Dutch/Lesson 12

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Les 12 ~ Lesson 12


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Contents

[edit] Gesprek 12

Mirjam: Jan, er wordt gebeld!
Jan: Ja, ik hoor het. Is het antwoordapparaat ingeschakeld?
Mirjan: Nee, het is uit. Neem even op, het zal ma zijn. Anders wordt ze weer kwaad.
Jan: Ach ja, je moeder. Wanneer zal ze eens door je vader tot de orde geroepen worden? Ik word naar van haar gezeur.
Mirjam: Ze bedoelt het goed, Jan. Maar ze is al vaak door mensen teleurgesteld.
Jan: Ja ik zal wel een grote teleurstelling geweest zijn. Je wordt bedankt.

[edit] Grammatica 12-1. Worden and the Passive Voice

In most languages transitive verbs can be put in the passive voice. In English for example:

Active: The cook prepares dinner.
Passive: Dinner is prepared by the cook.

The object dinner of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive one. It is this 'transition' that makes the verb to cook a transitive one.

The passive voice is formed by means of its own auxiliary worden in Dutch. It is a regular strong verb:

worden – werd – geworden

Worden takes the auxiliary zijn in its perfect tenses.

The verb can also be used as a verb (copula) in its own right rather than as an auxiliary and then it translates into to become or to get. Compare:

Ik word piloot
I (will) become a pilot
Hij werd zo rood als een kroot!
He became as red as a beet (He blushed for shame).
Je schilderij is erg mooi geworden!
Your painting turned out very well!
Niet kwaad worden!
Don't get mad!

As an auxiliary + past participle it expresses the passive voice:

Hij slaat me ==>Ik word door hem geslagen
He beats me ==> I am beaten by him

The preposition door is used instead of English by.

The perfect tense of the passive can cause some confusion because the participle geworden is usually omitted:

Ik ben door hem geslagen (geworden)
Ik ben door hem geslagen
I have been beaten by him.

Thus, in such cases ik ben does not translate into I am!.

Notice that this imparts to the verb zijn three rather different roles:

  1. copula (the verbal equal sign =)
  2. active perfect auxiliary for certain verbs, e.g. those of motion
  3. passive perfect auxiliary for transitive verbs.

Compare:

ik ben piloot. (copula)
Ik ben naar huis gelopen (active perfect)
Ik ben door hem geslagen (passive perfect)

The latter contrasts with:

Ik heb hem geslagen (active perfect)

Particularly in the imperfect tenses, the passive voice is quite common in Dutch, probably more so than in English because the auxiliary worden makes it easily recognizable. It often occurs without a clear subject in conjunction with the adverb er (8) to describe circumstance.

Er wordt veel van je verwacht. (veel is subject)
Much is expected from you.
Er wordt van je verwacht dat je meedoet (dat je meedoet is subject)
It is expected of you that you partake.
Er wordt vaak om gelachen (no subject)
It is often laughed at.
Er is veel om die grap gelachen
That joke has been much laughed at.

The active version of such expressions requires the use of the indefinite personal pronoun men that translates into one or an impersonal they

men verwacht dat je meedoet
lit. one expects that you participate – they expect you to participate
men lacht erom / ze lachen erom
they laugh at it

In contrast to English passive construction cannot be applied to indirect object. Compare:

Je geeft de man een boek
Door jou wordt aan de man een boek gegeven (subject: boek)
You give the man a book
A book is given to the man by you
The man is given a book by you

The latter sentence with the man as subject is not allowed in Dutch. The indirect object needs to remain an indirect object (aan de man)

[edit] Ergatives and unergatives

A verb that carries a direct object is called a transitive verb. In Dutch these verbs can form passive voice constructions much like in English:

De politieman ziet een inbreker ==> De inbreker wordt door de politieman gezien.
The cop sees a burglar ==> The burglar is seen by the cop.

Verbs that do not have an indirect object are often called intransitive, but there are really two kinds in Dutch.

There is the ergative verbs like gaan, komen and a few others. They take zijn as their active(!) auxiliary in the perfect and they have no passive voice at all.

Ik ben gisteren gekomen - I have come yesterday.

A different group is called unergative. These verbs take hebben in the active perfect and they do form a passive of sorts, but it is an impersonal passive usually initiated with er.

Hij belt aan - Er wordt door hem aangebeld.

Actually, the most common usage is to leave the actor out altogether.

Er wordt gebeld! -- Someone is calling.

Neither sentence possesses a subject. In Dutch impersonal passives are a very common way to indicate that it is not clear who the actor is. English typically resorts to using someone or uses an entirely different construction like:

I hear the bell.

Impersonal passives are not limited to unergative intransitive verbs. Transitive verbs also form them:

Er werd door de politiagent een inbreker gezien.

In this case een inbreker is the subject. Notice that this sentence has the indefinite article een rather than definite de in the sentence above. A sentence like:

Er werd door de politiagent de inbreker gezien*.

is not possible, because the impersonal passive expresses the idea that the identity of the burglar is either not known or not of interest. English would often use a word like some.

Some burglar was seen by the cop.

[edit] When is a verb ergative?

As we saw above ergatives take zijn (to be) in their (active) perfect tense, where English takes to have:

ik ben gekomen - I have come.
het is gebeurd - it has happened.

This presents a problem for native English speakers. (Germans have no problem, their language has a very similar situation.) But how do you know what to use? There are two main groups of verbs that are ergative. One is the verbs that express motion like coming, going, driving, floating etc. The other is verbs that express a process or event that happen autonomously, without a clear party who is to blame for it like happening, melting, flowing, solidifying, sinking. Obviously the examples floating and sinking shows that the two groups overlap.

Many verbs can be used both as ergatives and as inergative or transitive. E.g. flying: vliegen.

ergative: Ik ben naar New York gevlogen. - I flew to New York.
transitive: Hij heeft zowel vliegtuigen als helicopters gevlogen - He has flown both planes and helicopters.
Rijden - to drive
transitive active: Ik heb hem naar huis gereden - I took him home in my car
transitive passive: Hij is door mij naar huis gereden - He was taken home by me (in my car)
ergative: Ik ben naar huis gereden - I drove home
Smelten - to melt
active: Ik smelt het ijs - I melt the ice
ergative: Het ijs smelt - The ice melts

Notice that in this case English has the same active - ergative switch. Ergativity itself is not the problem: English has that too. The problem only arises when putting the verb in the perfect:

active: Ik heb het ijs gesmolten - I have melted the ice
ergative: Het ijs is gesmolten - The ice has melted

[edit] Exercise 12-1:

For solution see: Dutch/Lesson 12/Key

[edit] Woordenschat

de regering                     government
de wet                          law
de piloot                       pilot
de ellende                      misery
het gebruik                     usage, custom 
in gebruik nemen                take into use
de dief                         thief
de inbraak                      burglary
de oplichter                    fraud, conman
de twijfel                      doubt
de voldoening                   satisfaction
de oorlog                       war
de nalatigheid                  negligence
de tegenslag                    setback, misfortune, disappointment
het gat                         the hole
de eeuw                         century
gesloten                        closed
met behulp van                  by means of 
verwachten, -te                 to expect
raken, raakte                   to touch
terugzetten, zette terug        put back
in de gaten houden              to keep an eye on
onlangs                         recently
aannemen - nam aan - aangenomen to adopt
doorzien - doorzag - doorzien   to comprehend
winnen - won - gewonnen         to win
lijden - leed - geleden         to suffer
verwijten - verweet - verweten  to blame
vliegen - vloog - gevlogen      to fly
vergeten - vergat - vergeten    to forget