Lombard/Auxiliary verbs

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Lombard language course
Morphology of Lombard language

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••• Auxiliary verbs
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Lombard The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography

What are auxiliary verbs?[edit | edit source]

Auxiliary verbs are verbs that are used to construct compound tenses of verbs as already explained with regard to tenses. Compound tenses are constructed by placing the auxiliary verb conjugated in the corresponding simple tense before the past participle.

There are two possible auxiliary verbs: vesser and havé. The auxiliary verb is vesser (►conjugation) for the majority of intransitive verbs or in reflexive, passive or impersonal form, havé (►conjugation) for transitive verbs in the non-impersonal active form and for some of the intransitive verbs. The following paragraphs show the conjugations of auxiliary verbs in the simple tenses in Milanese and Bergamasque dialects, for the other dialects, please refer to the consultation of the Lombard language dictionary:

In many dialects, for the construction of the passive form, the verb vegnì (►conjugation) can replace the verb “vesser”.

The verb andà with the meaning of “to have to be” / “to need to be” (+ past participle) is used similarly to auxiliary verbs, but only in the finite modes excluding the imperative.

If the auxiliary verb is “vesser” and the subject is plural, the past participle must also be plural. If the auxiliary is “havé” the past participle is always used in the singular.

Vesser[edit | edit source]

Milanese dialect[edit | edit source]

Vesser
Present indicative Imperfect indicative Future indicative Presente subjunctive Imperfect subjunctive Conditional Present imperative
Mi son(t)[1] seri saroo sia fudess / fudessi / fussi / fuss sariss / saria / sariss -
Ti te see(t) [2] seret saree(t) [3] siet fudesset / fusset sarisset / sariet siet!
Lu l' /lee l' è era sarà sia fusset sariss / saria sia!
Nun sem serom sarèm siom / siev fudessom / fussom sarissom /sariom sèm!
Vialter sii serov sarii siov / siev fudessov / fussov sarissov / sarissov siov!
Lor (i) inn eren sarann sien fudessen / fussen sarissen / sarien sien!
infinitive gerund past participle
vesser essend(o)[4] stad
  1. the “t” is put berfore a vowel
  2. the “t” is put berfore a vowel
  3. the “t” is put befeore a vowel
  4. the “o “ is euphonic, it is placed when it is requested by phonetics

Bergamasque dialect[edit | edit source]

Vesser
Present indicative Imperfect indicative Future indicative Present subjunctive Imperfect subjunctive Conditional Present imperative
Me sere / sive saroo sies / sees foeuss / foeudess saress -
Te ta see(t) [1] seret / sivet saree(t) [2] siet foeus / foeudes saresset ??? !
Lu l' /lee la l' è era / iva sarà sies / sees foeuss / foeudess saress sia!
Noter an era / iva sarà sies / sees foeuss / foeudess saress sè!
Vialter sii siref / sief sarii siev / sighev foeussev / foeudessev saressev siev!
Lor i è era sarà sies / sees foeuss / foeudess saress sies /sees!
infinitive gerund pasta participle
vesser - [3] stacc
  1. the “t” is put before a vowel
  2. the “t” is put before a vowel
  3. gerund doesn’t exist in bergamasque dialect

Havé[edit | edit source]

Milanese dialect[edit | edit source]

Havé
Present indicative Imperfect indicative Future indicative Present subjunctive Imperfect subjunctive Conditional
Mi hoo havevi[1] havaroo habia havessi havariss / havaria / havarissi
Ti te hee(t) [2] haveva havaree(t) [3] habiet havesset havarisset / havariet
Lu l' /lee l' ha haveva havarà habia havess havariss / havaria
Nun hem havevom havarèm habiom havessom havarissom / havariom
Vialter havii / hii havevov havarii habiov havessov havariov / havarissov
Lor (i) hann haveven havarann habien havessen havarissen / havarien
infinitive gerund
havé havend(o)[4]


Talking about auxiliary verbs, indicating the the imperative and the past participle of the verb "havé" is not necessary, they exist when the verb to have is used in the form "havégh" with the meaning of "to possess" but they never serve when the verb " havé" plays the role of an auxiliary verb.

  1. can be abbreviated to "heri"
  2. the “t” is pu8t before a vowel
  3. the “t” is put before a vowel
  4. the “o “ is euphonic, it is placed when phonetics requires it


Attention: In Lombard the verb "havé" in the pure form is used only as an auxiliary verb. The verb "havé" when instead used with the meaning of “to possess” must be preceded by the particle “ghe” (or "ga " depending on the dialect) for the indicative, subjunctive and conditional moods and imperative (excluding 2nd person singular) or followed by the same particle “-gh” (or -ga depending on the dialect) in the form of a suffix in the remaining cases. (example: present tense: mi gh'hoo, ti te gh'heet, lu el gh'ha...; imperative habigh tì, gh'habia lu ....; infinitive havégh)

Bergamasque dialect[edit | edit source]

Hì / Hvì
Present indicative Imperfect indicative Future indicative Present subjunctive Imperfect subjunctive Conditional
Me hoo hive / here havaroo habie hess havress
Te ta hee(t) [1] hivet / heret avaree(t) [2] habiet hesset havresset
Lu l' /lee l' ha hiva / hera havarà habie hess havress
Noter an ha hiva / hera havarém habie hess havress
Vus hii hivev / hiref havarii habieghev hessev havressev
Lor i ha heva / hera havarann habie hess havress
infinitive gerund
hi / hvi -[3]


It is not necessary to indicate the imperative and the past participle of the verb "hì", they exist only when the verb is used in the form "hìga / hvìga" with the meaning of "to possess". Unlike western Lombard, in Bergamasque dialect, as in all eastern Lombard dialects, the verb as an auxiliary is still used in the form "hvìga" / "hìga" (corresponding to "havégh" in western Lombard), i.e. with the particle "ghe".

  1. la “t” si mette prima di vocale
  2. la “t” si mette prima di vocale
  3. gerund doesen't exist in Bergamasque dialect