Flora of New York/Euphorbiaceae, Linaceae
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Table of contents |
Genus index |
Protected species index | Invasive species index | ||
Family Euphorbiaceae
[edit | edit source]The Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) ...
Subfamily Acalyphoideae
[edit | edit source]Tribe Acalypheae
[edit | edit source]Acalypha
[edit | edit source]The genus Acalypha has about 450 species worldwide, of which only three are currently considered native to New York State.
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Genus Acalypha | Copperleaf | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Raf. 1836. Acalypha rhomboidea Raf.
1836. Acalypha urticifolia Raf.
1853. Acalypha virginica var. rhombifolia Riddell
1865. Acalypha virginica var. genuina (L.) Müll. Arg. (i)
1892. Acalypha virginica f. intermedia Millsp.
1984. Acalypha virginica var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperr. |
Common copperleaf, Common threeseed mercury, Rhombic copperleaf, Rhombic threeseed mercury, Virginia threeseed mercury |
Native, CoC: 0, Secure FACU Annual, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
A.Gray 1848. Acalypha gracilens A.Gray 1853. Acalypha virginicavar. gracilens |
Slender threeseed mercury, Slender copperleaf |
Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure FAC-FACU Annual, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Acalypha virginica L. 1817. Acalypha digyneia Raf. 1853. Acalypha virginicavar. virginica 1891. Ricinocarpus virginicus Kuntze |
Virginia three-seeded mercury, Three-seeded mercury, Virginia copperleaf, Virginia mercury |
Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, DEC-A[1], S1, G5-T5 FACU Annual, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-N Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Acalypha australis L. |
Asian three-seeded-mercury, Asian copperleaf, Australian acalypha |
Introduced from Asia, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives Annual, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 5 counties iNat: 5 counties NYFA: X iNat |
USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies | |
Ricinus
[edit | edit source]Genus Ricinus | Ricinus | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Ricinus communis L. |
Castor-bean, Castor bean, Castorbean, Castor-oil plant |
Introduced, Impersistent, Not naturalized Perennial, Shrub |
NYFA: X |
USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies | |
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Mercurialis
[edit | edit source]Genus Mercurialis | Mercurialis | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Mercurialis annua L. |
Herb-mercury ⓘ
Herb mercury ⓘ
Annual mercury ⓘ
Boys-and-girls ⓘ
French mercury ⓘ
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Introduced, Impersistent |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
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Subfamily Crotonoideae
[edit | edit source]Tribe Crotoneae
[edit | edit source]Croton
[edit | edit source]Genus Croton | Rushfoil | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Michx. |
Woolly croton ⓘ
Hogwort ⓘ
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Introduced from southern US, midwestern US, N. America native, Not naturalized, SNA |
NYFA: Richmond (1882) NYFA: X iNat |
USDA-NX ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
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Subfamily Euphorbioideae
[edit | edit source]Tribe Euphorbieae
[edit | edit source]Euphorbia
[edit | edit source]Two subgenera of Euphorbia (commonly known as spurge) can be found in New York.
Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
[edit | edit source]Subgenus Chamaesyce contains North American spurges or sandmats, many of which are treated in a separate Chamaesyce genus by some sources. Recent phylogenic studies, however, have shown the Chamaesyce genus to be embedded within Euphorbia.[1]
The name Chamaesyce is from the Greek chamai (meaning "on the ground") and skyon (meaning "fig," as in Ficus). A common pronunciation of Chamaesyce, according to Botanary is kam-ay-SY-kee.[2]
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Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Alectoroctonum
[edit | edit source]
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Genus Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Alectoroctonum | Spurge | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Euphorbia corollata L.
1859. Tithymalopsis corollata (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke
1898. Euphorbia marilandica Greene
1903. Tithymalopsis olivacea (Small) Small
1836. Agaloma corollata (L.) Raf. |
Flowering spurge American spurge Blooming spurge Poison-milkweed Euphorbe pétaloïde |
Native, CoC: 3, Secure Perennial, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L.
1903. Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae (L.) Small
1911. Euphorbia arundelana Bartlett
1912. Agaloma arundelana (Bartlett) Nieuwl.
1913. Tithymalopsis arundelana (Bartlett) Small |
Ipecac spurge ⓘ
American ipecac ⓘ
Carolina ipecac ⓘ
Wild ipecac ⓘ |
Native, CoC: 5, Endangered |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Pursh 1814. Euphorbia marginata Pursh
1909. Tithymalus marginatus (Pursh) Cockerell |
Snow-on-the-mountain, Mountain snow spurge |
Introduced from Great Plains, Rockies, N. America native FACU Annual, Herb-forb |
NYFA: X |
USDA-NX Go Botany Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
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Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Anisophyllum
[edit | edit source]
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Genus Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Anisophyllum | Spurge, Sandmat | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Raf. 1818. Euphorbia vermiculata Raf.
1897. Euphorbia rafinesquei Greene
1912. Chamaesyce rafinesquei (Greene) A.Heller
1913. Chamaesyce rafinesquei (Greene) Small (iso.)
1920. Chamaesyce vermiculata (Raf.) House |
Hairy spurge ⓘ
Wormseed sandmat ⓘ
Worm-seed sand-mat ⓘ
Wormseed spurge ⓘ
Worm-seeded spurge
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Native, CoC: 0, Secure |
NYFA: N |
USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Euphorbia maculata L.
1794. Tithymalus maculatus (L.) Moench
1812. Anisophyllum maculatum (L.) Haw.
1817. Euphorbia supina Raf.
1903. Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small
1939. Chamaesyce supina (Raf.) Moldenke
1940. Chamaesyce supina (Raf.) H.Hara (iso.) |
Spotted sandmat, Spotted spurge, Blotched Spurge, Milk-purslane |
Native, CoC: 0, Secure FACU Annual, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Lag. 1816. Euphorbia nutans Lag.
1827. Euphorbia preslii Guss.
1903. Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small
1931. Tithymalus nutans (Lag.) Samp. |
Upright spurge ⓘ
Eyebane ⓘ
Eyebane sandmat ⓘ
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Native, CoC: 0, Secure FACU Annual, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Engelm. Chamaesyce glyptosperma |
Ridge-seeded spurge, Ribseed sandmat, Corrugate-seeded broomspurge |
Native, Likely secure |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
L. Chamaesyce polygonifolia |
Seaside sandmat, Seaside spurge |
Native, Vulnerable |
NYFA: 3-4 |
USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
L. Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. |
Pillpod sandmat, Pill-podded broomspurge |
Introduced, US South native |
NYFA: X |
Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Euphorbia sect. Anisophyllum (excluded taxa) | Spurge, Sandmat | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Pers. var. serpyllifolia Chamaesyce serpyllifoliassp. serpyllifolia |
Thyme-leaf sandmat, Thyme-leaved sandmat |
N. America native, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
Engelm. Chamaesyce stictospora |
Slimseed sandmat, Slim-seeded broomspurge |
N. America native, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
Engelm. 1856. Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. 1860. Anisophyllum humistratum (Engelm.) Klotzsch & Garcke 1903. Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm.) Small |
Prostrate spurge, Hairy spreading spurge, Spreading sandmat |
N. America native Midwest, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-NX Go Botany-0 VASCAN FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
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Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Poinsettia
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Genus Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Poinsettia | Spurge | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Subils 1890. Euphorbia dentata var. gracillima Millsp.
1923. Euphorbia dentata var. lancifolia Farw.
1984. Euphorbia davidii Subils |
David’s spurge ⓘ
Toothed spurge ⓘ
Wild poinsettia ⓘ Euphorbe de David ⓘ
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Introduced, US Southwest native |
NYFA: X iNat |
USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies | |
Michx. 1803. Euphorbia dentata Michx.
1812. Anisophyllum dentatum in…
1859. Poinsettia dentata in…
1803. Euphorbia dentata var. linearis Engelm. ex Boiss. |
Toothed spurge ⓘ
Dentate spurge ⓘ Euphorbe à feuilles dentées ⓘ
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N. America native southern US, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA: excluded iNat: Kings (2018), Queens (2018) NYFA-Excluded iNat |
USDA-M0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
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Euphorbia subg. Esula
[edit | edit source]Subgenus Esula contains non-native spurges, a few of which are considered highly invasive in New York.
Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Esula
[edit | edit source]Section Esula contains two highly invasive and prohibited species, though which two is a little confusing. New York State law (as of 2021) lists Euphorbia cyparissias (cypress spurge) and Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) as prohibited invasive species.[1]. NYNHP lists those two species with Ecological Invasiveness Ranks of High and NY State Tier 4.[2] However Flora of North America claims that the invasive leafy spurge previously known in North America as Euphorbia esula is actually Euphorbia virgata and that Euphorbia esula is in fact a relatively rare non-invasive introduction to North America.[3] The New York Flora Atlas has subsequently moved all New York State Euphorbia esula records to Euphorbia virgata and listed Euphorbia esula as excluded.[4]
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Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Esula | Spurge | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Euphorbia cyparissias L.
1768. Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hill
1812. Esula cyparissias (L.) Haw.
1836. Keraselma cyparissias (L.) Raf.
1932. Galarhoeus cyparissias (L.) Small ex Rydb. |
Cypress spurge ⓘ
Graveyard weed ⓘ
Graveyard spurge ⓘ Euphorbe cyprès ⓘ
Rhubarbe des pauvres ⓘ
Euphorbe petit-cyprès ⓘ
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Introduced from Eurasia, Highly invasive, NYIS: 75%[1], Prohibited[2] |
NYFA: X |
USDA-X Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Waldst. & Kit. 1803. E. virgata Waldst. & Kit. (i)
1979. E. esula ssp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Kuzmanov
1988. E. esula var. uralensis (Fisch. ex Link) Dorn
auct. E. esula non L. (i) |
Slender spurge ⓘ
Slender leafy spurge ⓘ
Narrow leafy spurge
Russian leafy spurge
Leafy spurge ⓘ
Wolf's milk ⓘ Euphorbe de Tommasini
Euphorbe de Waldstein
Euphorbe effilée
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Introduced from Eurasia, n. Africa, Highly invasive, NYIS: 76%[3], Prohibited[2] |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Waldst. & Kit. (1801) Galarhoeus lucidus Tithymalus lucidus |
Shining spurge | Introduced | NYFA: X |
USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. E. esula L.
1822. E. uralensis Fisch. ex Link
1933. Tithymalus uralensis (Fisch. ex Link) Prokhanov |
Leafy spurge | Introduced, Not naturalized |
NYFA-Excluded |
Images Wikispecies | |
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Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia
[edit | edit source]Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia | Spurge | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Euphorbia helioscopia L.
Galarhoeus helioscopius (L.) Haw.
Tithymalus helioscopius (L.) Hill |
Sun spurge ⓘ
Wolf's-milk ⓘ
Cat-milk ⓘ
Madwoman's milk ⓘ
Wart spurge ⓘ
Wart weed ⓘ
Waterweed ⓘ
Summer spurge Euphorbe réveille-matin ⓘ
Euphorbe réveil-matin ⓘ
Réveille-matin ⓘ
Euphorbe hélioscopique ⓘ
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Introduced, Naturalized |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
L. Galarhoeus platyphyllos (L.) Rydb. Tithymalus platyphyllos (L.) Hill |
Broadfeaf spurge, Broad-leaved spurge |
Introduced, Unknown naturalization |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1762. E. epithymoides L.
E. polychroma A.Kern.
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Cushion spurge Euphorbe dorée, Euphorbe polychrome |
Introduced, Not naturalized |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia (excluded taxa) | Spurge | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Raf.) Fernald 1840. Agaloma purpurea Raf.
1848. E. darlingtonii A.Gray
1903. Tithymalus darlingtonii (A. Gray) Small
1932. E. purpurea (Raf.) Fernald
1933. Galarhoeus darlingtonii (A. Gray) Small |
Darlington's spurge ⓘ
Darlington's glade spurge ⓘ
Glade spurge ⓘ |
N. America native Mid-Atlantic, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
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Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Tithymalus
[edit | edit source]Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Tithymalus | Spurge | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. (1753) 1753. Euphorbia peplus L.
1768. Tithymalus peplus (L.) Hill
1812. Esula peplus (L.) Haw.
1836. Keraselma peplus (L.) Raf.
1932. Galarhoeus peplus (L.) Haw. ex Rydb. |
Petty spurge, Euphorbe des jardins |
Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Naturalized, SNA, GNR Annual, Herb-forb |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
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Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Lathyris
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Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Lathyris | Spurge | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. (1759) 1753. Euphorbia lathyrus L. Galarhoeus lathyris (L.) Haw. Tithymalus lathyris (L.) Hill |
Caper spurge, Mole plant, Gopher plant, Euphorbe épurge |
Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 57%[1] |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies | |
Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Exiguae
[edit | edit source]Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Exiguae | Spurge | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. |
Dwarf spurge, Little spurge |
Introduced, Impersistent |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | |
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Tribe Hippomaneae
[edit | edit source]Triadica
[edit | edit source]Family Phyllanthaceae
[edit | edit source]The Phyllanthaceae
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Phyllanthus
[edit | edit source]Phyllanthus urinaria is considered a noxious weed in the southeast and is being tracked in New York and New Jersey. The New York Flora Atlas lists specimens from the Bronx, and iNaturalist shows observations from Manhattan and Onondaga County (questionable).
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Genus Phyllanthus | Phyllanthus | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NPT |
L. Phyllanthus urinaria L. |
Chamber bitter
Chamber-bitter
Chamber bitters
Leafflower |
Introduced, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [1], Not naturalized |
NYFA: Xm NYFA: Bronx (2009, 2012) iNat GBIF 2 counties |
CABI Images Wikispecies | |
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Family Linaceae
[edit | edit source]The Linaceae
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Subfamily Linoideae
[edit | edit source]Tribe Lineae
[edit | edit source]Linum
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Genus Linum | Flax | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. |
Slender yellow flax, Woodland yellow flax, Woodland flax, Virginia flax, Yellow flax |
Native, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
Walter |
Ridged yellow flax | Native, Rare |
NYFA: 3 |
USDA-NN Images Wikispecies | |
E.P.Bicknell 1912. L. intercursum E.P.Bicknell
1916. L. floridanum var. intercursum Weath.
1933. Cathartolinum intercursum Small |
Sandplain flax, Sandplain yellow flax |
Native, Threatened, NYNHP: S2[1] |
NYFA: 2 |
USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
(Planch.) Britton var. texanum 1848. L. virginianum var. texanum Planch.
1935. L. medium var. texanum (Planch.) in… |
Stiff yellow flax | Native, Threatened, NYNHP: S2[2] |
NYFA: 2 |
USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
Riddell var. sulcatum 1836. L. sulcatum Riddell
1907. Cathartolinum sulcatum (Riddell) Small
1982. Mesynium sulcatum (Riddell) Á. Löve & D. Löve |
Grooved yellow flax | Native, Threatened, NYNHP: S2[3] |
NYFA: 2 |
USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. L. usitatissimum L. 1768. L. humile Mill. 1805. L. usitatissimum var. humile (Mill.) Pers. 1940. L. usitatissimum ssp. transitorium Vavilov & Elladi |
Common flax, Cultivated flax, Linseed Lin cultivé, Lin utile, Lin |
Introduced, Only cultivated |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XW Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Fairy flax | Introduced | NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | ||
L. 1753. Linum grandiflorum L. |
Flowering flax, Red flax, Scarlet flax, Crimson flax Lin à grandes fleurs |
Introduced from Algeria |
NYFA: X |
USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Linum perenne L. auct. Linum lewisii non Pursh |
Blue flax, Perennial flax, Alpine flax Lin vivace |
Introduced from Eurasia |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Linum (excluded taxa) | Flax | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Planch.) Britton var. medium 1848. Linum virginianum var. medium Planch.
1897. Linum medium (Planch.) Britton |
Stiff yellow flax | N. America native, N.Y. excluded Annual-perennial, Herb-forb |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
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