Flora of New York/Nymphaeales & magnoliids

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This page is the start of the angiosperms or flowering plants, which comprise the bulk of this guide. It starts with the order Nymphaeales and continues with the three orders of the Magnoliidae that are found in New York.
Clade Order Family Subfamily Genus Common name(s) #
basal
angiosperms 		Nymphaeales Cabombaceae — Brasenia water-shield, wendock 1
Cabomba fanwort, watershield 1
Nymphaeaceae Nupharoideae Nuphar yellow pond lily, spatterdock 4
Nymphaeoideae Nymphaea white waterlily 2
magnoliids Piperales Aristolochiaceae Asaroideae Asarum wild ginger 1
Hexastylis heartleaf 1
Aristolochioideae Endodeca snakeroot, serpentary 1
Isotrema dutchman's pipe, pipevine 2
Aristolochia birthwort, heartwort 1
Saururaceae — Saururus lizard's tail, water-dragon, swamp root 1
Laurales Calycanthaceae — Calycanthus sweet-shrub, strawberry bush 2
Lauraceae — Lindera spicebush 1
Sassafras sassafras, ague tree, mitten tree 1
Persea avocado 1
Magnoliales Magnoliaceae — Magnolia magnolia, cucumber tree, sweet-bay 5
Liriodendron tulip tree, tulip poplar, yellow poplar 1
Annonaceae Annonoideae Asimina pawpaw, dog banana, Indian banana 1

Order Nymphaeales

The order Nymphaeales contains the aquatic flowering plant families Hydatellaceae, Cabombaceae, and Nymphaeaceae. Only the latter two have taxa found outside of cultivation in New York. Aside from Amborella, a shrub endemic to New Caledonia, the Nymphaeales are considered to be the oldest lineage of angiosperms. Most estimates put the age of the Nymphaeales at well over 100 million years.[1]
  1. ↑ P.F. Stevens, (2001-2015). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, April 2015.

Family Cabombaceae

Two Cabombaceae (water-shield family) species are found in New York. One, Cabomba caroliniana, is rare in most of the state but has the potential to be a highly invasive exotic plant.

Brasenia

The only extant species of Brasenia (B. schreberi) is native to New York, as well as much of the rest of the world.
Nymphaeales — Cabombaceae — Brasenia
Genus Brasenia Brasenia N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 J.F.Gmel.
1791. Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel.
1803. Hydropeltis purpurea Michx.
1814. Brasenia peltata Pursh
1862. Cabomba peltata F.Muell. nom. illeg.
1890. Brasenia purpurea Casp.
 Water-shield,
Watershield,
Schreber's watershield,
Purple wen-dock,
Water-target
Brasénie de Schreber 		Native, CoC: 8,
Secure
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

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Cabomba

Although native to the southeastern United States, Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) is considered to be an alien invasive plant in the Northwest and Northeast, including New York, where it is listed as highly invasive.
Nymphaeales — Cabombaceae — Cabomba
Genus Cabomba Fanwort N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 A.Gray
1821. Cabomba aquatica DC.
1830. C. pinnata (Pursh) Schult.& Schult.f.
1837. C. caroliniana A.Gray
1841. Nectris caroliniana (A. Gray) Steud.
1880. C. australis Speg.
1903. C. carolinianavar. pulcherrima
1953. C. pulcherrima (R.M.Harper) Fassett
 Fanwort,
Carolina fanwort,
Purple fanwort,
Carolina watershield,
Green cabomba
Cabomba de Caroline 		Introduced from
 southeast US,
 South America,
Highly invasive,
 NYIS: 72%[1],
Prohibited[2]

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  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cabomba caroliniana: High (72).
  2. ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

Family Nymphaeaceae

Six Nymphaeaceae (water-lily family) taxa in two genera are found in New York. All are native to the region and appear to be fairly secure.

Subfamily Nupharoideae

Nuphar
Nymphaeales — Nymphaeaceae — Nupharoideae — Nuphar
Genus Nuphar Sm. sect. Astylus Pond-lily N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Durand
1956. Nuphar luteassp. variegata
1866. Nuphar variegata Durand
1912. Nymphaea fraterna
G.S.Mill.& Standl.
1912. Nymphaea americana
G.S.Mill.& Standl.
1931. Nuphar fraterna
(G.S.Mill. & Standl.) Standl.
 Common yellow pond-lily,
Common spatter-dock,
Common cow-lily,
Variegated yellow pond-lily,
Northern yellow pond-lily,
Bullhead yellow pond-lily
Grand nénuphar jaune 		Native, CoC: 3,
Secure
OBL
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 (Aiton) W.T.Aiton
ssp. advena
    Nuphar luteassp. advena
    Nymphaea advena Aiton
 Broad-leaved yellow pond-lily,
Immigrant pond-lily,
Broad-leaved yellow cow-lily,
Broad-leaved spatterdock,
Broad-leaved bull-head lily
Nénuphar à feuilles émergentes,
Nénutar à feuilles émergentes 		Native, CoC: 4,
Secure
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

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Genus Nuphar Sm. sect. Nuphar Pond-lily N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
(Pers.) Fernald
    Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC.
    Nuphar luteassp. pumila
    Nuphar microphylla
(Pers.) Fernald
    Nuphar minima (Willd.) Sm.
 Small yellow pond-lily,
Small yellow cow-lily,
Dwarf spatterdock 		Native, CoC: 10,
Secure
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

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  Nuphar microphylla ×
  Nuphar variegata
1886. Nuphar rubrodisca Morong
1994. Nuphar luteassp. rubrodisca
    
    
 Red-disked yellow pond-lily,
Red-disked spatter-dock,
Peck's yellow pond-lily,
Hybrid of
 small yellow pond-lily &
 common yellow pond-lily 		Native,
Likely secure
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

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Genus Nuphar Sm.  Pond-lily N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
Nuphar polysepala × variegata
  Nuphar polysepala ×
  Nuphar variegata
    
    
    
 Hybrid of
 small yellow pond-lily &
 common yellow pond-lily 		N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

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Subfamily Nymphaeoideae

Nymphaea
Nymphaeales — Nymphaeaceae — Nymphaeoideae — Nymphaea
Genus Nymphaea Waterlily N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
ssp. odorata
1789. Nymphaea odorata Aiton
1806. Castalia odorata (Aiton) Wood
 White water-lily,
American white water-lily,
Fragrant water-lily,
Sweet-scented white water-lily,
Pond-lily,
Great white water-lily
Nymphéa odorant 		Native, CoC: 4,
Secure
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

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 Aiton
ssp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersma & Hellq.
1865. Nymphaea tuberosa Paine
1888. Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene
1966. Nymphaea odoratavar. maxima
1994. Nymphaea odoratassp. tuberosa
 Tuberous white water-lily,
Large white water-lily,
American white waterlily
Nymphéa tubéreux,
Lis d'eau,
Nénuphar blanc,
Nymphée tubéreuse 		Native, CoC: 5,
Likely secure
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

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Order Magnoliales

The order Magnoliales Bromhead ...

Family Magnoliaceae

The Magnoliaceae (magnolia family) has traditionally been separated into the two subfamilies Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae. Magnolioideae contained a number of genera including Magnolia s.s., the largest genus. Liriodendroideae contained the single genus Liriodendron. Phylogenetic research has shown Magnolia s.s. to be polyphyletic. Therefore it was suggested that rather than breaking Magnolia into numerous new genera, all other genera in Magnolioideae would be placed in Magnolia s.l. to create a single monophyletic genus. This leaves the two subfamilies with one genus apiece, making Magnoliaceae subfamilies redundant. So, they are not used here.[1][2]
  1. ↑ Richard B. Figlar (2012). "A Brief Taxonomic History of Magnolia." Magnolia Society International.
  2. ↑ P.F. Stevens, (2001-2015). "Magnoliales." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. University of Missouri, St Louis, and Missouri Botanical Garden. Version 14, April 2015.

Magnolia

Magnolia acuminata
cucumber tree
Magnoliales — Magnoliaceae — Magnolia
Genus Magnolia subg. Yulania Magnolia N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) L.
1753. Magnolia virginianavar. acuminata L.
1759. Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.
1803. Magnolia cordata Michx.
1886. M. acuminatavar. cordata (Michx.) Sarg.
1903. Tulipastrum cordatum (Michx.) Small
 Cucumber tree,
Cucumber magnolia,
Mountain magnolia,
Blue magnolia
Magnolia acuminé 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Tree

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 DC.
1817. Magnolia kobus DC.
1908. M. kobusvar. borealis
    
 Kobus magnolia Introduced from
 temperate Asia,
No specimens

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Genus Magnolia subg. Magnolia Magnolia N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
var. virginiana
 Sweet-bay,
Northern sweet-bay,
Swamp-bay,
Magnolia-bay,
Laurel-magnolia,
Beaver-tree
Laurier doux 		Native, CoC: 9,
Endangered,
NYNHP: 1[1]
FACW
Perennial,
Tree, shrub

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Umbrella-tree,
Umbrella magnolia 		Introduced,
US South native
FACU

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 Walter
 Fraser magnolia,
Mountain magnolia 		Introduced,
US South native
FACU

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 Michx.
 Big-leaved magnolia,
Cowcumber magnolia 		Introduced,
US South native

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  1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Magnolia virginiana. Endangered, S1/G5.

Liriodendron

Tulip tree illustration by Pancrace Bessa, ca. 1819
Liriodendron consists of two species: Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree) from eastern North America and Liriodendron chinense from southeast Asia.

The lumber of the tulip tree has similar properties to poplar (Populus) species, so it is often marketed as "tulip poplar" or "yellow poplar," even though tulip and poplar trees are not closely related.

Magnoliales — Magnoliaceae — Liriodendron
Genus Liriodendron Tulip tree N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Liriodendron tulipifera L.
1903. L. tulipiferafo. aureomarginatum
1903. L. tulipiferafo. integrifolium
 Tuliptree,
Tulip tree,
American tuliptree,
Tulip poplar,
Yellow poplar
Bois jaune 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Tree,
Sun - shade

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Family Annonaceae

The Annonaceae (custard apple family) is the largest family of the Magnoliales, but contains primarily tropical plants. Only one of its more than 2000 species has been discovered growing outside of cultivation in New York.

Subfamily Annonoideae

Asimina
Native range of Asimina triloba.
Asimina or pawpaw is a genus of small trees or shrubs that are native to eastern North America. Of these, only the most common species (Asimina triloba) is thought to be native as far north as New York. Though its native range only reaches into the western part of the state, common pawpaw trees can persist where cultivated in other parts of the state and may naturalize in clonal thickets. Pawpaw is considered to be the largest edible native North American fruit (in the culinary sense).[1]
  1. ↑ Snake C. Jones and Desmond R. Layne, "Pawpaw Description and Nutritional Information," Kentucky State University Cooperative Extension Program.
Magnoliales — Annonaceae — Annonoideae — Asimina
Genus Asimina Pawpaw N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Dunal
1753. Annona triloba L.
1796. Annona pendula Salisbury
1803. Orchidocarpum arietinum Michx.
1806. Porcelia triloba (L.) Pers.
1817. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal
1838. Uvaria triloba (L.) Torr.& A.Gray
 Pawpaw,
Common pawpaw,
Dog banana,
Indian banana,
Kentucky banana,
American custard apple
Asiminier trilobé,
Asiminier 		Native, CoC: 5,
Threatened
FAC
Perennial,
Tree, shrub,
Sun - shade

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Order Laurales

The order Laurales ...[1]

Family Calycanthaceae

The Calycanthaceae (strawberry-shrub or sweet-shrub family) contains only three small genera worldwide, only one of which is native to North America.

Calycanthus

Calycanthus (sweet-shrub) is endemic to North America and contains about two to four species. Of these, only Calycanthus floridus is found outside of cultivation in New York, but it is thought to have been introduced from farther south. Though naturalization in New York is rare, it can become established and persist in wooded understories.

Laurales — Calycanthaceae — Calycanthoideae
Genus Calycanthus Sweet-shrub N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1759. Calycanthus floridus L.
1788. C. fertilis Walter
1840. C. floridusvar. glaucus
1840. C. floridusvar. laevigatus
1891. Beurera fertilis (Walter) Kuntze
1894. Butneria florida (L.) Kearney
1894. Butneria fertilis  (Walter) Kearney
1894. Buttneria florida (L.) Kearney
1894. Buttneria fertilis  (Walter) Kearney
 Sweetshrub,
Eastern sweetshrub,
Hairy sweetshrub,
Smooth sweetshrub,
Sweet-shrub,
Strawberry bush,
Bubby-bush,
Spicebush 		Introduced from
 southeast US,
 VA to FL,
 TX to NC,
US South native
FACU
Perennial,
Shrub,
Part shade

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  1. ↑ "Laurales" Angiosperm Phylogeny Website

Family Lauraceae

The Lauraceae (laurel family) contains only two species, spicebush and sasafrass, that are native to the State of New York.

Tribe Cinnamomeae

Lindera
Lindera benzoin
spicebush
The genus Lindera is primarily native to eastern Asia. Of its nearly 100 species, only three (northern, southern, and bog spicebush) are native to eastern North America. And of those three species, only northern spicebush (Lindera benzoin), is native as far north as New York.
Laurales — Lauraceae — Cinnamomeae — Lindera
Genus Lindera Spicebush N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Blume
1753. Laurus benzoin L.
1831. Benzoin odoriferum
1836. Benzoin aestivale Nees
1851. Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume
1939. L. benzoinvar. pubescens
 Spicebush,
Northern spicebush,
Benzoin-bush,
Benjamin-bush,
Fever-bush,
Wild allspice
Benjoin,
Laurier faux-benjoin 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure
FACW-FAC
Perennial,
Shrub,
Sun - shade

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Sassafras
Sassafras has only three extant species. Two are native to eastern Asia, and one, Sassafras albidum, is native to much of eastern North Americam including New York.
Laurales — Lauraceae — Cinnamomeae — Sassafras
Genus Sassafras Sassafras N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Nutt.) Nees
1753. Laurus sassafras L.
1818. Laurus albida Nutt.
1831. Sassafras officinale Nees & C.H.Eberm.
1836. Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees
1891. Sassafras variifolium Kuntze
1936. S. albidumvar. molle (Raf.) Fernald
 Sassafras,
White sassafras,
Silky sassafras,
Ague tree,
Mitten tree
Sassafras officinal,
Gombo filé 		Native, CoC: 4,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Tree, shrub,
Sun - shade

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Persea
A specimen of the avocado plant (Persea americana) was collected from a composte pile in Orange County in 1996. As this subtropical species would not be able to naturalize in New York, placing it in the New York Flora was probably an error.
Laurales — Lauraceae — Cinnamomeae — Persea
Genus Persea Bay N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Mill.
1753. Laurus persea L.
1768. Persea americana Mill.
1892. Persea persea (L.) Cockerell
1950. Persea nubigena L.O.Williams
1953. Persea gigantea L.O.Williams
 Avocado
Avocatier 		Introduced from
 Mexico,
 Mesoamerica,
 Venezuela,
Impersistent,
Composte-pile waif

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Genus Persea  Bay N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Spreng.
1753. Laurus borbonia L.
1803. Laurus caroliniensis Michx.
1825. Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.
1836. Persea carolinensis Nees
1838. Tamala borbonia (L.) Raf.
1903. Persea littoralis Small
1913. Tamala littoralis (Small) Small
1922. Borbonia littoralis (Small) House
 Redbay,
Shorebay 		N. America native,
southeastern U.S.,
Excluded

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Order Piperales

The order Piperales

Family Aristolochiaceae

The Aristolochiaceae (Birthwort family)

Subfamily Asaroideae

Asarum
Asarum canadense
Wild ginger
Although wild ginger (Asarum canadense) has some similarities to Zingiber officinale (true ginger), it is at least somewhat toxic and is not appropriate for use as a food additive.
Piperales — Aristolochiaceae — Asaroideae — Asarum
Genus Asarum Wild ginger N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Asarum canadense L.
1897. A. canadensevar. acuminatum
1897. A. reflexumvar. ambiguum
1898. A. acuminatum (Ashe) E.P.Bicknell
1898. A. reflexum E.P.Bicknell
1907. A. ambiguum (E.P.Bicknell) Daniels
 Canada wild ginger,
Canadian wildginger,
Wild ginger,
Asarabacca
Asaret du Canada,
Asaret gingembre,
Gingembre sauvage 		Native, CoC: 8,
Secure
FACU-UPL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

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Hexastylis
Piperales — Aristolochiaceae — Asaroideae — Hexastylis
Genus Hexastylis Raf. Heartleaf N.Y. Status Images Distribution 0 NPT
(Britten & Baker f.) Small
var. shuttleworthii
1898. Asarum shuttleworthii Britten & Baker f.
1903. Hexastylis shuttleworthii Small
 Largeflower heartleaf Introduced,
US South native

NYFA: U
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Subfamily Aristolochioideae

Endodeca
Piperales — Aristolochiaceae — Aristolochioideae — Endodeca
Genus Endodeca Raf. Snakeroot N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Raf.
1753. Aristolochia serpentaria L.
1818. Aristolochia hastata Nutt.
1828. Endodeca serpentaria (L.) Raf.
1836. Pistolochia serpentaria (L.) Raf.
1894. Aristolochia nashii Kearney
1897. Aristolochia convolvulacea Small
 Virginia snakeroot,
Virginia serpentary,
Virginia dutchmanspipe,
Snakeroot,
Serpentary 		Native, CoC: 8,
Endangered,
NYNHP: 1[1]
UPL
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
Shade

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Note: [2]
  1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Endodeca serpentaria. Endangered, S2/G4.
  2. ↑ The New York Flora Atlas segregates Isotrema macrophyllum, Isotrema tomentosum, and Endodeca serpentaria from Aristolochia into Isotrema and Endodeca, respectively, while other sources, as of yet, have left them in Aristolochia.
Isotrema
Piperales — Aristolochiaceae — Aristolochioideae — Isotrema
Genus Isotrema Raf. Pipevine N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
(Lam.) C.F. Reed
1783. Aristolochia macrophylla Lam.
1822. Hocquartia macrophylla Dumort.
1965. Isotrema macrophyllum
(Lam.) C.F.Reed
 auct. Aristolochia durior non. Hill
 Dutchman's-pipe,
Largeleaf dutchman's-pipe,
Pipevine
Aristoloche à
  grandes feuilles 		Introduced from
 PA to GA,
US South native

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Note: [1]
(Sims) H.Huber
1811. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims
1960. Isotrema tomentosum H.Huber
 Woolly Dutchman's-pipe,
Wooly pipevine,
Common Dutchman's-pipe 		Introduced,
US South native,
Impersistent
FAC

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Note: [1]
  1. ↑ a b The New York Flora Atlas segregates Isotrema macrophyllum, Isotrema tomentosum, and Endodeca serpentaria from Aristolochia into Isotrema and Endodeca, respectively, while other sources, as of yet, have left them in Aristolochia.
Aristolochia
Members of the genus Aristolochia, Aristolochia clematitis in paricular, have been used as medicinal plants since ancient times, but have been shown to be both carcinogenic and toxic to the kidneys.
Piperales — Aristolochiaceae — Aristolochioideae — Aristolochia
Genus Aristolochia Birthwort N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Aristolochia clematitis L.
 Birthwort,
Creeping birthwort,
Heartwort,
Asarabacca[2]
Aristoloche clématite,
Sarrasine 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Naturalized[1]
Perennial,
Herb-vine

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ FNA states that Aristolochia clematitis "probably does not persist" when it occasionally escapes cultivation, but NYFA states that, although a rare weed, it is "quite aggressive at least at some sites, when naturalized."
  2. ↑ "Asarabacca" is isted as a common name for Aristolochia clematitis by FNA and Tropicos, but Asarabacca is also a common name for Asarum europaeum (Eropean wild ginger).

Family Saururaceae

The Saururaceae (lizard's tail family) world-wide contains only about seven species in four genera. Two of these plants are native to North America, and one is native to New York. The other North American family member (Anemopsis californica) is a southwestern native.

Saururus

The genus Saururus contains only the two lizard's tail plants Saururus cernuus (native to eastern North America) and Saururus chinensis (native to eastern Asia). Only the North American plant has been found outside of cultivation in North America.
Piperales — Saururaceae — Saururus
Genus Saururus Lizard's tail N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Saururus cernuus L.
non Thunb. 1784
 Lizard's tail,
Water-dragon,
Swamp root,
Swamp lily
Saurure penché,
Lézardelle penchée,
Saurure penchée 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
NatureServe
BONAP
IPN
LBJ
Images
Wikispecies
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Pinales 		Flora of New York — Nymphaeales, Magnoliales, Laurales, Piperales →
Acorales & Alismatales
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