, mechanisms, and chemical processes shared by all metabolism of all organisms, providing organizing principles that underlie life in all its diverse forms.
- Thermodynamics
- Zeroth Law
- First law
- Second law
- Third law
- Internal Energy
- Entropy
- Enthalpy
- Heat capacity
- Free energy
- Material Equilibrium
- Phase Diagrams
- Phase Equilibria
- Endergonic reaction
- Exergonic reaction
- Molecular Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- Ideal Gas
- Equation for Process Calculations for Ideal Gases
- Irreversible Process
- Application of the Virial Equations
- Bioenergetics
- Energy coupling in chemical reactions
- Metabolism
- Biophysics- Single Molecule techniques
- Chemical Bonding
- Biochemical Natural Selection
- Organic Chemistry
- Organic Functional Groups
- Organic Synthesis
- Types of Macromolecules
- Reagents
- Mechanisms of Organic Molecules
- Stereochemistry of Organic Molecules
- Chemistry of Important Organic Molecules in Biochemistry
- Important Organic Reactions in Biochemistry
- Techniques in Organic Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry Terms
- Synthesis
- Organometallic Chemistry
- Degree of Unsaturation
- Acid-Base Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Point Groups
- Character Table
- SALC
- Chemical Reactions
- Molecular Geometry
- Periodic trends
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Cystalline solid state
- General Chemistry
- History of the Earth
- RNA World Hypothesis
- Evolution in the Laboratory
- Evolution of Humans
- Evolution of Populations
- The Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis
- Molecular Evolution
- Three Domains of Life
- The Endosymbiotic Theory
- The Evolution of Membranes
- Natural Selection of Aluminum and Silicon
- Speciation
- Gene Flow
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology
- Hardy-Weinberg Principle
- Cell Organelles and Structural Biochemistry
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Ribosome
- Chloroplast
- Proteins
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Mitochondria
- Centrioles
- Cytosol
- Lysosome
- Peroxisome
- Cytoskeleton
- Functional Categories of Eukaryotic Organelles
- Plant Cell
- Animal Cell
- Imaging cellular architecture with X-rays
- Fluorescence
- Cell Aging
- Cell Adhesion
- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Stem Cells
- Cells Transforming Energy
- Control Systems
- Cell Signaling Pathways
- Juxtacrine Signaling
- Paracrine Signaling
- Endocrine Signaling
- G-Proteins and G-Protein Coupled Receptors
- Adenylate Cyclase and cAMP Signaling
- Phosphoinositol Signaling
- Calcium Signaling
- Protein Kinases Signaling Cascades
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
- Kinases Inhibitors
- Insulin Signaling
- Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling
- RAS
- ROS
- Problems in Signaling that cause Cancer
- Transforming Growth Factor Beta
- Hormonal Signaling
- Apoptosis
- RAGE: Pattern Recognition Receptor
- Mobile Zinc and Nitric Oxide
- Nitric Oxide
- Heparan Sulfate
- Skeletal Muscle Remodeling
- Phagoptosis
- Necrosis
- Noise in Signaling
- Hippo Signaling
- JNK Signaling
- Immune Signaling
- Apoptosis-Inducing Factor
- Adipogenesis: From Stem Cell to Adipocyte
- Nitric Oxide and CGMP Response
- Secretins
- Microscopy
- Endocytosis
- Virus Entry by Endocytosis
- Mitotic Spindles
- Pili
- Flagella
- Aging and Metabolic Control Analysis
- Short Linear Motifs and Viral Infection
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Cytokine Receptors
- Ras-ERK and PI3K-mTOR pathways
- The Genetics of Bacteria
- Properties of Mutant Alleles
- Foundation of Genetics
- Genetics terms
- Inheritance Patterns
- Chromosomes
- Epigenomics
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
- Homeobox Genes
- How can you know if Genes are "on" or "off" in a cell?
- Genetic Variants
- Structural Variation
- Defective Repair of DNA
- Classifications of Cancer
- Mutagenesis
- Tumor suppressor genes
- Glutamine Addiction in Cancer
- Ligand-Binding Site and Glutamate Receptor Trafficking
- Proto-oncogenes
- Drug Targeting
- Quantum Dot-Aptamer Conjugate
- Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
- Drug Platform
- Drug Classification
- Drug Development Challenges
- Development and Discovery of Zanamivir & Oseltamivir for Various Diseases
- Clinical Development of Drugs
- Controlled Substances Act
- Contribution of natural products
- How drugs cross the cell membrane
- MDR Pumps
- Response to Medicine
- Influenza Virus
- Alprazolam
- Amsacrine
- Aspirin
- Valsartan
- Dianabol
- Tylenol
- Prozac
- Anthrax
- Phenelzine
- Pepcid
- Adalat
- Bosulif
- Luvox
- Norethindrone
- Paclitaxel
- Allegra
- Adderall
- Ritalin
- Paxil
- Paxin
- Marijuana
- Benadryl
- Prednisone
- Tobacco and Nicotine
- Alcohol
- Acetaminophen
- Vicodin
- Folic acid
- Ayahuasca
- Viagra (Sildenafil Citrate)
- Vyvanse
- Retrovir/AZT
- Drug Antagonists
- Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
- Drug Resistance
- Antivirals
- Ketamine
- MDMA
- Cocaine
- Warfarin
- Ibuprofen
- Loratadine
- Nexium
- Methotrexate
- Vancomycin
- Thalidomide
- Simvastatin
- Drug Reward Path In The Brain
- Hurler Syndrome and Treatments
- RNA-Based Drugs
- Antibiotics
- Prodrugs
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Stages of how a drug passes through the body
- Statin
- Caffeine
- Lysergic acid diethylamide
- Methamphetamine
- Minocycline
- Testosterone and the Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid (AASs)
- Oxycodone
- Contraceptives
- Morphine
- Diprivan
- Rituximab
- Plan B
- Routes of Drug Administration
- Pharmacokinetics
- PTP1B
- Amphetamine
- Juvenile Hormone
- Phylketonuria (PKU)
- Antibiotic
- Furosemide
- Vitamin C
- Lantipeptides
- ADME
- Pharmacology
- Translational Science
- Personalized Medicine
- Model Organisms
- Bridging the gap between basic and clinical investigation
- Neurons
- Glial Cells
- Neurochemistry
- Axonal Transport and Disease
- Synapses
- Channelopathies
- Phases of Brain Development
- Neurodegeneration
- Neuroglobin
- Motor Systems
- Homology
- Sequences Alignments
- Structural Alignments
- Advances and pitfalls of protein structural alignment
- Evolution Trees
- Bioimaging
- Combinatorial Chemistry
- Comparative Genomics
- Transgenic Animal
- Protein Fold Recognition
- SIRCh Link for Bioinformateics (Selected Internet Resources)
- Fold.it
Water
[edit | edit source]- Amino Acids
- Proteins
- Structures
- Surface Layer Proteins
- Protein Folding
- Ramachandron Plot
- Protein Folding Problem
- Protein Folding on the Ribosome
- Assembly of bacterial inner membrane proteins
- Protein Folding to New Enzymes
- Fibrous Proteins
- Unfolded Protein Response
- Signaling Control of Splicing Proteins
- Analyzing and visualizing residue networks of protein structures
- Binding-sites Predictions assisting protein-protein Docking
- Developing Novel Classifications of Protein Structure
- Techniques to Study Proteins
- Proteostasis
- Synthesis
- Purification
- Analysis of Purification Results
- Analytical Ultracentrifugation
- Crosslinking Technique
- Protein Sequence Determination Techniques
- Protein Structure Determination Methods
- Analyzing protein structure and function using ancestral gene reconstruction
- Measuring Enzymatic Activity Using Spectroscopy
- Protein Glycosylation
- Comparison of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Proteolytic Cascades
- Conformational changes in Adenylyl Cyclases control regulation of signal transduction
- Prion Protein Misfolding and Disease
- Immunology: Another Approach Towards Protein Analysis
- Site Prediction
- Protein Misfolding and Human Disease
- Protein Translation
- Protein Modification
- Posttranslational Modification of Proteins
- Protein Phosphorylation by Protein Kinases
- Detection of Phosphorylation
- Protein in Signal Transduction
- Integrin Proteins
- Conformational changes in Adenylyl Cyclases control regulation of signal transduction
- Protein O-GlcNAcylation by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)
- Protein Acetylation by Lipids
- Protein Functions
- Regulation
- Lysozyme
- Oct Proteins
- Lafora Disease
- Other Non-Common Amino Acids
- Inherently Disordered Proteins
- Stability, Mutation and Evolvability
- Protein Disorder
- Nonribosomal Peptide Synthestases (NRPSs)
- Overcoming Challenges of Protein Crystallography
- Protein Evolution
- Sirtuins
- Collagen
- Serpins
- Glycoproteins
- Protein Design
- Protein Design & Drug Delivery
- Drug Delivery
- Beta-Propeller Proteins
- WD40 Domains
- Bub1 and BubR1
- APOBEC3G
- Glutaredoxins
- TAX1BP1
- TPD-43
- Binding
- Integral Membrane Protein
- Myoglobin
- Hemoglobin
- Antibodies
- Myosin
- Actin
- Insulin
- DNA Binding
- Fluorescent Proteins
- G Proteins
- LPA Receptors
- G Protein Mechanism
- Ferritin
- Siderochromes
- The "fuzzy" interactome
- Protein Folding and Chaperones
- CCN Proteins
- Prion Proteins
- Bacterial Proteins
- Ubiquitin
- Cdc48
- TGFβ and Integrins
- AB5 Toxins
- PHD Finger
- TATA-Binding Protein
- Chaperone Proteins
- Function Attribution
- Unfolded Protein Response
- TDP-43
- Active Transport
- Passive Transport
- Membrane Gradients and Thermodynamics
- P-type ATPases
- ATP-Binding Cassette Proteins
- Symporters
- Antiporters
- Uniporters
- Ion Channels
- Ligand-gated Ion Channels
- Gap Junctions
- Water Channels
- Nuclear Pore Compex
- Cotransporters
- Control Systems:Nervous System
- The Evolution of Membrane Proteins
- Organizational Scheme for Protein Function
- Methods for Studying Membrane Proteins
- Assembly of Membrane Proteins into Complexes
- Topology
- G Protein Coupled Receptor
- Multidrug-Resistance Pumps
- Study of Protein structure in lipid bilayer: Electron crystallography
- Folding
- Membrane Curvature
- Hydrophobicity scales
- Membrane Protein stresses in fusion and fission
- Mucus Membrane System
- Secretin
- Binding of the Drug Amantadine to the Proton Channels of the M2 Protein in the Influenza Virus
- TA proteins (GET) pathway in young men
- Monosaccharides
- Carbohydrate Structure Elucidation through Periodic Acid Cleavage
- Ketoses
- Aldoses
- Disaccharides
- Oligosaccharides
- Sequencing Oligosaccharides Using Glycosidases
- Polysaccharides
- /Carbohydrates/Chitin
- Glycans
- Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins
- Carbohydrate Derivatives
- Carbohydrates and Proteins
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Glycogen Breakdown
- Fatty Acids
- Cholesterol
- Biological Membranes
- Membrane Lipids
- Membrane Transport
- Membrane Fusion
- Membrane Fission
- Micelles
- Lipid Bilayer
- Membrane Fluidity
- Fluid Mosaic Model
- Techniques to Study Membranes
- Waxes, Soaps, and Detergents
- Isoprenoids
- Lipid Rafts
- /Lipids/Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics Studies
- Mass Spectrometry-Based Structure Determination of Novel Lipids
- Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
- Biosynthesis
- Lipid activation of protein kinases
- Degradation of Odd-Chain and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Liposomes
- Lipid Droplets and Cellular Lipid Metabolism
- Structure
- Connection Between Monomers
- DNA
- DNA structure
- Supercoiling and Nucleosomes
- Palindromic Sequencing
- DNA Denaturation
- Avery-MacLeod-McCarty Experiment
- Hershey-Chase Experiment
- Chargaff's Experiments
- Watson and Crick's Article
- Franklin's DNA X-ray Crystallography
- Replication Process
- Meselson-Stahl Experiment
- Knockout Mouse
- Transgenic Animals
- Transgenic Plants
- The Hypochromic Effect
- DNA Repair
- DNA Packaging
- DNA as Nanomaterial
- Structural DNA Nanotechnology
- Holliday Junction
- Proliferative and Antiproliferative Genes
- Protein-DNA Recognition
- Transcription Regulation by Mediator
- Chromatin and Aging
- Chromatin regulation and genome maintenance by mammalian SIRT6
- RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- Small RNA
- Other RNA
- RNA Polymerase
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
- RNA Helicase
- Riboswitch
- RNA Folding
- Short RNAs
- RNA Interference (RNAi)
- Differences between DNA and RNA
- Transcription
- mRNA processing and transfer
- Translation
- RNA Modification
- RNA Degradation
- Telomere
- RNA Purification
- RNA Extraction
- Short RNA (sRNA Sequencing)
- Nematode RNA
- RNA Secondary Structure
- Making RISC's
- Diverse Interctions of retroviral Gag proteins with RNAs
- DNA Manipulation Techniques
- Genetic Code
- Gene Expression
- DNA Mutation
- Cloning Enzymes
- Genome Regulation
- Genome Analysis
- DNA Recombinant Techniques
- Single Molecule DNA Sequencing
- Methods for Determining Recombinant DNA in the Environment
- Polyermase Chain Reaction
- DNA of the Future (The Many Faces of DNA)
- Mitochondrial DNA
- ATP
- Function Attribution of Gene & Gene Products
- 30nm chromatin fibers
- Enzyme
- Zymogen
- Gibbs Free Energy Diagram
- Rates and Constants
- Mechanisms
- Michaelis-Menten Equation
- Double-Reciprocal Plot
- Reversible Inhibitors
- Irreversible Inhibitor
- Time-dependent Inhibition
- Transition-State Analogs
- Penicillin
- Effects of pH on Enzyme Activity
- Site-Directed Mutagenesis
- Multi-substrate reactions
- Catalytic antibodies
- Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Activity
- Proteases
- Dehydrogenases
- Enzyme Phenylalanine Hydrozylase (PAH)
- Carbonic Anhydrase
- Carboxypeptidase
- Kinase
- Biophysical Studies of Bacterial Ribosome Assembly
- Restriction Enzyme
- Glutathione Reductase
- Nucleotide Monophosphate Kinase
- Phillips mechanism
- Isomerases
- Ping-Pong Mechanism
- Acetyltransferase
- Deacetylase
- Radical-SAM Enzyme
- Summary
- Membrane Traffic
- Cold-Adapted enzymes
- Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase
- Cytochrome b6f Complex
- Cytochrome P450 Enzyme
- Deaminase
- Drug metabolism enzymes
- MAO B enzyme
- Cyclooxygenase enzyme
- PLC enzyme
- Polynucleotide Kinase/Phosphatase enzyme
- NLR Sensors
- GTPase
- Palmitoyl Transferase
- Feedback Inhibition
- Isozymes
- Reversible Covalent Modification
- Proteolytic Activation
- Enzyme Cascades
- Transcription Activation
- Allosteric Control
- Irreversible Inhibition
- Amino Acid Sensing and Transporting
- Testosterone
- Estrogen
- Xenohormones
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropins
- Pheromones
- Gastrin
- Epinephrine
- Human Placental Lactogen
Key Words
[edit | edit source]- General Terms
- Protein Terms
- Contentious Terms
- Carbohydrate Terms
- Lipids and Cell Membrane Terms
- DNA and RNA Terms
- Evolution and Bioinformatics Terms
- Enzyme Terms
- Apoptosis
Influential Structural Biochemists
[edit | edit source]- Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
- Albert Claude
- Christian de Duve
- Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
- Roger D. Kornberg
- Elizabeth F. Neufeld
- Ivan Berkes
- James C. Wang
- Nobuhiko Katunuma
- Matthias W. Hentze
- Rosalind Franklin
- Shigeru Tsuiki
- Paul D. Boyer
- Maria Manasseina
- Frederick Sanger
- Edwin G. Krebs
- John C. Kendrew
- Selman A. Waksman
- William H. Stein
- Vaclaw L. Kretovich
- Linus Pauling
Taxis
[edit | edit source]- Carbon Monoxide: A Stealthy Killer
- Inherited Human Diseases Resulting from Abnormal Accumulations of Membrane Lipids
- Eat your Fruits and Veggies! How Vitamin C combats scurvy
- X-ray Crystallography
- Antibodies that target tumor cells
- The RNA recognition motif, a plastic RNA-binding platform to regulate post-transcriptional gene expression
- The Molecular Regulation of Programmed Necrotic Cell Injury
- Ribosome Mediated Translation Initiation for Vesicular Stomatitus Virus
- The MPS1 Family of Protein Kinases
References
[edit | edit source]- The Free Dictionary. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th Edition. © 2009, Elsevier., 2009. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/compartment+model.
- Zhang, Liangfang. "Controlled Drug Delivery Systems." CENG 207 Lecture 9 “Pharmacokinetics of Drug Dispersion”. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla. 10 May 2012. Lecture.
- Dhillon, Soraya and Gill, Kiren. "Basic Pharmacokinetics." 28 Oct. 2012. http://www.pharmpress.com/files/docs/clinical_pharmacokinetics_samplechapter.pdf