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Flora of New York/Euphorbiaceae, Linaceae

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Malpighiales (3)
Salicaceae
Flora of New York — Malpighiales (4) : Euphorbiaceae, Linaceae
Fabales
Table of
contents
Genus
index
Protected species index Invasive species index


Clade Clade Order Family Subfamily Tribe Genus Common names #
rosids basal
rosids
Vitales Vitaceae Vitoideae Parthenocisseae Parthenocissus creeper, woodbine, ivy 3
Viteae Vitis grape 8
Ampelopsideae Ampelopsis peppervine 3
basal
fabids
Zygophyllales Zygophyllaceae Tribuloideae Tribulus puncturevine 1
Zygophylloideae Zygophyllum beancaper 1
fabids
COM
clade
Celastrales Parnassiaceae Parnassioideae Parnassia grass of parnassus 1
Celastraceae Celastroideae Celastrus bittersweet, staff vine 2
Euonymus burning bush, spindletree, wahoo 6
Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis woodsorrel 6
Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericeae Triadenum marsh St. John's wort 2
Hypericum St. John's wort 18
Podostemaceae Podostemoideae Podostemum river weed 1
Elatinaceae Elatine water wort 3
Violaceae Violoideae Violeae Hybanthus greenviolet 1
Viola violet 57
Salicaceae Salicoideae Populus cottonwood, aspen, poplar 11
Salix willow 36
Euphorbiaceae Acalyphoideae Acalypheae Acalypha copperleaf, three-seed mercury 4
Mercurialis herb mercury 1
Ricinus castor bean 1
Crotonoideae Crotoneae Croton rushfoil, hogwort 1
Euphorbioideae Euphorbieae Euphorbia spurge, sandmat 21
Linaceae Linoideae Lineae Linum flax 9

Family Euphorbiaceae

[edit | edit source]

The Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) ...

Subfamily Acalyphoideae

[edit | edit source]

Tribe Acalypheae

[edit | edit source]
Acalypha
[edit | edit source]
Acalypha rhomboidea
The genus Acalypha has about 450 species worldwide, of which only three are currently considered native to New York State.
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Acalyphoideae — Acalypheae — Acalypha
Genus Acalypha Copperleaf N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Raf.

1836. Acalypha rhomboidea Raf.
1836. Acalypha urticifolia Raf.
1853. Acalypha virginica  var. rhombifolia  Riddell
1865. Acalypha virginica  var. genuina  (L.) Müll. Arg. (i)
1892. Acalypha virginica  f. intermedia  Millsp.
1984. Acalypha virginica  var. rhomboidea  (Raf.) Cooperr.
Common copperleaf,
Common threeseed mercury,
Rhombic copperleaf,
Rhombic threeseed mercury,
Virginia threeseed mercury
Native, CoC: 0,
Secure

FACU

Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5

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 A.Gray

1848. Acalypha gracilens A.Gray
1853. Acalypha virginicavar. gracilens
Slender threeseed mercury,
Slender copperleaf
Native, CoC: 6,
Likely secure

FAC-FACU

Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 4

USDA-N0
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 L.

1753. Acalypha virginica L.
1817. Acalypha digyneia Raf.
1853. Acalypha virginicavar. virginica
1891. Ricinocarpus virginicus Kuntze
Virginia three-seeded mercury,
Three-seeded mercury,
Virginia copperleaf,
Virginia mercury
Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered,
DEC-A[1],
S1, G5-T5

FACU

Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 1

USDA-N
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 L.

1753. Acalypha australis L.
Asian three-seeded-mercury,
Asian copperleaf,
Australian acalypha
Introduced from
 Asia,
Potentially invasive,
iMapInvasives

Annual,
Herb-forb
NYFA: 5 counties
iNat: 5 counties
NYFA: X
iNat

USDA-X0
ARS-GRIN
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Ricinus
[edit | edit source]
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Acalyphoideae — Acalypheae — Ricinus
Genus Ricinus Ricinus N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.

1753. Ricinus communis L.
Castor-bean,
Castor bean,
Castorbean,
Castor-oil plant
Introduced,
Impersistent,
Not naturalized

Perennial,
Shrub

NYFA: X

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Mercurialis
[edit | edit source]
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Acalyphoideae — Acalypheae — Mercurialis
Genus Mercurialis Mercurialis N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.

1753. Mercurialis annua L.
Herb-mercury
Herb mercury
Annual mercury
Boys-and-girls
French mercury
Introduced,
Impersistent

NYFA: X

USDA-XX
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Subfamily Crotonoideae

[edit | edit source]

Tribe Crotoneae

[edit | edit source]
Croton
[edit | edit source]
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Crotonoideae — Crotoneae — Croton
Genus Croton Rushfoil N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Michx.

Woolly croton
Hogwort
Introduced from
 southern US,
 midwestern US,
N. America native,
Not naturalized,
SNA
NYFA: Richmond (1882)
NYFA: X
iNat

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Subfamily Euphorbioideae

[edit | edit source]

Tribe Euphorbieae

[edit | edit source]
Euphorbia
[edit | edit source]

Two subgenera of Euphorbia (commonly known as spurge) can be found in New York.

Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
[edit | edit source]
Subgenus Chamaesyce contains North American spurges or sandmats, many of which are treated in a separate Chamaesyce genus by some sources. Recent phylogenic studies, however, have shown the Chamaesyce genus to be embedded within Euphorbia.[1]

The name Chamaesyce is from the Greek chamai (meaning "on the ground") and skyon (meaning "fig," as in Ficus). A common pronunciation of Chamaesyce, according to Botanary is kam-ay-SY-kee.[2]


  1. The New York Flora Atlas states: "Steinmann and Porter (2002) provide strong evidence that the segregate genus Chamaesyce is nested within Euphorbia. Therefore we recognize Euphorbia in a broad sense including Chamaesyce."
  2. Dave's Garden. Botanary: Chamaesyce
Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Alectoroctonum
[edit | edit source]
Euphorbia corollata
American spurge

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
Genus Euphorbiasubg. Chamaesycesect. Alectoroctonum Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.

1753. Euphorbia corollata L.
1859. Tithymalopsis corollata (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke
1898. Euphorbia marilandica Greene
1903. Tithymalopsis olivacea (Small) Small
1836. Agaloma corollata (L.) Raf.
Flowering spurge
American spurge
Blooming spurge
Poison-milkweed
Euphorbe pétaloïde
Native, CoC: 3,
Secure

Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5

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 L.

1753. Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L.
1903. Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae (L.) Small
1911. Euphorbia arundelana Bartlett
1912. Agaloma arundelana (Bartlett) Nieuwl.
1913. Tithymalopsis arundelana (Bartlett) Small
Ipecac spurge
American ipecac
Carolina ipecac
Wild ipecac

Native, CoC: 5,
Endangered

NYFA: 1

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 Pursh

1814. Euphorbia marginata Pursh
1909. Tithymalus marginatus (Pursh) Cockerell
Snow-on-the-mountain,
Mountain snow spurge
Introduced from
 Great Plains,
 Rockies,
N. America native

FACU

Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: X

USDA-NX
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Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Anisophyllum
[edit | edit source]
Euphorbia maculata

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
Genus Euphorbiasubg. Chamaesycesect. Anisophyllum Spurge, Sandmat N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Raf.

1818. Euphorbia vermiculata Raf.
1897. Euphorbia rafinesquei Greene
1912. Chamaesyce rafinesquei (Greene) A.Heller
1913. Chamaesyce rafinesquei (Greene) Small (iso.)
1920. Chamaesyce vermiculata (Raf.) House
Hairy spurge
Wormseed sandmat
Worm-seed sand-mat
Wormseed spurge
Worm-seeded spurge
Native, CoC: 0,
Secure

NYFA: N

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 L.

1753. Euphorbia maculata L.
1794. Tithymalus maculatus (L.) Moench
1812. Anisophyllum maculatum (L.) Haw.
1817. Euphorbia supina Raf.
1903. Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small
1939. Chamaesyce supina (Raf.) Moldenke
1940. Chamaesyce supina (Raf.) H.Hara (iso.)
Spotted sandmat,
Spotted spurge,
Blotched Spurge,
Milk-purslane
Native, CoC: 0,
Secure

FACU

Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5

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 Lag.

1816. Euphorbia nutans Lag.
1827. Euphorbia preslii Guss.
1903. Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small
1931. Tithymalus nutans (Lag.) Samp.
Upright spurge
Eyebane
Eyebane sandmat
Native, CoC: 0,
Secure

FACU

Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5

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 Engelm.

    Chamaesyce glyptosperma
Ridge-seeded spurge,
Ribseed sandmat,
Corrugate-seeded broomspurge
Native,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4

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 L.

    Chamaesyce polygonifolia
Seaside sandmat,
Seaside spurge
Native,
Vulnerable

NYFA: 3-4

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 L.

    Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.
Pillpod sandmat,
Pill-podded broomspurge
Introduced,
US South native

NYFA: X

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Genus Euphorbiasect. Anisophyllum(excluded taxa) Spurge, Sandmat N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Pers.
 var. serpyllifolia

    Chamaesyce serpyllifoliassp. serpyllifolia
Thyme-leaf sandmat,
Thyme-leaved sandmat
N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded

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 Engelm.

    Chamaesyce stictospora
Slimseed sandmat,
Slim-seeded broomspurge
N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded

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 Engelm.

1856. Euphorbia humistrata Engelm.
1860. Anisophyllum humistratum (Engelm.) Klotzsch & Garcke
1903. Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm.) Small
Prostrate spurge,
Hairy spreading spurge,
Spreading sandmat
N. America native
 Midwest,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded

USDA-NX
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Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Poinsettia
[edit | edit source]
Euphorbia davidii
David’s spurge

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
Genus Euphorbiasubg. Chamaesycesect. Poinsettia Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
Subils

1890. Euphorbia dentata  var. gracillima  Millsp.
1923. Euphorbia dentata  var. lancifolia  Farw.
1984. Euphorbia davidii Subils
David’s spurge
Toothed spurge
Wild poinsettia

Euphorbe de David
Introduced,
US Southwest native

NYFA: X
iNat

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 Michx.

1803. Euphorbia dentata Michx.
1812. Anisophyllum dentatumin…
1859. Poinsettia dentatain…
1803. Euphorbia dentata  var. linearis  Engelm. ex Boiss.
Toothed spurge
Dentate spurge

Euphorbe à feuilles dentées
N. America native
 southern US,
N.Y. excluded
NYFA: excluded
iNat: Kings (2018), Queens (2018)
NYFA-Excluded
iNat

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Euphorbia subg. Esula
[edit | edit source]

Subgenus Esula contains non-native spurges, a few of which are considered highly invasive in New York.

Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Esula
[edit | edit source]
Euphorbia cyparissias
Section Esula contains two highly invasive and prohibited species, though which two is a little confusing. New York State law (as of 2021) lists Euphorbia cyparissias (cypress spurge) and Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) as prohibited invasive species.[1]. NYNHP lists those two species with Ecological Invasiveness Ranks of High and NY State Tier 4.[2] However Flora of North America claims that the invasive leafy spurge previously known in North America as Euphorbia esula is actually Euphorbia virgata and that Euphorbia esula is in fact a relatively rare non-invasive introduction to North America.[3] The New York Flora Atlas has subsequently moved all New York State Euphorbia esula records to Euphorbia virgata and listed Euphorbia esula as excluded.[4]
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbiasubg. Esulasect. Esula Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.

1753. Euphorbia cyparissias L.
1768. Tithymalus cyparissias
(L.) Hill
1812. Esula cyparissias (L.) Haw.
1836. Keraselma cyparissias
(L.) Raf.
1932. Galarhoeus cyparissias
(L.) Small ex Rydb.
Cypress spurge
Graveyard weed
Graveyard spurge

Euphorbe cyprès
Rhubarbe des pauvres
Euphorbe petit-cyprès
Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Highly invasive,
NYIS: 75%[1],
Prohibited[2]

NYFA: X

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Waldst. & Kit.

1803. E. virgata Waldst. & Kit. (i)
1979. E. esula  ssp. tommasiniana  (Bertol.) Kuzmanov
1988. E. esula  var. uralensis  (Fisch. ex Link) Dorn
 auct. E. esulanon L. (i)
Slender spurge
Slender leafy spurge
Narrow leafy spurge
Russian leafy spurge
Leafy spurge
Wolf's milk

Euphorbe de Tommasini
Euphorbe de Waldstein
Euphorbe effilée
Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 n. Africa,
Highly invasive,
NYIS: 76%[3],
Prohibited[2]

NYFA: X

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Waldst. & Kit. (1801)

    Galarhoeus lucidus
    Tithymalus lucidus
Shining spurge Introduced

NYFA: X

USDA-XX
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L.

1753. E. esula L.
1822. E. uralensis Fisch. ex Link
1933. Tithymalus uralensis
(Fisch. ex Link) Prokhanov
Leafy spurge Introduced,
Not naturalized

NYFA-Excluded

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Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia
[edit | edit source]
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbiasubg. Esulasect. Helioscopia Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.

1753. Euphorbia helioscopia L.
    Galarhoeus helioscopius (L.) Haw.
    Tithymalus helioscopius (L.) Hill
Sun spurge
Wolf's-milk
Cat-milk
Madwoman's milk
Wart spurge
Wart weed
Waterweed
Summer spurge

Euphorbe réveille-matin
Euphorbe réveil-matin
Réveille-matin
Euphorbe hélioscopique
Introduced,
Naturalized

NYFA: X

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 L.

    Galarhoeus platyphyllos (L.) Rydb.
    Tithymalus platyphyllos (L.) Hill
Broadfeaf spurge,
Broad-leaved spurge
Introduced,
Unknown naturalization

NYFA: X

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 L.

1762. E. epithymoides L.
    E. polychroma A.Kern.
    
Cushion spurge
Euphorbe dorée,
Euphorbe polychrome
Introduced,
Not naturalized

NYFA: X

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Genus Euphorbiasubg. Esulasect. Helioscopia(excluded taxa) Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
(Raf.) Fernald

1840. Agaloma purpurea Raf.
1848. E. darlingtonii A.Gray
1903. Tithymalus darlingtonii
(A. Gray) Small
1932. E. purpurea (Raf.) Fernald
1933. Galarhoeus darlingtonii
(A. Gray) Small
Darlington's spurge
Darlington's glade spurge
Glade spurge

N. America native
 Mid-Atlantic,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded

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Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Tithymalus
[edit | edit source]
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbiasubg. Esulasect. Tithymalus Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L. (1753)

1753. Euphorbia peplus L.
1768. Tithymalus peplus (L.) Hill
1812. Esula peplus (L.) Haw.
1836. Keraselma peplus (L.) Raf.
1932. Galarhoeus peplus (L.) Haw. ex Rydb.
Petty spurge,
Euphorbe des jardins
Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 northern Africa,
Naturalized,
SNA, GNR

Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: X

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Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Lathyris
[edit | edit source]
Euphorbia lathyris - caper spurge, myrtle spurge, mole plant

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbiasubg. Esulasect. Lathyris Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L. (1759)

1753. Euphorbia lathyrus L.
    Galarhoeus lathyris (L.) Haw.
    Tithymalus lathyris (L.) Hill
Caper spurge,
Mole plant,
Gopher plant,
Euphorbe épurge
Introduced,
Moderately invasive,
 NYIS: 57%[1]

NYFA: X

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Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Exiguae
[edit | edit source]
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbiasubg. Esulasect. Exiguae Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.

Dwarf spurge,
Little spurge
Introduced,
Impersistent

NYFA: X

USDA-XX
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Tribe Hippomaneae

[edit | edit source]
Triadica
[edit | edit source]

Family Phyllanthaceae

[edit | edit source]
The Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus

[edit | edit source]
Phyllanthus urinaria
Phyllanthus urinaria is considered a noxious weed in the southeast and is being tracked in New York and New Jersey. The New York Flora Atlas lists specimens from the Bronx, and iNaturalist shows observations from Manhattan and Onondaga County (questionable).
Malpighiales — Phyllanthaceae — Phyllanthoideae — Phyllanthus
Genus Phyllanthus Phyllanthus N.Y. Status Images Distribution  NPT
L.

    Phyllanthus urinaria L.
Chamber bitter
Chamber-bitter
Chamber bitters
Leafflower

Introduced,
Potentially invasive,
iMapInvasives,
 Invasive.org: [1],
Not naturalized

NYFA: Xm
NYFA: Bronx (2009, 2012)
iNat
GBIF
2 counties

CABI
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Family Linaceae

[edit | edit source]
The Linaceae

Subfamily Linoideae

[edit | edit source]

Tribe Lineae

[edit | edit source]
Linum
[edit | edit source]
Linum virginianum
slender yellow flax

Malpighiales — Linaceae — Linoideae — Lineae — Linum
Genus Linum Flax N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.

Slender yellow flax,
Woodland yellow flax,
Woodland flax,
Virginia flax,
Yellow flax
Native,
Secure

NYFA: 5

USDA-NN
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 Walter

Ridged yellow flax Native,
Rare

NYFA: 3

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Wikispecies
 E.P.Bicknell

1912. L. intercursum E.P.Bicknell
1916. L. floridanum  var. intercursum  Weath.
1933. Cathartolinum intercursum
Small
Sandplain flax,
Sandplain yellow flax
Native,
Threatened,
NYNHP: S2[1]

NYFA: 2

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 (Planch.) Britton
var. texanum

1848. L. virginianum  var. texanum  Planch.
1935. L. medium  var. texanum  (Planch.) in…
Stiff yellow flax Native,
Threatened,
NYNHP: S2[2]

NYFA: 2

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 Riddell
var. sulcatum

1836. L. sulcatum Riddell
1907. Cathartolinum sulcatum
(Riddell) Small
1982. Mesynium sulcatum
(Riddell) Á. Löve & D. Löve
Grooved yellow flax Native,
Threatened,
NYNHP: S2[3]

NYFA: 2

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 L.

1753. L. usitatissimum L.
1768. L. humile Mill.
1805. L. usitatissimum
var. humile (Mill.) Pers.
1940. L. usitatissimum
ssp. transitorium Vavilov & Elladi
Common flax,
Cultivated flax,
Linseed
Lin cultivé,
Lin utile,
Lin
Introduced,
Only cultivated

NYFA: X

USDA-XW
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies

Fairy flax Introduced

NYFA: X

USDA-XX
Images
Wikispecies
 L.

1753. Linum grandiflorum L.
Flowering flax,
Red flax,
Scarlet flax,
Crimson flax
Lin à grandes fleurs
Introduced from
 Algeria

NYFA: X

USDA-X0
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
 L.

1753. Linum perenne L.
 auct. Linum lewisiinon Pursh
Blue flax,
Perennial flax,
Alpine flax
Lin vivace
Introduced from
 Eurasia

NYFA: X

USDA-XN
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
Genus Linum(excluded taxa) Flax N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
(Planch.) Britton
var. medium

1848. Linum virginianum  var. medium  Planch.
1897. Linum medium (Planch.) Britton
Stiff yellow flax N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

Annual-perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA-Excluded

USDA-NN
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies