Dutch/Lesson 2

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Les 2 ~ Lesson 2

Onbekenden en vrienden ~ Strangers and Friends

Simple conversations II
Grammar: Introduction to Verbs
Grammar: Adjectives, demonstratives and articles
Syntax: Question and negation

| ^ Contents ^ | << Les 1 | Les 2 | Les 3 >>


Contents

[edit] Gesprek 2-1

Study the following conversation; hover your mouse over a word if you don't know it. Once you think you understand the conversation open the dropdown below to see the full translation.

Standish: Goedemorgen meneer. Hoe gaat het met u?
Jansen: Goedemorgen. Goed. Hoe heet u?
Standish: Ik heet Standish. Robert Standish. En u? Wat is uw naam?
Jansen: U heet Robert? Wat toevallig! Ik heet ook Robert. Robert Jansen.
Standish: Inderdaad toevallig! Wij heten allebei Robert. Weet u hoe die mevrouw daar heet?
Jansen: Ik geloof dat zij Alice heet.
Standish: Gelooft u dat of bent u zeker ervan?
Jansen: Vrij zeker. Ze heet Alice Koopman.

[edit] Grammatica 2-1 ~ Introduction to Verbs

A verb (in Dutch: werkwoord) is that part of speech that describes an action. Verbs come in an almost bewildering array of tenses, moods, voices and aspects, and there are several major types: intransitive, transitive, ditransitive, and ergative verbs.

Fortunately, the Dutch verb is not too different from the English one, although it does have a few more forms.

 I am called Standish                      Ik heet Standish 
 What are you called (named)?              Hoe heet u? 
 ...that she is named (called) 'Alice'     ...dat ze 'Alice' heet
 We are both called Robert                 Wij heten allebei Robert

The Dutch verb heten can best be translated as "to be named" or "to be called" and we see two forms of it here

  1. a singular one: heet used with ik,u,ze
  2. a plural one heten used for wij (as well the other plural persons).

Actually there are usually three forms. This can be seen from:

 I believe                                         Ik geloof
 do you believe?                                   gelooft u?

In the case of heten the extra -t does not get added because the stem already ends in a -t.

In a later lesson we will revisit the verb forms associated with each person.

The irregular verb to be-zijn has a few more forms in both languages.

[edit] Gesprek 2-2 ~ De Engelsman

Meneer Standish, een Engelsman, gaat naar de boekhouding.
  • Meneer Standish: Goedemorgen. Bent u mevrouw Koopman?
  • Mevrouw Nieman: Nee. Zij is het meisje daar. Ik ben mevrouw Nieman. En u? Hoe heet u?
  • Meneer Standish: Ik heet Standish.
  • Mevrouw Nieman: Aangenaam kennis te maken. Bent u Nederlander?
  • Meneer Standish: Nee, ik ben een Engelsman.
  • Mevrouw Nieman: Echt waar? Dat is erg interessant. Kunt u mij verstaan?
  • Meneer Standish: Ja. Als u een beetje langzamer spreekt.
  • Mevrouw Nieman: Goed zo! Mag ik u mijn collega voorstellen, mevrouw Koopman?
  • Meneer Standish: Jazeker!


[edit] Grammatica 2-2 ~ Inversion in questions and negations

You may have wondered about the order of the words in

ik geloof dat ze Alice heet.

Even though Dutch verbs are not so much more complicated than English ones, word order is. In fact it is quite a bit more complicated than in English. For the moment let's just leave the above sentence for what it is and start with questions.

[edit] Questions

A question sentence in Dutch simply reverses the order of subject and verb.

Recall: U heet meneer Standish ('You are named Mr. Standish).

It became: Hoe heet u? as a question

The normal word order of subject (u or "you") then verb (heten) is reversed and, in this case, an interrogative (hoe or "how") added.

Additional examples:

Hoe gaat het met u? Het gaat goed met me
Bent u mevrouw Koopman? U bent mevrouw Koopman
Bent u Nederlander? U bent Nederlander ("You are Dutch").
Verstaat u mij? U verstaat mij ("You understand me").
Gelooft u? ik geloof

English does the same thing when using the verb to be:

I am - are you?
ik ben - bent u?

Dutch does not use the auxiliary to do as English requires in most other cases:

ik weet - weet u?
I know - do you know? (instead of "know you?")

[edit] Negations

The negative is formed by simply adding niet:

Ik versta u - I understand you
Ik versta u niet - I do not understand you

Again, Dutch does not use the auxiliary to do. (In fact using it sounds very foreign.)

[edit] Gesprek 2-3 ~ Het nieuwe meisje

In this conversation, the parties are close friends.

  • Karel: Heleen, wie is dat nieuwe meisje? Die brunette daar.
  • Heleen: Ik geloof dat ze Karolien heet.
  • Karel: Ze is erg mooi.
  • Heleen: Ze is leuk, als je kleine meisjes met lange zwarte haren leuk vindt.
  • Karel: Ja. Ik ben gek op dat haar. Wat een mooie meid!
  • Heleen: Karel toch!


[edit] Grammatica 2-2 Adjectives, demonstratives and articles

[edit] Gender

Where English uses the demonstrative pronoun that, Dutch uses either dat or die, recall:

dat nieuwe meisje. Die brunette. - that new girl, that brunette

Similarly,where English uses the article the, Dutch has two possibilities: de or het, recall:

de boekhouding, het meisje. - the administration, the girl

We will revisit this phenomenon (gender) in the next lesson more extensively. There is a bit of a problem with it in Dutch.

For the moment it is enough to realize that there are two kinds of words,

ones that take de and die
ones that take het and dat

Both articles and demonstrative pronouns are a special kind of adjectives: words that are added to make the meaning of another word more precise, like new, small or exciting

[edit] Inflection

Recall that some adjectives in the dialogue ended in -e (mooie meid), sometimes they did not (is erg mooi).

Adjectives can be used in two ways: in front of a noun and after a verb like is (a copula). In English the adjective remains the same regardless:

The house is red (copula + adjective)
The red car (adjective + noun)

Behind a copula (as predicate) this is true in Dutch as well:

Ik ben gek (I am crazy)
Ze is mooi (She is pretty)
De auto is rood (The car is red)

But in Dutch they are inflected if they occur in front of a noun (as attribute). Compare:

de rode auto - the red car
een rode auto - a red car
de rode auto's - the red cars
rode auto's - red cars

Neuter words are the ones that carry the definite article het and the demonstrative dat. They are a bit different (Again: we will revisit them in the next lesson.)

het rode huis
een rood huis - a red house
de rode huizen
rode huizen

As you see the adjective is not inflected after the indefinite article een.

This also holds if there is no article:

met groot gemak - with great ease (het gemak: neuter)

But:

in hoge nood - in desparate need (de nood)

Thus, apart from the indefinite neuter an attributive adjective is usually inflected with -e.

There are a few exceptions, compare e.g.:

de man - the man
een grote man - a big man
een groot man - a great man

[edit] Making nouns out of adjectives

Adjectives can be turned into nouns, by assuming their inflected form:

Dat is een grote
That is a big one
Dat is een kleine
That is a small one
Die lange heeft mijn fiets gestolen
That tall guy has stolen my bike

Notice that Dutch does not use 'one' in such cases.

There are a number of adjectives that can be turned into nouns by adding -te. They all carry de. In English the corresponding suffix is -th:

wijd – wijdte (wide - width)
lang – lengte (long, tall - length)
groot – grootte (big - size)
breed – breedte (broad - breadth)
eng – engte (narrow - narrowness)
zwaar – zwaarte (heavy - heaviness)
heet – hitte (hot - heat)
warm – warmte (warm - warmth)
zwak – zwakte (weak - weakness)
sterk – sterkte (strong - strength)
droog – droogte (dry - drought)
hoog – hoogte (high - height)
menig – menigte (many - crowd)
duur – duurte (expensive - dearth)
gewoon – gewoonte (usual - habit)

More about nouns in the next lesson.

[edit] Woordenlijst 2

Dutch word audio file English translation
de brunette brunette
de Engelsman Englishman
het haar, de haren hair(s)
het meisje, de meisjes girl, girls
de collega colleague
Mag ik...voorstellen? May I introduce...?
Jazeker yes, indeed
Aangenaam
kennis te maken

Pleased to meet you
Goed zo! That's nice!
gek zijn (op)
to be crazy (about)
verstaan to understand
verstaat u? do you understand?
geloven to believe
ik geloof I believe
heten to name, call (a name)
ze heet she is called
praten to speak, to talk
u praat you speak
voorstellen to introduce
leuk vinden
to like
als je ... leuk vindt if you like ...
Nederlands Dutch
het (neuter) the
de (m/f) the
dat (neuter) that
die (m/f) that
daar there
daarginds over there
daarachter over there
een a, an
een beetje somewhat, a bit
haar her
interessant interesting
leuk cute
kort, korte short
lang, lange long
langzaam slow
langzamer slower
mijn my
mij me
mooi beautiful
naar to
nieuw, nieuwe new
zwart, zwarte black
zij she
u you
als if
wie? who?


Pronunciation Guide >>