Flora of New York/Vitales, Zygophyllales, Celastrales, Oxalidales

← Proteales, Buxales, Hamamelidales, Saxifragales	Flora of New York — Vitales, Zygophyllales, Celastrales, Oxalidales				→ Malpighiales (1) Hypericaceae, Podostemaceae, Elatinaceae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

Clade	Clade	Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genus	Common names	#
rosids	basal rosids	Vitales	Vitaceae	Vitoideae	Parthenocisseae	Parthenocissus	creeper, woodbine, ivy	3
					Viteae	Vitis	grape	8
					Ampelopsideae	Ampelopsis	peppervine	3
	basal fabids	Zygophyllales	Zygophyllaceae	Tribuloideae	—	Tribulus	puncturevine	1
	basal fabids	Zygophyllales	Zygophyllaceae	Zygophylloideae	—	Zygophyllum	beancaper	1
	fabids COM clade	Celastrales	Parnassiaceae	Parnassioideae	—	Parnassia	grass of parnassus	1
			Celastraceae	Celastroideae	—	Celastrus	bittersweet, staff vine	2
			Celastraceae	Celastroideae	—	Euonymus	burning bush, spindletree, wahoo	6
		Oxalidales	Oxalidaceae	—	—	Oxalis	woodsorrel	6
		Malpighiales	Hypericaceae	—	Hypericeae	Triadenum	marsh St. John's wort	2
			Hypericaceae	—	Hypericeae	Hypericum	St. John's wort	18
			Podostemaceae	Podostemoideae	—	Podostemum	river weed	1
			Elatinaceae	—	—	Elatine	water wort	3
			Violaceae	Violoideae	Violeae	Hybanthus	greenviolet	1
			Violaceae	Violoideae	Violeae	Viola	violet	57
			Salicaceae	Salicoideae	—	Populus	cottonwood, aspen, poplar	11
			Salicaceae	Salicoideae	—	Salix	willow	36
			Euphorbiaceae	Acalyphoideae	Acalypheae	Acalypha	copperleaf, three-seed mercury	4
						Mercurialis	herb mercury	1
						Ricinus	castor bean	1
				Crotonoideae	Crotoneae	Croton	rushfoil, hogwort	1
				Euphorbioideae	Euphorbieae	Euphorbia	spurge, sandmat	21
			Linaceae	Linoideae	Lineae	Linum	flax	9

Order Vitales

The order Vitales contains the single family Vitaceae.^[1]

↑ Vitales in P.F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. 15 July 2015.

Family Vitaceae

The Vitaceae (grape family), in New York State, consists of Vitis (grapes), Parthenocissus (creepers), and Ampelopsis (porcelainberry)^[1]

The tribal classification used here is based on Jun Wen et al. (2018).^[2]

↑ Vitaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Jun Wen, Limin Lu, Ze-Long Nie, Xiu-Qun Liu, Ning Zhang, Stefanie Ickert-Bond, Jean Gerrath, Steven Manchester, John Boggan, Zhiduan Chen (2018). "A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae): Tribal classification of Vitaceae." Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56(4): 262-272.

Tribe Ampelopsideae

Ampelopsis s.l. was shown to be paraphyletic in recent phylogenetic studies and was split into the two genera: Ampelopsis s.s. and Nekemias.^[1]

↑ Jun Wen, Limin Lu, Ze-Long Nie, Xiu-Qun Liu, Ning Zhang, Stefanie Ickert-Bond, Jean Gerrath, Steven Manchester, John Boggan, Zhiduan Chen (2018). "A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae): Tribal classification of Vitaceae." Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56(4): 262-272.

Ampelopsis

The two North American peppervine species Nekemias arborea and Ampelopsis cordata are not known to naturalize in New York State, but two native Chinese Ampelopsis species, including the highly invasive porcelain berry (A. glandulosa), have been found to naturalize in the southeastern part of the state and more recently in the Finger Lakes region.^[1]

↑ iMapInvasives New York map for Ampelopsis brevipedunculata.

Vitales — Vitaceae — Ampelopsideae — Ampelopsis
Genus Ampelopsis	Peppervine	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. 1784. Vitis heterophylla Thunb. 1824. Vitis glandulosa Wall. 1859. Cissus brevipedunculata Maxim. in… 1845. Ampelopsis heterophylla (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc. 1861. Cissus humulifolia f. brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Regel ... 1883. Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. in… 1887. Ampelopsis heterophylla var. amurensis Planch. 1892. Vitis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Dippel 1971. Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. 1977. Ampelopsis glandulosa var. brevipedunculata Momiy. 1996. Ampelopsis heterophylla var. brevipedunculata C.L.Li	Porcelain berry Amur pepper-vine Porcelain vine Vigne vierge à fruits bleus	Introduced from China, Highly invasive, NYIS: 71%^[1], Prohibited^[2], NE-1^[3]		NYFA: X iNat GBIF	USDA-X0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Ampelopsis aconitifolia Bunge 1833. Ampelopsis aconitifolia Bunge 1873. Vitis aconitifolia (Bunge) Hance 1884. Vitis serianiifolia var. aconitifolia (Bunge) Franch. auct. Ampelopsis cordata non Michx. (1803)	Monk's-hood-vine	Introduced from China, Naturalized Perennial, Vine		NYFA: Xn NYFA: New York (2013) iNat GBIF no observations	USDA-X0 ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Ampelopsis cordata Michx.	Heart leaf peppervine ⓘ Raccoon grape ⓘ	Introduced from southeast US, N. America native		NYFA: Xn NYFA: Queens (2017) iNat GBIF 0 counties	Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ampelopsis: brevipedunculata (Highly invasive 71%). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Tribe Cayratieae

Tribe Cayratieae contains the genera: Cayratia, Causonis, Pseudocayratia, Acareosperma, Cyphostemma, and Tetrastigma,^[1] none of which are known to have naturalized in New York State, but Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf. (bushkiller) has been reported in adjacent states and would be considered highly invasive in New York.

↑ Jun Wen, Limin Lu, Ze-Long Nie, Xiu-Qun Liu, Ning Zhang, Stefanie Ickert-Bond, Jean Gerrath, Steven Manchester, John Boggan, Zhiduan Chen (2018). "A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae): Tribal classification of Vitaceae." Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56(4): 262-272.

Causonis

The nearest research-grade observations of Causonis japonica to New York State as of 2021 appear to be from near Baltimore, Maryland.^[1]

↑ iNaturalist observations of Causonis japonica as of 2021.

Vitales — Vitaceae — — Cayratieae — — Causonis
Genus Causonis		N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf. 1784. Vitis japonica Thunb. 1797. Cissus japonica (Thunb.) Willd. 1830. Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf. 1838. Causonia japonica (Thunb.) Raf. 1910. Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. 1911. Cayratia tenuifolia (Wight & Arn.) Gagnep. 1918. Columella japonica (Thunb.) Merr.	Bushkiller ⓘ	Introduced, Highly invasive, NYIS Tier: 1b, Invasive.org: [1]		NYFA: No counties GBIF No counties	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Tribe Viteae

Vitis

Although they are often treated as weeds, most wild grape vines found in New York are native plants that provide good nourishment for wildlife. Their problem stems from their tendency to dominate trees and shrubs on forest edges. Due to the fragmented state of much of New York's woodland, the edges comprise a large portion of the forest that most people experience. Many of what we consider natural areas or family woodlots are primarily forest edge, giving grape vines an undesired advantage over native trees and shrubs. Grapevines don't tolerate shade well, so they are easy to control in an established woods. It may be beneficial to allow grapes to dominate exotic invasive trees and shrubs.

Vitales — Vitaceae — Vitoideae — Vitis
Genus Vitis	Grape	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Vitis riparia Michx. 1803. Vitis riparia Michx. 1856. V. cordifoliavar. riparia 1893. V. ripariavar. praecox 1897. V. vulpinavar. praecox 1923. V. vulpinavar. syrticola 1939. V. ripariavar. syrticola 1949. V. vulpinassp. riparia	River grape, Riverbank grape, Frost grape Vigne des rivages, Vigne souvage, Raisin souvage	Native, CoC: 3, Secure FACW-FAC Perennial, Vine		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Vitis aestivalis Michx. 1803. Vitis aestivalis Michx. 1820. V. bicolor Raf. 1890. V. aestivalisvar. bicolor 1897. V. argentifolia Munson 1921. V. lecontiana House 1924. V. aestivalisvar. bicolor 1934. V. smalliana L.H.Bailey 1940. V. gigas J.H.Fennel 1936. V. aestivalisvar. argentifolia 1987. V. aestivalisvar. smalliana	Summer grape, Small grape, Pigeon grape, Silverleaf grape, Blue grape Vigne d'été	Native, CoC: 4, Secure FACU Perennial, Vine		NYFA: 5	USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Vitis labrusca L. 1753. Vitis labrusca L. 1818. V. labruscavar. labruscoides 1830. V. labruscavar. alba 1830. V. labruscavar. rosea 1940. V. labruscavar. subedentata	Northern fox grape, Fox grape, Skunk grape, Concord grape Vigne lambruche, Vigne américaine, Vigne framboisier	Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Vine		NYFA: 5	USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Vitis × novae-angliae Fernald Vitis labrusca × Vitis riparia 1917. Vitis × novae-angliae Fernald	New England grape, Pilgrim grape	Native, Very vulnerable, SNA, GNA FAC-FACW Perennial, Vine		NYFA: 2 NYFA: 7 counties Nassau (2017)	USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies
Vitis vulpina L. 1753. Vitis vulpina L. 1803. Vitis cordifolia sensu Macoun non Michx. 1818. Vitis cordifoliavar. vulpina 1891. Vitis viniferavar. vulpina 1934. Vitis illex L.H.Bailey	Winter grape, Frost grape Vigne des renards ⓘ Vigne des battures ⓘ	Native, CoC: 5, Endangered FAC Perennial, Vine		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Vitis × slavinii Rehder Vitis aestivalis × Vitis riparia 1922. Vitis × slavinii Rehder	Slavin's grape, Hybrid of Summer grape & River grape	Native, Unranked, SNA, GNA FACU Perennial, Vine		Monroe (1920) NYFA: ?	Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Vitis vinifera L. 1753. Vitis vinifera L.	European grape, Wine grape, Vinifera grape Vigne cultivée, Vigne	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Not naturalized, SNR, G4 Perennial, Vine, shrub		Onondaga (1949) NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Vitis × alexanderi Prince ex Jacques Vitis labrusca × Vitis vinifera 1822. Vitis × alexanderi Prince nom. nud. 1829. Vitis × alexanderi Prince ex Jacques 1830. Vitis × prolifera Raf. 1834. Vitis isabellaevar. alexanderi 1923. Vitis × labruscana L.H.Bailey	Concord grape, Hybrid of Fox grape & Vinifera grape	Introduced, Not naturalized, SNA, GNA, Vine		Cayuga, Columbia, Essex, Orleans, Saratoga, St.Lawrence (1952) NYFA: Xnn	USDA-00 Images Wikispecies
Genus Vitis (excluded taxa)	Grape	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millardet 1880. Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millardet	Graybark grape	N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Vitis palmata Vahl	Catbird grape	N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Vitis aestivalis × vulpina	Hybrid of Summer grape & Winter grape	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Tribe Parthenocisseae

Parthenocissus

Parthenocissus is made up of two disjunct groups: a North American clade and an Asian clade. ^[1]

The two North American creepers found in New York (Virgina creeper and thicket creeper) are very similar in appearence. Both have similar five-lobed leaves, but they differ in the way their tendrils attach to surfaces for climbing. Virgina creeper (P. quinquefolia) attaches using adhesive pads, allowing it to climb smooth surfaces such as smooth rocks and buildings, similar to the way Boston ivy climbs. The tendrils of thicket creeper (P. inserta) attach by twining around objects.

↑ Ze-Long Nie, et al. (2010) "Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic diversification of Parthenocissus (Vitaceae) disjunct between Asia and North America." Am. J. Bot. August 2010 vol. 97 no. 8 1342-1353.

Parthenocissus	Leaflets	Habit	Tendrils	Fruit	Inflorescence
P. quinquefolia Virginia creeper	dull above, pubescent below	high-climbing or on ground	several branches terminating with dilated adhesive discs	rare, smaller	central axis with 25-200 flowers in panicled groups
P. inserta thicket creeper	shiny above, glabrous below	sprawling over ground or structures	few branches, no adhesive discs	common, slightly larger	dichotomously branched, 10-60 flowers

Vitales — Vitaceae — Vitoideae — Parthenocisseae — Parthenocissus
Genus Parthenocissus North American clade	Creeper	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. 1753. Hedera quinquefolia L. 1803. Ampelopsis quinquefolia (L.) Michx. 1887. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. 1939. Parthenocissus quinquefoliafo. hirsuta	Virginia creeper, Five-leaved ivy, Five-finger Vigne vierge à 5 folioles, Parthénocisse à 5 folioles, Vigne vierge vraie, Vigne vierge grimpante	Native, CoC: 4, Secure FACU Perennial, Vine		NYFA: 5 iNat	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Parthenocissus inserta (A.Kern.) Fritsch 1887. Vitis inserta A.Kern. 1893. Ampelopsis quinquefoliavar. vitacea 1894. Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. 1922. Parthenocissus inserta (A. Kern.) Fritsch	Thicket Creeper, Woodbine, False Virginia Creeper Vigne vierge commune, Vigne vierge	Native, CoC: 2, Secure Perennial, Vine		NYFA: 5 iNat	USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Genus Parthenocissus Asian clade	Creeper	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. 1845. Ampelopsis tricuspidata S.& Z. 1868. A. veitchii hort. nom. inval. 1887. P. tricuspidata (S.& Z.) Planch.	Boston ivy, Japanese creeper, Japanese ivy, Grape ivy Vigne vierge tricuspidée, Vigne vierge de Veitch, Vigne-vierge du Japon	Introduced from temperate Asia, Potentially invasive Perennial, Vine		NYFA: X iNat	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Order Zygophyllales

The Zygophyllales contain the two families Krameriaceae and Zygophyllaceae according to A.P.G. III (2009).^[1]

↑ Zygophyllales in P.F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. 15 July 2015.

Family Zygophyllaceae

The Zygophyllaceae (bean-caper or caltrop family) contains two exotic species that are not known to truly naturalize in New York but are of concern because they are listed as invasive in parts of North America.^[1]

↑ Zygophyllaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Subfamily Tribuloideae

Tribulus

Puncturevine is considered to be invasive in much of the U.S. and is now listed as naturalized in New York State. It is a weed of at least 21 crops in 37 countries and is toxic to livestock, which can also suffer injury to their mouths, eyes, digestive tracts and skin from its burrs.^[1]

↑ CABI, 2017 Tribulus terrestris Invasive Species Compendium, Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc.

Zygophyllales — Zygophyllaceae — Tribuloideae — Tribulus
Genus Tribulus	Puncturevine	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Tribulus terrestris L. 1753. Tribulus terrestris L. 1753. T. lanuginosus L. 1830. T. bimucronatus Viv. 1920. T. saharae A.Chev. 1946. T. terrestris var. sericeus Andersson ex Svenson (i)	Puncture vine Puncture-vine Puncture weed Puncturevine weed Caltrop Small caltrop Land caltrop Goathead Mexican sandbur Texas sandbur Croix-de-Malte Tribule terrestre	Introduced from Eurasia, Africa, Australia, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [2], USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized, SNA Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: Xn NYFA: 5 counties iNat GBIF 3 counties	USDA-Xw Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP CABI Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Zygophylloideae

Zygophyllum

The Syrian bean-caper (Zygophyllum fabago) is considered to be potentially invasive in parts of the U.S., but is not thought to have naturalized in New York.

Zygophyllales — Zygophyllaceae — Zygophylloideae — Zygophyllum
Genus Zygophyllum	Beancaper	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Zygophyllum fabago L. 1753. Zygophyllum fabago L. 1867. Z. fabago var. brachycarpum Boiss.	Caper-bean, Syrian beancaper, Syrian bean-caper	Introduced from Eurasia, Impersistent, Not naturalized Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: Xm	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies

Order Celastrales

The order Celastrales ...

Family Celastraceae

The Celastraceae (staff-vine or bittersweet family) in New York contains the genera Euonymus (spindletree), Celastrus (bittersweet), as well as Parnassia (grass-of-Parnassus), which has also been included in the Saxifragaceae and Parnassiaceae.

Subfamily Parnassioideae

Parnassia

Celastrales — Celastraceae — Parnassioideae — Parnassia
Genus Parnassia	Grass-of-Parnassus	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Parnassia glauca Raf. 1813. P. americana Muhl. 1840. P. glauca Raf. auct. P. caroliniana non Michx. (1803)	Common grass of Parnassus, Fen grass of Parnassus, American grass-of-parnassus, Glaucous grass-of-Parnassus, "Carolina" grass-of-Parnassus Parnassie à feuilles glauques, Parnassie glauque	Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Parnassia palustris L. 1753. Parnassia palustris L.	Marsh grass-of-Parnassus, Marsh grass of Parnassus, Northern grass of Parnassus, Meadow grass-of-Parnassus Parnassie des marais, Parnassie palustre	Native, CoC: 10, Likely extirpated OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: U	USDA-NN VASCAN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Genus Parnassia (excluded taxa)	Grass-of-Parnassus	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Parnassia caroliniana Michx. 1803. P. caroliniana Michx.	Carolina grass of Parnassus	N. America native southeast U.S., N.Y. excluded OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Celastroideae

Euonymus

Of the six native and naturalized Euonymus species in New York, three are native, and three have been introduced and are considered to be invasive.^[1]

↑ Matthew Sarver, et al. (2008) "Mistaken Identity? Invasive Plants and their Native Look-alikes, an Identification Guidefor the Mid-Atlantic." Delaware Department of Agriculture.

Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Euonymus

The most common native Euonymus in New York is Euonymus atropurpureus (or eastern wahoo). It is sometimes confused with the somewhat-invasive^[1] Euonymus europaeus (or European spindle tree). The two can be distinguished by several characteristics, including:

↑ Watch list species highlight: European Spindle Tree (Euonymus europaeus). Vermont Invasives. 2024

	Euonymus atropurpureus (American wahoo)	Euonymus europaeus (European spindletree)
Leaves:	pubescent beneath or entirely glabrous	glabrous above & beneath
Petals:	wide, dark brown-purple	narrow, light green-yellow-white
Inflorescence:	umbels of 7-15 flowers	umbels of 3-8 flowers
Capsule:	pink to purple	red to pink
Aril:	scarlet	orange
Seed	brown	white

Celastrales — Celastraceae — Celastroideae — Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Euonymus
Genus Euonymus L. subg. Euonymus sect. Euonymus	Spindletree	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. var. atropurpureus 1772. Euonymus atropurpurea orth. var. 1772. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. in Hort. Bot. Vindob. 2:55 1785. Euonymus caroliniensis Marshall in Arbust. Amer.: 43 1785. Euonymus latifolius Marshall in Arbust. Amer.: 43, sensu auct. 1796. Euonymus tristis Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton:142 1831. Euonymus atropurpureus Hook. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:119, nom. illeg. 1838. Euonymus atropurpureus var. grandifolius Raf. in New Fl. 3:60 1838. Euonymus atropurpureus var. latifolius Raf. in New Fl. 3:60 1838. Euonymus atropurpureus var. oblongifolius Raf. in New Fl. 3:60 1941. Euonymus atropurpureus var. cheatumii Lundell in Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 6:41	American wahoo, Eastern wahoo, Eastern spindle-tree, Burning bush, Bitter-ash Fusain pourpre, Fusain de l'Est	Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure, S4, G5-T5 FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - part shade, 2n = 32		NYFA: 17 counties iNat: 9 counties GBIF: present in NY	USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Euonymus europaeus L. 1753. Euonymus europaeus L. in Sp. Pl.:197 1768. Euonymus vulgaris Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.°1 1774. Euonymus latifolius S.G.Gmel. in Reise Russland 1:130 1782. Euonymus angustifolius Gilib. in Fl. Lit. Inch. 2:128, opus utique oppr. 1838. Euonymus fibrillifer Fisch. & C.A.Mey. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 1843. Euonymus quadrigonus Gueldenst. ex Ledeb. in Fl. Ross. 1:497 1856. Euonymus floribundus Steven in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 29(II):122 1863. Euonymus medius Kit. in Linnaea 32:641 1867. Euonymus flavescens Paul in Gardener (Edinburgh) 2:383 1891. Euonymus bulgaricus Velen. in Fl. Bulg.:116 1959. Euonymus czernjaevii Klokov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk 1959. Euonymus medirossicus Klokov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk 1959. Euonymus odessanus Klokov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk 1959. Euonymus suberosus Klokov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk	European spindletree, European euonymus Fusain d'Europe, Bonnet de prêtre	Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 60%^[1], CP-5^[2], SNA, GNR Perennial, Tree, shrub		NYFA: 19 counties iNat: 23 counties	USDA-XX POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN FNA Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euonymus europaeus: Moterate (60). ↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Echinococcus

Celastrales — Celastraceae — Celastroideae — Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Echinococcus
Genus Euonymus L. subg. Euonymus sect. Echinococcus	Spindletree	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euonymus obovatus Nutt. 1818. Euonymus obovatus Nutt. 1892. Eu. americanusvar. obovatus	Running strawberry-bush	Native, CoC: 7, Vulnerable FAC-FACU Perennial, Shrub, subshrub, Vine		NYFA: 3	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Euonymus americanus L. 1753. Euonymus americanus L. 1753. Euonymus americana L., orth. var.	American strawberry bush, Bursting hearts, Bursting heart	Native, CoC: 7, Endangered, NYNHP: S1 FAC Perennial, Herb-forb, Subshrub, Heliophily: 3 Part shade		NYFA: 1	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies

Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Ilicifolia

Celastrales — Celastraceae — Celastroideae — Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Ilicifolia
Genus Euonymus L. subg. Euonymus sect. Ilicifolia	Spindletree	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. var. radicans (Siebold ex Miq.) Rehder 1851. Euonymus hederaceus Champ. ex Benth. p.p. 1863. Elaeodendron fortunei Turcz. p.p. 1865. Euonymus japonicus var. radicans Sieb. ex Miq. 1867. Euonymus radicans Sieb. ex Miq. 1938. Euonymus fortunei var. radicans (Siebold ex Miq.) Rehder	Climbing euonymus, Winter creeper, Evergreen bittersweet, Climbing spindle-tree, Fortune's euonymus Fusain de Fortune, Fusain rampant	Introduced, Highly invasive, NYIS: 78%^[1], Regulated^[2], CP-4^[3] Perennial, Shrub, vine		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euonymus fortunei: High (78). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Melanocarya

The non-native burning bush or winged euonymus (Euonymus alatus) is widely planted for its bright fall foliage and can easily naturalize in wooded areas, where it often becomes invasive.

Celastrales — Celastraceae — Celastroideae — Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Melanocarya
Genus Euonymus L. subg. Euonymus sect. Melanocarya	Spindletree	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold 1784. Celastrus alatus Thunb. 1784. Celastrus striatus Thunb. 1826. Euonymus subtriflorus Blume 1826. Euonymus thunbergianus Blume 1830. Euonymus alatus Siebold	Burning bush, Winged euonymus, Winged burning bush, Winged spindle tree Fusain ailé	Introduced from eastern Asia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 81%^[1], Regulated^[2], CP-3^[3]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euonymus alatus: Very high (81%). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

Celastrus

The genus Celastrus contains both a fairly rare American bittersweet and a very highly invasive Oriental bittersweet.

The two species, which are known to hybridize, can be distinguished by their inflorescences, which form at the ends of the branches of American bittersweet and at the joints (axils) of Oriental bittersweet. Also, the leaf margins of American bittersweet are finely toothed, while those of Oriental bittersweet are wavy.

Celastris	bittersweet	flowers	leaves (alternate)	margins	seeds/capsule
C. scandens	American bittersweet	terminal arrays (panicles) of ≥ 6	suborbicular to broadly oblong-ovate (L ≥ 2W)	fine teeth	0 or 1
C. orbiculatus	Oriental bittersweet	axillary arrays (cymes) of 2 or 3	elliptic to ovate, acuminate (L < 2W)	wavy	≥ 5

Celastrales — Celastraceae — Celastroideae — Celastrus
Genus Celastrus	Bittersweet	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Celastrus scandens L. 1753. Celastrus scandens L. 1794. Euonymoides scandens (L.) Moench 1902. Euonymus scandens (L.) E.H.L.Krause	American bittersweet, Climbing bittersweet Bourreau des arbres, Célastre grimpant	Native, CoC: 7, Rare FACU Perennial, Vine		NYFA: 3	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. 1784. C. orbiculatus Thunb. 1784. C. articulatus Thunb.	Oriental bittersweet, Asian bittersweet, Asiatic bittersweet, Oriental staff vine Célastre asiatique	Introduced from temperate Asia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 87%^[1], Prohibited, CP-2^[2] NE-1^[3] FACU-UPL		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Genus Celastrus (excluded taxa)	Bittersweet	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Celastrus gemmatus Loes. 1902. Celastrus gemmatus Loes. 1912. Embelia esquirolii H.Lév. 1935. C. lokchongensis Masam.	Shrub-bittersweet, Chinese staff vine, Chinese bittersweet	Introduced from temperate Asia, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-00 ARS-GRIN FoC Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Celastrus orbiculatus: Very high (87%). ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Order Oxalidales

The order Oxalidales contains seven families, of which, only Oxalidaceae members have been discovered growing outside of cultivation in New York.

Family Oxalidaceae

The Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel family) has traditionally been included in the Geraniales, but is now included here with phylogenically similar Rosids. The only Oxalidaceae genus known to grow in the wild in New York is Oxalis.

Oxalis

Oxalis (or wood-sorrel) species are not closely related to the several edible plants referred to as sorrel in the Rumex genus, and their visual appearance is quite different, but the taste of their leaves is said to be similar. Of the four Oxalis subgenera, only subg. Oxalis species have been found in New York.

Oxalis subg. Oxalis sect. Oxalis

Sect. Oxalis contains several species of white wood-sorrel, of which only northern wood sorrel (Oxalis montana) is listed in New York.

Oxalidales — Oxalidaceae — Oxalis subg. Oxalis sect. Oxalis
Genus Oxalis sect. Oxalis	Wood-sorrel	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oxalis montana Raf. 1818. Oxalis montana Raf. 1930. O. acetosellavar. rhodantha 1958. O. acetosellassp. montana auct. O. acetosella non L.	Northern wood-sorrel ⓘ White wood-sorrel ⓘ Mountain wood-sorrel ⓘ Sleeping-beauty ⓘ American wood-sorrel ⓘ Common wood-sorrel ⓘ Oxalide de montagne ⓘ Oxalide des bois ⓘ	Native, CoC: 7, Secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Part shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN LBJ Images Wikispecies

Oxalis subg. Oxalis sect. Corniculatae

Sect. Corniculatae contains the North American yellow-flowered caulescent Oxalis species, five of which are found in New York. This section has also been treated as the separate genus Xanthoxalis.^[1]

Recent research has suggested that Oxalis corniculata (arguably the weediest of this section) is likely to be a native of southeast Asia.^[2]

Oxalis exilis, a native of New Zealand and Tasmania, was reported in Jones Beach State Park in 2011.^[3] That identification seems to be in question however.^[4]

Oxalidales — Oxalidaceae — Oxalis subg. Oxalis sect. Corniculatae
Genus Oxalis sect. Corniculatae	Yellow wood-sorrel	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oxalis stricta L. 1753. Oxalis stricta L. 1854. Oxalis europaea Jord. 1896. Oxalis cymosa Small 1903. Xanthoxalis stricta (L.) Small 1903. Xanthoxalis cymosa (Small) Small 1943. Xanthoxalis europaea Moldenke	Common yellow wood-sorrel, Common yellow oxalis, Upright yellow wood-sorrel, European wood-sorrel, Tall wood-sorrel Oxalide d'Europe, Oxalide dressée, Oxalide stricte, Surette, Pain d'oiseau, Oxalis droit	Native, CoC: 0, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun		NYFA: 56 counties iNat: 55 counties	USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Oxalis dillenii Jacq. 1794. Oxalis dillenii Jacq. 1897. Oxalis corniculata var. dillenii (Jacq.) Trel. 1925. Oxalis stricta var. piletocarpa 1972. Xanthoxalis dillenii (Jacq.) Holub	Slender yellow wood-sorrel, Dillen's wood-sorrel, Sussex yellow sorrel, Southern yellow sorrel Oxalide de Dillenius	Native, CoC: 0, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 7		NYFA: 15 counties iNat: 33 counties	USDA-NX FSUS Go Botany VASCAN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies
Oxalis florida Salisb. 1796. Oxalis florida Salisb. 1803. Oxalis prostrata Haw. 1821. Oxalis recurva Elliott 1824. Oxalis dillenii var. florida (Salisb.) DC. 1825. Oxalis rupestris Raf. 1897. Oxalis filipes Small 1901. Oxalis brittoniae Small 1903. Xanthoxalis brittoniae Small 1903. Xanthoxalis filipes Small 1903. Xanthoxalis recurva (Elliott) Small 1943. Xanthoxalis florida Moldenke 1963. Oxalis dillenii ssp. filipes Eiten	Slender eastern wood-sorrel, Southern yellow wood-sorrel, Flowering yellow wood-sorrel	Native, CoC: 0, Secure		NYFA: 5 NYFA: 5 counties iNat GBIF No observations	USDA-NX COL WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN-0 FNA FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Oxalis corniculata L. 1753. Oxalis corniculata L. 1771. Oxys corniculata (L.) Scop. 1781. Oxalis repens Thunb. 1891. Acetosella corniculata Kuntze 1903. Xanthoxalis corniculata Small 1944. Xanthoxalis repens (Thunb.) Moldenke	Creeping wood-sorrel, Creeping yellow wood-sorrel Oxalide cornue, Oxalis cornu	Introduced from Mexico to Venezuela & Peru, Caribbean, Naturalized		NYFA: X NYFA: 21 counties GBIF 28 counties	USDA-NX COL WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Oxalis exilis A.Cunn. 1839. Oxalis exilis A.Cunn. 1976. Xanthoxalis exilis (A.Cunn.) Holub	Shady woodsorrel ⓘ Least yellow-sorrel ⓘ Least yellow woodsorrel ⓘ Creeping oxalis ⓘ Yellow oxalis ⓘ	Introduced from Austalia, Norfolk Island, New Zealand, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, USGS: L48 invasive, ID has been questioned		NYFA: 0 counties iNat GBIF 0 counties	POWO FNA Images Wikispecies

Oxalis subg. Oxalis sect. Ionoxalis

Oxalidales — Oxalidaceae — Oxalis subg. Oxalis sect. Ionoxalis
Genus Oxalis sect. Ionoxalis	Bulb-bearing wood-sorrel	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oxalis violacea L. 1753. Oxalis violacea L. 1782. Sassia tinctoria Molina 1891. Acetosella violacea (L.) Kuntze 1903. Ionoxalis violacea (L.) Small 1937. O. violaceavar. trichophora 1943. I. violaceavar. trichophora 1998. Sassia violacea (L.) Holub	Violet wood-sorrel	Native, Threatened		NYFA: 2-3	USDA-N- Go Botany VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies

[1] Vitales in P.F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. 15 July 2015.

[2] Vitaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[3] Jun Wen, Limin Lu, Ze-Long Nie, Xiu-Qun Liu, Ning Zhang, Stefanie Ickert-Bond, Jean Gerrath, Steven Manchester, John Boggan, Zhiduan Chen (2018). "A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae): Tribal classification of Vitaceae." Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56(4): 262-272.

[4] Jun Wen, Limin Lu, Ze-Long Nie, Xiu-Qun Liu, Ning Zhang, Stefanie Ickert-Bond, Jean Gerrath, Steven Manchester, John Boggan, Zhiduan Chen (2018). "A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae): Tribal classification of Vitaceae." Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56(4): 262-272.

[5] MapInvasives New York map for Ampelopsis brevipedunculata.

[6] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ampelopsis: brevipedunculata (Highly invasive 71%).

[prohibit-7] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

[NE1-8] Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[9] Jun Wen, Limin Lu, Ze-Long Nie, Xiu-Qun Liu, Ning Zhang, Stefanie Ickert-Bond, Jean Gerrath, Steven Manchester, John Boggan, Zhiduan Chen (2018). "A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae): Tribal classification of Vitaceae." Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56(4): 262-272.

[10] Naturalist observations of Causonis japonica as of 2021.

[11] Ze-Long Nie, et al. (2010) "Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic diversification of Parthenocissus (Vitaceae) disjunct between Asia and North America." Am. J. Bot. August 2010 vol. 97 no. 8 1342-1353.

[12] Zygophyllales in P.F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. 15 July 2015.

[13] Zygophyllaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

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