Flora of New York/Nymphaeales…Piperales

← Pinales	Flora of New York — Nymphaeales & magnoliids : Magnoliales, Laurales, Piperales				→ Acorales & Alismatales
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This page is the start of the angiosperms or flowering plants, which comprise the bulk of this guide. It starts with the order Nymphaeales and continues with the three orders of the Magnoliidae that are found in New York.

Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genus	Common names	T
Nymphaeales	Cabombaceae	—	—	Brasenia	water-shield, wendock	1
	Cabombaceae	—	—	Cabomba	fanwort, watershield	1
	Nymphaeaceae	Nupharoideae	—	Nuphar	yellow pond lily, spatterdock	4
	Nymphaeaceae	Nymphaeoideae	—	Nymphaea	white waterlily	2
Magnoliales	Magnoliaceae	—	—	Magnolia	magnolia, cucumber tree, sweet-bay	5
	Magnoliaceae	—	—	Liriodendron	tulip tree, tulip poplar, yellow poplar	1
	Annonaceae	Annonoideae	—	Asimina	pawpaw, dog banana, Indian banana	1
Laurales	Calycanthaceae	—	—	Calycanthus	sweet-shrub, strawberry bush	2
	Lauraceae	—	Cinnamomeae	Lindera	spicebush	1
				Sassafras	sassafras, ague tree, mitten tree	1
				Persea	avocado	1
Piperales	Aristolochiaceae	Asaroideae	—	Asarum	wild ginger	1
		Asaroideae	—	Hexastylis	heartleaf	1
		Aristolochioideae	—	Endodeca	snakeroot, serpentary	1
				Isotrema	dutchman's pipe, pipevine	2
				Aristolochia	birthwort, heartwort	1
	Saururaceae	—	—	Saururus	lizard's tail, water-dragon, swamp root	1

Order Nymphaeales[edit]

The order Nymphaeales contains the aquatic flowering plant families Hydatellaceae, Cabombaceae, and Nymphaeaceae. Only the latter two have taxa found outside of cultivation in New York. Aside from Amborella, a shrub endemic to New Caledonia, the Nymphaeales are considered to be the oldest lineage of angiosperms. Most estimates put the age of the Nymphaeales at well over 100 million years.^[1]

Family Cabombaceae[edit]

Two Cabombaceae (water-shield family) species are found in New York. One, Cabomba caroliniana, is rare in most of the state but has the potential to be a highly invasive exotic plant.

Genus Brasenia[edit]

The only extant species of Brasenia (B. schreberi) is native to New York, as well as much of the rest of the world.

Nymphaeales – fam. Cabombaceae – genus Brasenia
Brasenia	Brasenia	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1
Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel. 1791. Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel. 1803. Hydropeltis purpurea Michx. 1814. Brasenia peltata Pursh 1862. Cabomba peltata F.Muell. nom. illeg. 1890. Brasenia purpurea Casp.	Schreber's watershield, Water-shield, Purple wen-dock, Water-target Brasénie de Schreber	Native, CoC: 8, Secure WL: OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
↑ P.F. Stevens, (2001-2015). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, April 2015.

Genus Cabomba[edit]

Although native to the southeastern United States, Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) is considered to be an alien invasive plant in the Northwest and Northeast, including New York, where it is listed as highly invasive.

Nymphaeales – fam. Cabombaceae – genus Cabomba
Cabomba	Fanwort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1
Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray 1837. Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray 1903. C. caroliniana var. pulcherrima R.M.Harper 1953. C. pulcherrima (R.M. Harper) Fassett	Carolina fanwort, Fanwort, Purple fanwort, Carolina watershield, Green cabomba Cabomba de Caroline	Introduced from southeast US, South America, Highly invasive, NYIS: 72%^[1], Prohibited^[2]			NYFA-X USDA-NN NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cabomba caroliniana: High (72). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

Family Nymphaeaceae[edit]

Six Nymphaeaceae (water-lily family) taxa in two genera are found in New York. All are native to the region and appear to be fairly secure.

Subfamily Nupharoideae[edit]

Genus Nuphar[edit]

Nymphaeales – fam. Nymphaeaceae – subfam. Nupharoideae – genus Nuphar
Nuphar sect. Astylus	Pond-lily	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	4
Nuphar variegata Durand Nuphar lutea ssp. variegata Nuphar fraterna Nymphaea americana Nymphaea fraterna	Common yellow pond-lily, Common cow-lily, Common spatterdock, Northern yellow pond-lily, Bullhead yellow pond-lily	Native, CoC: 3, Secure WL: OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW BNA Images, wsp
Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T.Aiton ssp. advena Nuphar lutea ssp. advena Nymphaea advena Aiton	Broad-leaved yellow pond-lily, Immigrant pond-lily, Broad-leaved yellow cow-lily, Broad-leaved spatterdock, Broad-leaved bull-head lily Nénuphar à feuilles émergentes, Nénutar à feuilles émergentes	Native, CoC: 4, Secure WL: OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can BNA Images, wsp
Nuphar × rubrodisca Nuphar microphylla × Nuphar variegata Nuphar lutea ssp. rubrodisca	Hybrid yellow pond-lily, Peck's yellow pond-lily	Native, Likely secure WL: OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-3-5 USDA-NN NEW BNA Images, wsp
Nuphar sect. Nuphar	Pond-lily	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	4
Nuphar microphylla (Pers.) Fernald Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC. Nuphar lutea ssp. pumila Nuphar microphylla (Pers.) Fernald Nuphar minima (Willd.) Sm.	Small yellow pond-lily, Small yellow cow-lily, Dwarf spatterdock	Native, CoC: 10, Secure WL: OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW BNA Images, wsp

Subfamily Nymphaeoideae[edit]

Genus Nymphaea[edit]

Nymphaeales – fam. Nymphaeaceae – subfam. Nymphaeoideae – genus Nymphaea
Nymphaea	Waterlily	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	2
Nymphaea odorata ssp. odorata 1789. Nymphaea odorata Aiton 1806. Castalia odorata (Aiton) Wood	White water-lily, American white water-lily, Fragrant water-lily, Sweet-scented white water-lily, Pond-lily, Great white water-lily Nymphéa odorant	Native, CoC: 4, Secure WL: OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-N Can ARS Images, wsp
Nymphaea odorata Aiton ssp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersma & Hellq. 1865. Nymphaea tuberosa Paine 1888. Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene 1966. Nymphaea odorata var. maxima 1994. Nymphaea odorata ssp. tuberosa	Tuberous white water-lily, Large white water-lily, American white waterlily Nymphéa tubéreux, Lis d'eau, Nénuphar blanc, Nymphée tubéreuse	Native, CoC: 5, Likely secure WL: OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5? USDA-N Can ARS Images, wsp

Order Magnoliales[edit]

The order Magnoliales Bromhead ...

Family Magnoliaceae[edit]

The Magnoliaceae (magnolia family) has traditionally been separated into the two subfamilies Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae. Magnolioideae contained a number of genera including Magnolia s.s., the largest genus. Liriodendroideae contained the single genus Liriodendron. Phylogenetic research has shown Magnolia s.s. to be non-monophyletic. Therefore it was suggested that rather than breaking Magnolia into numerous new genera, all other genera in Magnolioideae would be placed in Magnolia s.l. to create a single monophyletic genus. This leaves the two subfamilies with one genus apiece, making Magnoliaceae subfamilies redundant. So, they are not used here.^[1]^[2]

Genus Magnolia[edit]

Magnoliales – fam. Magnoliaceae – genus Magnolia
Magnolia subg. Yulania	Magnolia	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	5
Magnolia acuminata (L.) L. 1753. Magnolia virginiana var. acuminata L. 1759. Magnolia acuminata (L.) L. 1803. Magnolia cordata Michx. 1886. M. acuminata var. cordata (Michx.) Sarg. 1903. Tulipastrum cordatum (Michx.) Small	Cucumber tree, Cucumber magnolia, Mountain magnolia, Blue magnolia Magnolia acuminé	Native, CoC: 7, Secure WL: FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-N NEW Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Magnolia subg. Magnolia	Magnolia	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	5
Magnolia virginiana L. var. virginiana	Sweet-bay, Northern sweet-bay, Swamp-bay, Magnolia-bay, Laurel-magnolia, Beaver-tree Laurier doux	Native, CoC: 9, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[3] WL: FACW Perennial, Tree, shrub			NYFA-1 USDA-N0 NEW ARS BNA Images, wsp
Magnolia tripetala	Umbrella-tree, Umbrella magnolia	Introduced, US South native WL: FACU			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NEW Images, wsp
Magnolia fraseri Walter	Fraser magnolia, Mountain magnolia	Introduced, US South native WL: FACU			NYFA-X USDA-N0 Images, wsp
Magnolia macrophylla Michx.	Big-leaved magnolia, Cowcumber magnolia	Introduced, US South native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 Images, wsp
↑ Richard B. Figlar (2012). "A Brief Taxonomic History of Magnolia." Magnolia Society International. ↑ P.F. Stevens, (2001-2015). "Magnoliales." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. University of Missouri, St Louis, and Missouri Botanical Garden. Version 14, April 2015. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2013. Online Conservation Guide for Magnolia virginiana. Endangered, S1/G5.

Genus Liriodendron[edit]

The lumber of the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) has similar properties to poplar (Populus) species, so it is often marketed as "tulip poplar" or "yellow poplar," even though the trees are not closely related.

Magnoliales – fam. Magnoliaceae – genus Liriodendron
Liriodendron	Tulip tree	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1
Liriodendron tulipifera L. 1753. Liriodendron tulipifera L. 1903. L.t. fo. aureomarginatum (Dippel) Schelle 1903. L.t. fo. integrifolium (G. Kirchn.) Schelle	Tuliptree, Tulip tree, American tuliptree, Tulip poplar, Yellow poplar Bois jaune	Native, CoC: 6, Secure WL: FACU Perennial, Tree, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-N NEW ARS ITIS BNA LBJ Images, wsp

Family Annonaceae[edit]

The Annonaceae (custard apple family) is the largest family of the Magnoliales, but contains primarily tropical plants. Only one of its more than 2000 species has been discovered growing outside of cultivation in New York.

Subfamily Annonoideae[edit]

Genus Asimina[edit]

The native range of the pawpaw (Asimina triloba) extends only into western New York, but the tree can persist where cultivated in other parts of the state and may naturalize there.

Magnoliales – fam. Annonaceae – subfam. Annonoideae – genus Asimina
Asimina	Pawpaw	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 1753. Annona triloba L. 1796. Annona pendula Salisbury 1803. Orchidocarpum arietinum Michx. 1806. Porcelia triloba (L.) Pers. 1817. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 1838. Uvaria triloba (L.) Torr.& A.Gray	Pawpaw, Dog banana, Indian banana Asiminier trilobé, Asiminier	Native, Threatened			NYFA-2 USDA-N Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA IPN Images, wsp

Order Laurales[edit]

The order Laurales ... ^[1]

Family Calycanthaceae[edit]

The Calycanthaceae (strawberry-shrub family) ...

Genus Calycanthus[edit]

Laurales – fam. Calycanthaceae – subfam. Calycanthoideae
Calycanthus	Sweet-shrub	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	2
Calycanthus floridus L. var. floridus	Eastern sweetshrub, Hairy sweet-shrub, Hairy strawberry bush, Hariy bubby-bush, Hairy Carolina-allspice	Introduced from southeast US, US South native			NYFA-X0 USDA-N ARS ITIS FNA NSE BNA Images, wsp
Calycanthus floridus L. var. glaucus (Willd.) Torr. & A.Gray	Eastern sweetshrub, Smooth sweet-shrub, Smooth strawberry bush, Smooth bubby-bush, Smooth Carolina-allspice	Introduced from southeast US, US South native			NYFA-X0 USDA-N ARS ITIS FNA NSE BNA Images, wsp
↑ "Laurales" Angiosperm Phylogeny Website

Family Lauraceae[edit]

The Lauraceae (laurel family) contains only two species, spicebush and sasafrass, that are native to the State of New York.

Tribe Cinnamomeae[edit]

Genus Lindera[edit]

Lindera is primarily native to eastern Asia. Of its nearly 100 species, only three (northern, southern, and bog spicebush) are native to eastern North America. And of the three, only northern spicebush (Lindera benzoin), is native as far north as New York.

Laurales – fam. Lauraceae – tribe Cinnamomeae – genus Lindera
Lindera	Spicebush	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1
Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume 1753. Laurus benzoin L. 1831. Benzoin odoriferum 1836. Benzoin aestivale Nees 1851. Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume 1939. L. benzoin var. pubescens	Spicebush, Northern spicebush, Benzoin-bush, Benjamin-bush, Fever-bush, Wild allspice Benjoin, Laurier faux-benjoin	Native, CoC: 6, Secure WL: FACW-FAC Perennial, Shrub, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA IPN LBJ Images, wsp

Genus Sassafras[edit]

Sassafras has only three extant species. Two are native to eastern Asia, and one, Sassafras albidum, is native to much of eastern North Americam including New York.

Laurales – fam. Lauraceae – tribe Cinnamomeae – genus Sassafras
Sassafras	Sassafras	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees 1753. Laurus sassafras L. 1818. Laurus albida Nutt. 1831. Sassafras officinale Nees & C.H.Eberm. 1836. Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees 1891. Sassafras variifolium Kuntze 1936. S. albidum var. molle (Raf.) Fernald	Sassafras, White sassafras, Silky sassafras, Ague tree, Mitten tree Sassafras officinal, Gombo filé	Native, CoC: 4, Secure WL: FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub			NYFA-N USDA-NN NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA IPN Images, wsp

Genus Persea[edit]

A specimen of the avocado plant (Persea americana) was collected from a composte pile in Orange County in 1996. As this subtropical species would not be able to naturalize in New York, placing it in the New York Flora was probably an error.

Laurales – fam. Lauraceae – tribe Cinnamomeae – genus Persea
Persea	Red bay	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1
Persea americana Mill. 1753. Laurus persea L. 1768. Persea americana Mill. 1892. Persea persea (L.) Cockerell 1950. Persea nubigena L.O.Williams 1953. Persea gigantea L.O.Williams	Avocado Avocatier	Introduced from Mexico, Mesoamerica, Venezuela, Impersistent, Composte-pile waif			NYFA-Xm USDA-X0 ARS ITIS Images, wsp

Order Piperales[edit]

The order Piperales

Family Aristolochiaceae[edit]

The Aristolochiaceae (Birthwort family)

Subfamily Asaroideae[edit]

Genus Asarum[edit]

Although Canada wild ginger has some similarities to Zingiber officinale (true ginger), it is at least somewhat toxic and is not appropriate for use as a food additive.

Piperales – fam. Aristolochiaceae – subfam. Asaroideae – genus Asarum
Asarum	Wild ginger	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1
Asarum canadense L. 1753. Asarum canadense L. 1897. A. canadense var. acuminatum 1897. A. reflexum var. ambiguum 1898. A. acuminatum (Ashe) E.P.Bicknell 1898. A. reflexum E.P.Bicknell 1907. A. ambiguum (E.P.Bicknell) Daniels	Canada wild ginger, Canadian wildginger, Wild ginger, Asarabacca Asaret du Canada, Asaret gingembre, Gingembre sauvage	Native, CoC: 8, Secure WL: FACU-UPL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp

Genus Hexastylis[edit]

Piperales – fam. Aristolochiaceae – subfam. Asaroideae – genus Hexastylis
Hexastylis Raf.	Heartleaf	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	0
Hexastylis shuttleworthii (Britten & Baker f.) Small var. shuttleworthii 1898. Asarum shuttleworthii Britten & Baker f. 1903. Hexastylis shuttleworthii Small	Largeflower heartleaf	Introduced, US South native			NYFA-U USDA-N0 FNA Images, wsp

Subfamily Aristolochioideae[edit]

Genus Endodeca[edit]

Piperales – fam. Aristolochiaceae – subfam. Aristolochioideae – genus Endodeca
Endodeca Raf.	Snakeroot	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1
Endodeca serpentaria (L.) Raf. 1753. Aristolochia serpentaria L. 1818. Aristolochia hastata Nutt. 1828. Endodeca serpentaria Raf. 1894. Aristolochia nashii Kearney 1897. Aristolochia convolvulacea Small	Virginia snakeroot, Virginia serpentary, Snakeroot, Serpentary	Native, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[1]			NYFA-2 USDA-N0 NEW ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp Note: ^[2]
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2013. Online Conservation Guide for Endodeca serpentaria. Endangered, S2/G4. ↑ The New York Flora Atlas segregates Isotrema macrophyllum, Isotrema tomentosum, and Endodeca serpentaria from Aristolochia into Isotrema and Endodeca, respectively, while other sources, as of yet, have left them in Aristolochia.

Genus Isotrema[edit]

Piperales – fam. Aristolochiaceae – subfam. Aristolochioideae – genus Isotrema
Isotrema Raf.	Pipevine	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1
Isotrema macrophyllum (Lam.) C.F. Reed 1783. Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. 1822. Hocquartia macrophylla Dumort. 1965. Isotrema macrophyllum C.F.Reed auct. Aristolochia durior non. Hill	Dutchman's-pipe, Largeleaf dutchman's-pipe, Pipevine Aristoloche à grandes feuilles	Introduced, US South native, (PA to GA native)			NYFA-X USDA-N NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA NSE BNA Images, wsp Note: ^[1]
Isotrema tomentosum (Sims) H.Huber 1960 1811. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims 1960. Isotrema tomentosum H.Huber	Woolly Dutchman's-pipe, Wooly pipevine, Common Dutchman's-pipe	Introduced, US South native, Impersistent WL: FAC			NYFA-Xm USDA-N0 NEW ARS ITIS FNA NSE BNA Images, wsp Note: ^[1]
↑ ^a ^b The New York Flora Atlas segregates Isotrema macrophyllum, Isotrema tomentosum, and Endodeca serpentaria from Aristolochia into Isotrema and Endodeca, respectively, while other sources, as of yet, have left them in Aristolochia.

Genus Aristolochia[edit]

Piperales – fam. Aristolochiaceae – subfam. Aristolochioideae – genus Aristolochia
Aristolochia	Birthwort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1
Aristolochia clematitis L. 1753. Aristolochia clematitis L.	Birthwort, Creeping birthwort, Heartwort Aristoloche clématite, Sarrasine	Introduced from Eurasia			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp

Family Saururaceae[edit]

The Saururaceae (Lizard's tail family)

Genus Saururus[edit]

Piperales – fam. Saururaceae – genus Saururus
Saururus	Lizard's tail	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1
Saururus cernuus L. 1753. Saururus cernuus L. non Thunb. 1784	Lizard's tail, Water-dragon, Swamp root Saurure penché, Lézardelle penchée, Saurure penchée	Native, CoC: 6, Secure WL: OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS ITIS BNA Images, wsp

[1] P.F. Stevens, (2001-2015). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, April 2015.

[2] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cabomba caroliniana: High (72).

[3] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

[4] Richard B. Figlar (2012). "A Brief Taxonomic History of Magnolia." Magnolia Society International.

[5] P.F. Stevens, (2001-2015). "Magnoliales." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. University of Missouri, St Louis, and Missouri Botanical Garden. Version 14, April 2015.

[6] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2013. Online Conservation Guide for Magnolia virginiana. Endangered, S1/G5.

[7] "Laurales" Angiosperm Phylogeny Website

[8] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2013. Online Conservation Guide for Endodeca serpentaria. Endangered, S2/G4.

[NYFA-9] The New York Flora Atlas segregates Isotrema macrophyllum, Isotrema tomentosum, and Endodeca serpentaria from Aristolochia into Isotrema and Endodeca, respectively, while other sources, as of yet, have left them in Aristolochia.

[NYFA-10] The New York Flora Atlas segregates Isotrema macrophyllum, Isotrema tomentosum, and Endodeca serpentaria from Aristolochia into Isotrema and Endodeca, respectively, while other sources, as of yet, have left them in Aristolochia.

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