Flora of New York/Euphorbiaceae, Linaceae

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Clade Clade Order Family Subfamily Tribe Genus Common names #
rosids basal
rosids 		Vitales Vitaceae Vitoideae Parthenocisseae Parthenocissus creeper, woodbine, ivy 3
Viteae Vitis grape 8
Ampelopsideae Ampelopsis peppervine 3
basal
fabids 		Zygophyllales Zygophyllaceae Tribuloideae — Tribulus puncturevine 1
Zygophylloideae — Zygophyllum beancaper 1
fabids
COM
clade 		Celastrales Parnassiaceae Parnassioideae — Parnassia grass of parnassus 1
Celastraceae Celastroideae — Celastrus bittersweet, staff vine 2
Euonymus burning bush, spindletree, wahoo 6
Oxalidales Oxalidaceae — — Oxalis woodsorrel 6
Malpighiales Hypericaceae — Hypericeae Triadenum marsh St. John's wort 2
Hypericum St. John's wort 18
Podostemaceae Podostemoideae — Podostemum river weed 1
Elatinaceae — — Elatine water wort 3
Violaceae Violoideae Violeae Hybanthus greenviolet 1
Viola violet 57
Salicaceae Salicoideae — Populus cottonwood, aspen, poplar 11
Salix willow 36
Euphorbiaceae Acalyphoideae Acalypheae Acalypha copperleaf, three-seed mercury 4
Mercurialis herb mercury 1
Ricinus castor bean 1
Crotonoideae Crotoneae Croton rushfoil, hogwort 1
Euphorbioideae Euphorbieae Euphorbia spurge, sandmat 21
Linaceae Linoideae Lineae Linum flax 9

Family Euphorbiaceae

The Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) ...

Subfamily Acalyphoideae

Tribe Acalypheae

Acalypha
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Acalyphoideae — Acalypheae — Acalypha
Genus Acalypha Copperleaf N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Raf.
1836. Acalypha rhomboidea Raf.
1984. A. virginicavar. rhomboidea
 Common copperleaf,
Common threeseed mercury,
Rhombic copperleaf,
Rhombic threeseed mercury,
Virginia threeseed mercury 		Native, CoC: 0,
Secure
FACU
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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Tropicos
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Wikispecies
 A.Gray
1848. Acalypha gracilens A.Gray
1853. A. virginicavar. gracilens
 Slender threeseed mercury,
Slender copperleaf 		Native, CoC: 6,
Likely secure
FAC-FACU
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 4
USDA-N0
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Tropicos
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Wikispecies
 L.
1753. Acalypha virginica L.
1817. Acalypha digyneia Raf.
1853. A. virginicavar. virginica
1891. Ricinocarpus virginicus Kuntze
 Virginia three-seeded mercury,
Three-seeded mercury,
Virginia copperleaf,
Virginia mercury 		Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered,
DEC-A[1]
FACU
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 1
USDA-N
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Tropicos
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 L.
1753. Acalypha australis L.
 Asian three-seeded-mercury,
Asian copperleaf,
Australian acalypha 		Introduced from
 Asia,
 iMapInvasives
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: X
USDA-X0
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.
Ricinus
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Acalyphoideae — Acalypheae — Ricinus
Genus Ricinus Ricinus N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Ricinus communis L.
 Castor-bean,
Castor bean,
Castorbean,
Castor-oil plant 		Introduced,
Impersistent,
Not naturalized
Perennial,
Shrub

NYFA: X
USDA-X0
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Mercurialis
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Acalyphoideae — Acalypheae — Mercurialis
Genus Mercurialis Mercurialis N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Mercurialis annua L.
Herb-mercury ⓘ
Herb mercury ⓘ
Annual mercury ⓘ
Boys-and-girls ⓘ
French mercury ⓘ
Introduced,
Impersistent

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies

Subfamily Crotonoideae

Tribe Crotoneae

Croton
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Crotonoideae — Crotoneae — Croton
Genus Croton Rushfoil N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Michx.
var. capitatus
Woolly croton ⓘ
Hogwort ⓘ
Introduced,
Not naturalized

NYFA: X
USDA-NX
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Wikispecies

Subfamily Euphorbioideae

Tribe Euphorbieae

Euphorbia

Two subgenera of Euphorbia (commonly known as spurge) can be found in New York.

Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
Subgenus Chamaesyce contains North American spurges or sandmats, many of which are treated in a separate Chamaesyce genus by some sources. Recent phylogenic studies, however, have shown the Chamaesyce genus to be embedded within Euphorbia.[1]

The name Chamaesyce is from the Greek chamai (meaning "on the ground") and skyon (meaning "fig," as in Ficus). A common pronunciation of Chamaesyce, according to Botanary is kam-ay-SY-kee.[2]

  1. ↑ The New York Flora Atlas states: "Steinmann and Porter (2002) provide strong evidence that the segregate genus Chamaesyce is nested within Euphorbia. Therefore we recognize Euphorbia in a broad sense including Chamaesyce."
  2. ↑ Dave's Garden. Botanary: Chamaesyce
Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Alectoroctonum
Euphorbia corollata
American spurge
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
Genus Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Alectoroctonum Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
    Euphorbia marilandica
    Tithymalopsis corollata
    Tithymalopsis marilandica
    Tithymalopsis olivacea
Flowering spurge ⓘ
American spurge ⓘ
Blooming spurge ⓘ
Poison-milkweed ⓘ
Euphorbe pétaloïde ⓘ
Native, CoC: 3,
Secure
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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 L.
    Euphorbia arundelana
    Tithymalopsis arundelana
    Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae
Ipecac spurge ⓘ
American ipecac ⓘ
Carolina ipecac ⓘ
Wild ipecac ⓘ
Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1
USDA-N0
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 Pursh
 Snow-on-the-mountain,
Mountain snow spurge 		Introduced from
 Great Plains,
 Rockies,
N. America native
FACU
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: X
USDA-NX
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BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Anisophyllum
Euphorbia maculata
spotted spurge, spotted sandmat
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
Genus Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Anisophyllum Spurge, Sandmat N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Raf.
1818. Euphorbia vermiculata Raf.
1897. E. rafinesquei Greene
1912. Chamaesyce rafinesquei in…
1913. C. rafinesquei in…
1920. C. vermiculata (Raf.) House
Hairy spurge ⓘ
Wormseed sandmat ⓘ
Worm-seed sand-mat ⓘ
Wormseed spurge ⓘ
Worm-seeded spurge
Native,
Secure

NYFA: N
USDA-NN
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 L.
1753. Euphorbia maculata L.
1794. Tithymalus maculatus in…
1812. Anisophyllum maculatum in…
1817. Euphorbia supina Raf.
1903. Chamaesyce maculata in…
1939. C. supina (Raf.) Moldenke
1940. C. supina (Raf.) H.Hara (iso.)
 Spotted sandmat,
Spotted spurge,
Blotched Spurge,
Milk-purslane 		Native, CoC: 0,
Secure
FACU
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
USDA-N0
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 Lag.
1816. Euphorbia nutans Lag.
1827. Euphorbia preslii Guss.
1903. Chamaesyce nutans in…
1931. Tithymalus nutans in…
Upright spurge ⓘ
Eyebane ⓘ
Eyebane sandmat ⓘ
Native, CoC: 0,
Secure
FACU
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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Engelm.
    Chamaesyce glyptosperma
 Ridge-seeded spurge,
Ribseed sandmat,
Corrugate-seeded broomspurge 		Native,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
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 L.
    Chamaesyce polygonifolia
 Seaside sandmat,
Seaside spurge 		Native,
Vulnerable

NYFA: 3-4
USDA-XX
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Wikispecies
 L.
    Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.
 Pillpod sandmat,
Pill-podded broomspurge 		Introduced,
US South native

NYFA: X
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Genus Euphorbia sect. Anisophyllum (excluded taxa) Spurge, Sandmat N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Pers.
var. serpyllifolia
    Chamaesyce serpyllifolia
ssp. serpyllifolia
 Thyme-leaf sandmat,
Thyme-leaved sandmat 		N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-NN
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Engelm.
    Chamaesyce stictospora
 Slimseed sandmat,
Slim-seeded broomspurge 		N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-N0
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Engelm.
1856. Euphorbia humistrata
Engelm.
1860. Anisophyllum humistratum
(Engelm.) Klotzsch & Garcke
1903. Chamaesyce humistrata
(Engelm.) Small
 Prostrate spurge,
Hairy spreading spurge,
Spreading sandmat 		N. America native
 Midwest,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-NX
Go Botany-0
VASCAN
FNA
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Poinsettia
Euphorbia davidii
David’s spurge
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
Genus Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Poinsettia Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Subils
1890. Euphorbia dentata  var. gracillima  Millsp.
1923. Euphorbia dentata  var. lancifolia  Farw.
1984. Euphorbia davidii Subils
David’s spurge ⓘ
Toothed spurge ⓘ
Wild poinsettia ⓘ
Euphorbe de David ⓘ
Introduced,
US Southwest native

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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IPN
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Genus Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Poinsettia (excluded taxa) Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Michx.
1803. Euphorbia dentata Michx.
1812. Anisophyllum dentatum in…
1859. Poinsettia dentata in…
1803. Euphorbia dentata  var. linearis  Engelm. ex Boiss.
Toothed spurge ⓘ
Dentate spurge ⓘ
Euphorbe à feuilles dentées ⓘ
N. America native
 southern US,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
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Euphorbia subg. Esula

Subgenus Esula contains non-native spurges,[1] a few of which are considered highly invasive in New York.

Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Esula
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Esula Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Euphorbia cyparissias L.
1768. Tithymalus cyparissias
(L.) Hill
1812. Esula cyparissias (L.) Haw.
1836. Keraselma cyparissias
(L.) Raf.
1932. Galarhoeus cyparissias
(L.) Small ex Rydb.
Cypress spurge ⓘ
Graveyard weed ⓘ
Graveyard spurge ⓘ
Euphorbe cyprès ⓘ
Rhubarbe des pauvres ⓘ
Euphorbe petit-cyprès ⓘ
Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Highly invasive,
NYIS: 75%[2],
Prohibited[3],
NE-3[4]

NYFA: X
USDA-X
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Waldst. & Kit.
1803. E. virgata Waldst. & Kit. (i)
1979. E. esula  ssp. tommasiniana  (Bertol.) Kuzmanov
1988. E. esula  var. uralensis  (Fisch. ex Link) Dorn
 auct. E. esula non L. (i)
 Leafy spurge,
Wolf's milk,
Russian leafy spurge,
Narrow leafy spurge
Euphorbe de Tommasini,
Euphorbe de Waldstein,
Euphorbe effilée 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 n. Africa,
Highly invasive,
NYIS: 76%[5],
Prohibited[3],
NE-1[6]

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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Waldst. & Kit. (1801)
    Galarhoeus lucidus
    Tithymalus lucidus
 Shining spurge Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
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Wikispecies
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Esula (excluded taxa) Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
Euphorbia uralensis
= Euphorbia esula
 Leafy spurge Introduced,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
1753. E. esula L.
1822. E. uralensis Fisch. ex Link
1933. Tithymalus uralensis
(Fisch. ex Link) Prokhanov
 Leafy spurge Introduced,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ Euphorbia Planetary Biodiversity Inventory project (PBI)
  2. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euphorbia cyparissias: Highly invasive (75%).
  3. ↑ a b New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species
  4. ↑ Category 3 Plants - widespread non-native species - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
  5. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euphorbia esula: Highly invasive (76%).
  6. ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Euphorbia helioscopia L.
    Galarhoeus helioscopius (L.) Haw.
    Tithymalus helioscopius (L.) Hill
Sun spurge ⓘ
Wolf's-milk ⓘ
Cat-milk ⓘ
Madwoman's milk ⓘ
Wart spurge ⓘ
Wart weed ⓘ
Waterweed ⓘ
Summer spurge
Euphorbe réveille-matin ⓘ
Euphorbe réveil-matin ⓘ
Réveille-matin ⓘ
Euphorbe hélioscopique ⓘ
Introduced

NYFA: X
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 L.
    Galarhoeus platyphyllos (L.) Rydb.
    Tithymalus platyphyllos (L.) Hill
 Broadfeaf spurge,
Broad-leaved spurge 		Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 L.
1762. E. epithymoides L.
    E. polychroma A.Kern.
    
 Cushion spurge
Euphorbe dorée,
Euphorbe polychrome 		Introduced

NYFA: X
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Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia (excluded taxa) Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
(Raf.) Fernald
1840. Agaloma purpurea Raf.
1848. E. darlingtonii A.Gray
1903. Tithymalus darlingtonii
(A. Gray) Small
1932. E. purpurea (Raf.) Fernald
1933. Galarhoeus darlingtonii
(A. Gray) Small
Darlington's spurge ⓘ
Darlington's glade spurge ⓘ
Glade spurge ⓘ
N. America native
 Mid-Atlantic,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
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Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Tithymalus
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Tithymalus Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L. (1753)
    Galarhoeus peplus (L.) Rydb.
    Tithymalus peplus (L.) Hill
 Petty spurge,
Euphorbe des jardins 		Introduced

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Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Lathyris
Euphorbia lathyris - caper spurge, myrtle spurge, mole plant
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Lathyris Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L. (1759)
1753. Euphorbia lathyrus L.
    Galarhoeus lathyris (L.) Haw.
    Tithymalus lathyris (L.) Hill
 Caper spurge,
Mole plant,
Gopher plant,
Euphorbe épurge 		Introduced,
Invasive,
 NYIS: 57%[1]

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  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euphorbia lathyris: Moderate (57).
Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Exiguae
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Exiguae Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 Dwarf spurge,
Little spurge 		Introduced,
Impersistent

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
Images
Wikispecies

Family Linaceae

The Linaceae

Subfamily Linoideae

Tribe Lineae

Linum
Linum virginianum
slender yellow flax
Malpighiales — Linaceae — Linoideae — Lineae — Linum
Genus Linum Flax N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 Slender yellow flax,
Woodland yellow flax,
Woodland flax,
Virginia flax,
Yellow flax 		Native,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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 Walter
 Ridged yellow flax Native,
Rare

NYFA: 3
USDA-NN
Images
Wikispecies
 E.P.Bicknell
1912. L. intercursum E.P.Bicknell
1916. L. floridanum  var. intercursum  Weath.
1933. Cathartolinum intercursum
Small
 Sandplain flax,
Sandplain yellow flax 		Native,
Threatened,
NYNHP: S2[1]

NYFA: 2
USDA-N0
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 (Planch.) Britton
var. texanum
1848. L. virginianum  var. texanum  Planch.
1935. L. medium  var. texanum  (Planch.) in…
 Stiff yellow flax Native,
Threatened,
NYNHP: S2[2]

NYFA: 2
USDA-NN
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 Riddell
var. sulcatum
1836. L. sulcatum Riddell
1907. Cathartolinum sulcatum
(Riddell) Small
1982. Mesynium sulcatum
(Riddell) Á. Löve & D. Löve
 Grooved yellow flax Native,
Threatened,
NYNHP: S2[3]

NYFA: 2
USDA-NN
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 L.
1753. L. usitatissimum L.
1768. L. humile Mill.
1805. L. usitatissimum
var. humile (Mill.) Pers.
1940. L. usitatissimum
ssp. transitorium Vavilov & Elladi
 Common flax,
Cultivated flax,
Linseed
Lin cultivé,
Lin utile,
Lin 		Introduced,
Only cultivated

NYFA: X
USDA-XW
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Fairy flax Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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Wikispecies
 L.
1753. Linum grandiflorum L.
 Flowering flax,
Red flax,
Scarlet flax,
Crimson flax
Lin à grandes fleurs 		Introduced from
 Algeria

NYFA: X
USDA-X0
ARS-GRIN
Images
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 L.
1753. Linum perenne L.
 auct. Linum lewisii non Pursh
 Blue flax,
Perennial flax,
Alpine flax
Lin vivace 		Introduced from
 Eurasia

NYFA: X
USDA-XN
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
Genus Linum (excluded taxa) Flax N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Planch.) Britton
var. medium
1848. Linum virginianum  var. medium  Planch.
1897. Linum medium (Planch.) Britton
 Stiff yellow flax N. America native,
N.Y. excluded
Annual-perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-NN
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Linum intercursum. Threatened, S2/G4.
  2. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Linum medium var. texanum. Threatened, S2/G5T5.
  3. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Linum sulcatum. Threatened, S2/G5.
←
Malpighiales (3)
Salicaceae 		Flora of New York — Malpighiales (4) : Euphorbiaceae, Linaceae →
Fabales
Table of
contents 		Genus
index 		Protected species index Invasive species index
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