Dutch/Lesson 12A
Beginner level | Intermediate level | Advanced level | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cycle 1 | Cycle 2 | Cycle 3 | Cycle 4 | Cycle 5 | Cycle 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Main | Lesson 1 | Lesson 2 | Lesson 3 | Lesson 4 | Lesson 5 | Lesson 6 | Lesson 7 | Lesson 8 | Lesson 9 | Lesson 10 | Lesson 11 | Lesson 12 | Lesson 13 | Lesson 14 | Lesson 15 | Lesson 16 | Lesson 17 | Lesson 18 | Lesson 19 | Lesson 20 | Lesson 21 | Lesson 22 | Lesson 23 | Main | |||
Practice | Lesson 1A | Lesson 2A | Lesson 3A | Lesson 4A | Lesson 5A | Lesson 6A | Lesson 7A | Lesson 8A | Lesson 9A | Lesson 10A | Lesson 11A | Lesson 12A | Lesson 13A | Lesson 14A | Lesson 15A | Lesson 16A | Practice | ||||||||||
Examples | Vb. 1 | Vb. 2 | Vb. 3 | Vb. 4 | Vb. 5 | Vb. 6 | Vb. 7 | Vb. 8 | Vb. 9 | Vb. 10 | Vb. 11 | Vb. 12 | Vb. 13 | Vb. 14 | Vb. 15 | Vb. 16 | Examples | ||||||||||
Quiz | Quiz | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Main page | Introduction | Pronunciation | Vocabulary | Index | News |
Intermediate level: cycle 3 |
Lesson 12A ~ Lesson 12A
Lijdende vorm ~ Passive voice
• Passive voice |
• Intervocalic -d- |
• Talking hobbies |
Quiz
[edit | edit source]
Vocabulary 12A
[edit | edit source]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/200px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)
Conjunctions are not the only way that sentences can be connected. There are many adverbs, adverbial expressions or conjunctive expressions and a few more that can refer to the contents of another phrase. Study this page with connective terms and then translate the following narrative.
In 1957 traden zowel België alsook Nederland als stichtingslanden toe tot de Europese Economische Gemeenschap. Later werd dat de Europese Unie. Voordien hadden beide kleine staten een koloniaal rijk gehad. Daardoor konden zij economisch overleven in een Europa met gesloten grenzen, hoewel zij ook soms het slagveld geweest waren van de eindeloze oorlogen tussen Duitsland en Frankrijk. Vooral België was daar zwaar door getroffen in de Eerste Wereldoorlog en in de Tweede werden allebei de landen bezet door Duitsland. Desnietaltemin waren zij nadien samen met Frankrijk grote voorstanders van een vereningsproces met de oude vijanden Duitsland en Italië. Dat had niet alleen economische redenen maar ook politieke. De Europese federalisten wilden de eindeloze kringloop van oorlog na oorlog van voorheen doorbreken. Om te beginnen werd er in 1952 een kolen- en staalgemeenschap opgericht. Kolen en staal waren altijd de basis van de oorlogsindustrie geweest. Een gemeenschappelijke aanpak betekende dat een volgende oorlog tussen de oude erfvijanden heel moeilijk, zo niet onmogelijk gemaakt werd. Er waren uiteraard veel gevoelens van haat en wrok die men weg moest slikken om dit mogelijk te maken. Later werd de samenwerking verder uitgebreid, dat wil zeggen dat de grenzen ook voor elkaars andere producten opengingen Ondanks alle sombere voorspellingen begon de economie zich te herstellen en zelfs te bloeien. In Nederland bestond het gezegde "Indië veloren, rampspoed geboren", en na 1949 geloofden veel Nederlanders dus dat het land nu voor altijd arm zou blijven. In tegenstelling daartoe werd een decennium later het echter heel snel een rijk land. België nam in 1960 ook afscheid van het koloniale bewind over de Congo en ook België beleefde een economische opgang ten gevolge van de open Europese markt. Ondertussen is Europa in 2014 uitgegroeid tot een unie met 28 leden. |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Old_flag_of_the_European_Movement.svg/220px-Old_flag_of_the_European_Movement.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/EC06-1957-58_European_Community_map.svg/300px-EC06-1957-58_European_Community_map.svg.png)
Exercise 12A-1
[edit | edit source]- Hij leest dit boek
- De mannen breken de glazen
- Morgen geeft hij een les Nederlands
- Waarom doet hij dat?
- Zij haten hem
- Wij schrijven dit boek
- Wij schrijven boeken
- Ongetwijfeld drinken zij veel bier
- Hier moet je het afval in de bak doen
- Daar bakken ze dat lekkere brood
- Dit boek wordt door hem gelezen
- De glazen worden door de mannen gebroken
- Morgen wordt er een les Nederlands door hem gegeven
- Waarom wordt dat door hem gedaan?
- Hij wordt door hen gehaat
- Dit boek wordt door ons geschreven
- Er worden boeken door ons geschreven
- Ongetwijfeld wordt er door hen veel bier gedronken
- Hier moet het afval in de bak gedaan worden
- Daar wordt dat lekkere brood gebakken
- Notice that indefinite objects like een les or boeken usually result in an impersonal phrase that contains 'er' or is initiated with it.
- Notice also that general (indefinite) subjects like je, ze, men do not result in a prepositional object with door, because they are dummies, not real agents / actors
The vanishing -d-
[edit | edit source]You may have noticed that a -d- is not always pronounced as such. E.g. goedendag is often pronounced, even written, as goeiendag. This is a general phenomenon in the language. Intervocalic -d- easily weakens to a [j] - sound as in beyond[1] or to a [w] sound or it disappears altogether. The phenomenon is associated with register differences. Actually saying goedendag rather than goeiendag makes you sound very formal, even stiff, distant and unfriendly. Goeiedag is a lot friendlier, and most people shorten that even further to dag
Some examples
[edit | edit source]hou(d)en
[edit | edit source]The -d is often dropped in the singular or the present tense, even in written Dutch:
- Hou(d) je van sport?
- Ik hou(d) van je
Before a vowel, people might slip the -d- back in:
- Ik houd ervan.
In the plural the -d- is seldom dropped in the written standard, but in colloquial speech "houen" and "gehouen" are pretty common in some parts.
me(d)e
[edit | edit source]The prepositional adverb of met was originally mede. Often this is pronounced and written mee, and this forms has long since been accepted as standard Dutch.. Interestingly both forms are still in active use, but there is a register difference. Mede sounds official and high register:
- De minister deelde mede dat hij zou aftreden - the minister announced that he would resign
- Jan deelde mee dat hij op vakantie ging - John announced that he was going on vacation.
Mede is also used to mark an additional reason:
- Mede omdat hij ziek was, ging hij niet mee ~ Another reason he did not come along was that he was ill
In this case it cannot be replaced by mee, but the usuage is definitely high register.
ne(d)er
[edit | edit source]The adverb neder (the cognate of nether) can still be seen in Nederland or vernederen (to humiliate), but in many cases it has been replaced by neer: neerzien, neergaand etc.
le(d)er
[edit | edit source]The cognate of leather is leder and this is also the high register translation. Lower register is leer.
The same goes for the adjectives lederen - leren.
- Ons meubelbedrijf handelt in lederen bankstellen en stoelen - Our furniture store retails leather sofas and sectionals
- De motorrijder droeg een leren jas en leren broek - The biker wore a leather jacket and leather pants
No true hotblooded tough biker guy would be caught dead saying lederen anymore than a furniture store would stoop to advertising leren stoelen, unless intended for bikers perhaps.
zegde/zei
[edit | edit source]The past tense of zeggen is another example of the intervocalic -d- phenomenon. The original past tense was zegde; the -g- weakened to zeide. In analogy to the strong verbs this lost its final syllable -de- to form zei. It is certainly not unusual to hear the plural zeiden pronounced as zeien.
This did not happen in all derived verbs. E.g. toezeggen gas a past tense zegde toe.
The adjective zijden - meaning silken is also often pronounced as zijen.
gou(d)en ou(d)e
[edit | edit source]Popular music and its hit parade do not wish to be considered high register and so a song that was a great hit some long time ago is een gouwe ouwe (a golden oldie) and nothing else. And young people can be heard to refer to their parents as m'n ouwe lui. You certainly don't want to scold somebody an oude lul, that really would have to be ouwe lul, although non-native speakers perhaps best refrain from such rude expressions. (Lul means dick and no, it is not high register.)
wou(d)en
[edit | edit source]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ixobrychus_minutus_-Barcelona%2C_Spain-8.jpg/220px-Ixobrychus_minutus_-Barcelona%2C_Spain-8.jpg)
The past tense of willen was originally wolde(n). In Dutch -old- and -ald- has generally become a diphthong ou. Hence gold is goud in Dutch and old is oud. Thus wolde became woude in the singular and wouden in the plural. The weakness of -d- shortened the singular to a pseudo-strong monosyllabic wou and the plural to wouen or wouwen. This is however considered low register and dialectal by some people who insist that it must be replaced by wilde and wilden. In its official spelling standard the Taalunie has not gone along with that and has recognized wou and wouden as legitimate standard Dutch words. The form wouen is mentioned in ANS but was apparently an intervocalic bridge too far for the Taalunie.
het wouwaapje
[edit | edit source]The tendency to consider dropping the intervocalic -d- somehow substandard -despite it being widespread and centuries old- has led to an interesting hyper-correction of the name of a small heron species the Little Bittern (Ixobrychus minutus). It is very secretive and nocturnal. Its nightly calls sound like wow-wow and its original name was wouwaapje: a little monkey that does wow-wow. People mistook the wouw part as having resulted from the intervocalic -d- and 'restored' the -d- to woudaapje for their 'official' bird lists and bird guides. This changed the meaning of the name beyond recognition, because woud means forest. The bird actually lives in reedy wetlands. As diminutives are also not deemed 'official' enough to appear in such exalted listings and books, Wikipedia now insists that the name has to be woudaap. Thus the diminutive Little Bittern that wows in the reed marshes has been transformed into a Forest Ape.
It made Hans Dorrestijn[2] sigh:
De naam "Wouwaapje" was al eeuwen in gebruik en heeft daardoor alleen al bestaansrecht. Miljoenen mensen hebben het diertje onder deze naam gekend. "Wouwaapje" is echt. De naam "Woudaap" is verzonnen, een product van de directiekamer. |
The name "Wouwaapje" was already in use for centuries and for that reason alone has the right to exist. Millions of people have know this little animal under this naam. "Wouwaapje" is real. The name "Woudaap" is made up, a product of the board room.
If only there were a language court, then I would sue. I want my Bladkoninkje back (another small bird now titled Bladkoning by the bird guides) and my little sweet Wouwaapje!
Notice that Dorrestijn also defies the Taalunie decree that species names should not be capitalized.
Spelling
[edit | edit source]In 19th century spelling the phenomenon was rendered in the spelling by a circumflex: mêe, nêer, Nêerlands etc., but this convention has been dropped later on.
Vocabulary exercise
[edit | edit source]Study the phrases used when talking about hobbies
Then listen to the following sound files and write down the Dutch and the English translation:
noicon noicon noicon noicon
noicon
noicon noicon
- Vanmorgen lees ik de krant.
- Vanmiddag ga ik naar de bioscoop.
- Dit weekeinde voetbal ik
- Houd je van voetbal?
- Ik houd helemaal niet van voetbal.
- Wat is je lievelinssport.
- Mijn lievelingssport is basketbal.
- This morning I am reading the newspaper
- This afternoon I am going to the cinema
- This weekend I am playing football
- Do you like football?
- I don't like football at all.
- What is your favorite sport?
- My favorite sport is basketball
Appendix
[edit | edit source]- ↑ At least as it used to be pronounced in English. Many people today replace the -y- by a glottal stop and say be'ond
- ↑ Hans Dorrestijn 2012 Dudeljo! ISBN 978 90 388 9635 9