Flora of New York/Fagales
← Cucurbitales |
Flora of New York — Fagales | → Geraniales | |||
Table of contents |
Genus index |
Protected species index | Invasive species index | ||
The order Fagales is part of the nitrogen-fixing clade:
nitrogen‑fixing clade |
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However, the vast majority of species able to form nitrogen-fixing root nodules are in the Fabaceae (legume family). In the Fagales, only the Myricaceae (bayberry family) and Alnus (alder) species are able to fix nitrogen.
Fagales species primarily take the form of trees. They have also been placed in the Juglandales. |
Clades | Order | Family | Subfamily | Tribe | Genus | Common names | # | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
angiosperms: eudicots: rosids: fabids |
Fagales | Fagaceae | Quercoideae | Querceae | Quercus | oak | white oak | 15 |
red oak | 16 | |||||||
Castaneeae | Castanea | chestnut | 4 | |||||
Fagoideae | — | Fagus | beech | 2 | ||||
Myricaceae | — | — | Comptonia | sweetfern | 1 | |||
Myrica | sweetgale | 1 | ||||||
Morella | bayberry | 2 | ||||||
Juglandaceae | Juglandoideae | Juglandeae | Juglans | walnut, butternut | 3 | |||
Caryeae | Carya | hickory | 8 | |||||
Betulaceae | Betuloideae | — | Alnus | alder | 5 | |||
Betula | birch | 15 | ||||||
Coryloideae | Carpineae | Carpinus | hornbeam | 3 | ||||
Ostrya | hop hornbean | 1 | ||||||
Coryleae | Corylus | hazelnut | 3 |
Family Fagaceae
The Fagaceae (beech family) ...[1][2]
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Subfamily Quercoideae
The Quercoideae, as organized here, includes the oaks and the chestnuts.
Tribe Querceae
Querceae currently comprises only genus Quercus. In previous schemes, the tribe also included upgraded Quercus subgenera, including Macrobalanus (large-fruited white oaks) and Erythrobalanus (red and black oaks).[1][2]
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Quercus
The genus Quercus contains the oaks, which comprise about 30 taxa of trees and shrubs in New York. Two sections of oaks in the subgenus Quercus are found in the state: sect. Quercus (white oaks) and sect. Lobate (red oaks). They commonly hybridized only within their own section.[1]
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Quercus sect. Quercus
The Quercus section Quercus contains the white-oak group, most members of which have leaves with rounded lobes. White oaks produce acorns that mature in a single season and are relatively sweet.
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Genus Quercus sect. Quercus | White oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Quercus alba L. |
White oak, Eastern white oak, Stave oak Chêne blanc |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, Sun - shade |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Willd. 1783. Q. prinus var. platanoides Lam.
1801. Q. bicolor Willd.
1842. Q. prinus var. bicolor Spach
1864. Q. bicolor var. platanoides A.DC.
1886. Q. discolor var. bicolor Hampton
1892. Q. platanoides (Lam.) Sudw. |
Swamp white oak Chêne bicolore, Chêne bleu |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure OBL-FACW Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Willd. 1753. Q. prinus L. (i)
1805. Q. montana Willd. |
Chestnut oak, Mountain chestnut oak, Rock chestnut oak |
Native, CoC: 8, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies | |
Willd. 1801. Q. prinoides Willd. |
Dwarf chinquapin oak, Scrub chestnut oak |
Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree-shrub |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies | |
Michx. 1801. Q. macrocarpa Michx.
1812. Q. olivaeformis F.Michx.
1838. Cerris macrocarpa (Michx.) Raf.
1838. Cerris oliviformis (F.Michx.) Raf.
1856. Q. macrocarpa var. oliviformis (F.Michx.) A.Gray
1876. Q. macrocarpa var. depressa (Nutt.) Engelm.
1924. Q. macrocarpa f. oliviformis (F.Michx.) Trel
1931. Q. mandanensis Rydb.
1935. Q. macrocarpa ssp. oliviformis (F.Michx.) A.Camus |
Bur oak, Burr oak, Mossy-cup oak, Blue oak Chêne à gros fruits |
Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree-shrub |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Engelm. 1803. Q. prinus var. acuminata Michx.
1877. Q. muehlenbergii Engelm.
1884. Q. rubra var. muehlenbergii (Engelm.) Wenz.
1895. Q. acuminata Sarg. (i)
1901. Q. brayi Small |
Chinkapin oak, Chinquapin oak, Yellow chestnut oak Chêne jaune, Chêne de Mühlenberg |
Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Wangenh. 1787. Q. stellata Wangenh.
1803. Q. obtusiloba Michx.
1918. Q. minor (Marshall) Sarg.
1918. Q. stellata var. attenuata
1918. Q. stellata var. parviloba |
Post oak Chêne étoilé, Chêne à étoilé |
Native, CoC: 9, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Q. robur L.
1790. Q. pedunculata Ehrh. |
English oak, Pedunculate oak, European oak Chêne pédonculé |
Introduced from Eurasia, Cultivated, Rarely naturalizes Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Quercus sect. Quercus | White oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Nutt. 1818. Q. michauxii Nutt. |
Swamp chestnut oak, Basket oak, Cow oak |
N. America native southeastern U.S., N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
(Ashe) Small 1894. Q. minor var. margarettae Ashe
1903. Q. margaretta (Ashe) Small
1913. Q. stellata var. margarettae (Ashe) Sarg.
1983. Q. stellata ssp. margarettae (Ashe) A.E.Murray |
Sand post oak, Runner oak, Dwarf post oak |
N. America native, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies | |
Quercus sect. Quercus hybrids
These are the naturally-occurring white oak hybrids found in New York State.
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Genus Quercus sect. Quercus | White oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
C.K.Schneid. Quercus alba × Quercus montana |
Saul's oak, Hybrid of white oak & chestnut oak |
Native, Vulnerable |
NYFA: 3? |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS Images Wikispecies | |
Schneid. Quercus alba × Quercus bicolor |
Jack's oak, Hybrid of white oak & swamp-white oak Chêne de Jack |
Native, Endangered |
NYFA: 1? |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Images Wikispecies | |
Trel. Quercus alba × Quercus prinoides |
Faxon's oak, Hybrid of white oak & dwarf chinkapin oak |
Native, Endangered |
NYFA: 1? |
USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
Trel. Quercus alba × Quercus stellata |
Fernow's oak, Hybrid of white oak & post oak |
Native, Endangered, Impersistent |
NYFA: 1? |
USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
Trel. Quercus bicolor × Quercus macrocarpa Quercus × hillii Trel. |
Schuette's oak, Hybrid of swamp white oak & burr oak Chêne de Schuette |
Native, Unranked |
NYFA: U |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Images Wikispecies | |
C.K.Schneid. Quercus alba × Quercus macrocarpa |
Bebb's oak, Hybrid of white oak & burr oak Chêne de Bebb |
Native, Unranked |
NYFA: U |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Images Wikispecies | |
Trel. Quercus macrocarpa × Quercus muehlenbergii[1] 1917. Quercus × deamii Trel. 1948. Quercus × fallax E.J.Palmer |
Deam's oak, Hybrid of burr oak & chinkapin oak Chêne de Deam |
Native, Unranked |
NYFA: U |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Images Wikispecies | |
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Quercus sect. Lobatae
The Quercus section Lobatae (∼ sect. Erythrobalanus) contains the red oak group, most members of which have leaves with pointed or spiny lobes. Red oaks produce acorns that require two seasons (18 months) to mature and are relatively bitter. Note that Quercus lobata (a California native) is a member of sect. Querca, not sect. Lobatae, as might be inferred from its name. |
Genus Quercus sect. Lobatae | Red oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Quercus rubra L.
1817. Quercus borealis Michx.
1916. Quercus maxima (Marshall) Ashe
1916. Quercus borealis var. maxima (Marshall) Ashe (i)
1916. Quercus borealis var. maxima (Marshall) Sarg. |
Red oak, Northern red oak Chêne rouge |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, Sun - part shade |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Lam. 1785. Quercus velutina Lam. 1908. Q. velutinavar. missouriensis 1917. Quercus missouriensis Ashe |
Black oak, Eastern black oak |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Wangenh. 1785. Quercus rubravar. nana Marshall 1787. Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. 1895. Quercus nana (Marshall) Sarg. (i) |
Scrub oak, Bear oak Chêne à feuilles de houx, Chêne de Banister |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree, shrub |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Münchh. 1770. Quercus coccinea Münchh. 1789. Quercus rubravar. coccinea 1918. Quercus coccineavar. tuberculata |
Scarlet oak | Native, CoC: 8, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree, Sun |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Münchh. 1770. Quercus palustris Münchh. |
Pin oak | Native, CoC: 7, Likely secure FACW Perennial, Tree, Sun - shade |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos LBJ FEIS Images Wikispecies | |
Münchh. var. marilandica 1753. Quercus nigravar. marilandica 1770. Quercus marilandica Münchh. |
Blackjack oak | Native, CoC: 7, Rare UPL Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 3 |
USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Quercus phellos L. |
Willow oak | Native, CoC: 8, Endangered FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Buckley 1860. Quercus shumardii Buckley |
Shumard('s) oak, Shumard red oak, Southern red oak, Swamp red oak |
Native, CoC: 8, Endangered FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Michx. 1801. Quercus imbricaria Michx. 1842. Quercus phellosvar. imbricaria 1936. Erythrobalanus imbricaria (Michx.) O.Schwarz |
Shingle oak, Laurel oak |
Introduced from midwestern US, Midwest native, Not naturalized FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: X |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Quercus sect. Lobatae | Red oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Michx. 1801. Quercus falcata Michx. |
Southern red oak, Spanish oak |
N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-N0 FNA Tropicos BBG Images Wikispecies Note: [1] | |
Raf. 1824. Q. falcata var. pagodifolia Elliott
1838. Q. pagoda Raf.
1896. Q. pagodifolia (Elliott) Ashe
1917. Q. rubra var. leucophylla Ashe
1918. Q. rubra var. pagodifolia (Elliott) Ashe ex Sarg.
1935. Q. falcata var. leucophylla (Ashe) Palmer & Steyerm. |
Cherrybark oak, Cherry-bark oak |
N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Quercus sect. Lobatae hybrids
These are the naturally-occurring red oak hybrids found in New York State.
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Genus Quercus sect. Lobatae | Red oak hybrids | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Sarg. Quercus marilandica × Quercus velutina |
Bush's oak, Hybrid of blackjack oak & black oak |
Native, Threatened, Impersistent |
NYFA: 2 |
USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies | |
W.T. Davis (pro sp.) Quercus ilicifolia × Quercus marilandica |
Britton's oak, Hybrid of scrub oak & blackjack oak |
Native, Endangered |
NYFA: 1? |
Images Wikispecies | |
Trel. Quercus ilicifolia × Quercus velutina |
Rehder's oak, Hybrid of scrub oak & black oak |
Native, Endangered |
NYFA: 1? |
USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies | |
Sudw. Quercus rubra × Quercus velutina Quercus × hawkinsi Sudw. Quercus × hawkinsii Sudw. Quercus × porteri Trelease illeg. |
Hawkins' oak, Hybrid of red oak & black oak Chêne de Hawkins |
Native, Endangered |
NYFA: 1? |
USDA-NN VASCAN ITIS Images Wikispecies | |
Britton (pro sp.) Quercus marilandica × Quercus phellos Quercus × dubia Ashe |
Rudkin's oak, Hybrid of blackjack oak & willow oak |
Native, Endangered |
ITIS Images Wikispecies | ||
Little Quercus phellos × Quercus velutina |
Varileaf oak, Hybrid of willow oak & black oak |
Native, Unranked |
NYFA: U |
USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies | |
Michx.f. Quercus phellos × Quercus rubra Quercus × hollickii Schneid. |
Variable-leaved oak, Hybrid of willow oak & red oak |
Native, Unranked |
NYFA: U |
USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies | |
Quercus sect. Cerris
The potentially invasive Asian sawtooth oak has not been listed as naturalized in New York, but it is distributed as a "conservation" tree in the state, and has been listed as naturalized in Pennsylvania. It is reported as invasive in Wisconsin, South Carolina, and Georgia.
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Genus Quercus sect. Cerris | Turkish oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Carruth. |
Sawtooth oak ⓘ
Sawhorn oak ⓘ |
Introduced from Asia, Potentially invasive, Cultivated, Not naturalized, NPS IPA |
NYFA: 0 |
USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Tribe Castaneeae
Castanea
Native American chestnut trees (Castanea dentata) were a major component of many New York forests until the introduction of the exotic chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) in the late 19th century. Mature American chestnuts are now rare, but stump sprouts are keeping the chestnut genome alive.
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Genus Castanea | Chestnut | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Marsh.) Borkh. 1785. Fagus dentata Marshall (i) 1800. C. dentata (Marshall) Borkh. 1803. C. vescavar. americana 1817. C. americana (Michx.) Raf. |
American chestnut, Chestnut Châtaignier d'Amérique |
Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure UPL Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies Note: [1] | |
(L.) Mill. 1768. Fagus pumila L. 1768. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. 1818. Castanea alnifolia Nutt |
Chinquapin
Chinkapin
Dwarf chestnut ⓘ
Allegheny chinquapin
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N. America native, Unranked UPL |
NYFA: X |
USDA-N0 Go Botany FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Siebold & Zucc. |
Japanese chestnut ⓘ
Korean chestnut ⓘ |
Introduced, Unk. naturalization |
NYFA: Xu |
USDA-X0 BBG Images Wikispecies | |
Mill. Castanea vesca Castanea vulgaris |
European chestnut | Introduced from Europe, Impersistent, Not naturalized |
NYFA: X |
USDA-X0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Castanea | Chestnut | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Blume |
Chinese chestnut ⓘ |
Introduced, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-X0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
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Subfamily Fagoideae
Fagus
The American beech, Fagus grandifolia, is a widespread hardwood tree in New York, and historically associated with Acer saccharum (sugar maple) in beech-maple climax forests. The American beech, however, is susceptible to beech bark disease, which is now common in New York. The disease is made possible by the non-native beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga, which pierces the bark to feed on the sap. The resulting holes allow Nectria fungus spores to enter. Eventually the exotic fungus kills portions of inner bark and induces cankers that often girdle and kill the tree.[1] Given these facts, the "secure" status for American beech may be counter-intuitive, but the loss of larger infected trees increases the number of root suckers and stump sprouts, causing dense beech thickets, which have little benefit for wildlife or timber harvesters. So, as with other disease-prone trees such as American elm and American chestnut, the threat of extirpation is low, even though the health of the existing population remains poor. In fact, foresters in New York often consider the American beech to be a native invasive or interfering species and treat beech tree stumps with glyphosate immediately after cutting to prevent such resprouts.[2]
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Fagus | Beech | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Ehrh. 1788. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.
1789. Fagus ferruginea Aiton
1826. Fagus americana Sweet
1907. Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana (Loudon) Fernald & Rehder
1940. Fagus grandifolia ssp. heterophylla Camp |
American beech Hêtre américain |
Native, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Fagus sylvatica L. |
European beech | Introduced from Eurasia |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Family Myricaceae
The Myricaceae Blume 1829 (bayberry family) contains the bayberry, sweetgale, and sweet-fern species.[1]
Robert L. Wilbur (1994) recommended splitting Myrica (bayberry and sweetgale), moving most of the bayberry species to Morella and leaving sweetgale in Myrica. He also expressed doubt about whether the two eastern North American bayberry species, M. pensylvanica and M. caroliniensis, were distinct enough to be considered separate species.[2] In 2002, Wilbur made the recommendation that the two eastern North American bayberry species should be treated as a single species, Morella caroliniensis.[3]
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Comptonia
Genus Comptonia L’Hér. 1789 | Sweet-fern | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) J.M.Coult. 1753. Liquidambar peregrina L. 1753. Myrica aspleniifolia L. 1763. Liquidambar aspleniifolia (L.) L. 1789. Comptonia aspleniifolia (L.) L’Hér. 1891. Myrica peregrina (L.) Kuntze 1894. Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M.Coult. |
Sweet fern, Fern gale Comptonie voyageuse, Comptonie à feuilles d'asplénie |
Native, CoC: 6, Secure Perennial, Shrub, subshrub |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Myrica
Genus Myrica L. 1754 | Sweetgale | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Myrica gale L. 1889. Gale palustris Chev. |
Sweet bayberry, Bog-myrtle, Sweet gale, Meadow-fern Myrique baumier, Bois-sent-bon |
Native, Secure, Circumoreal OBL Perennial, Shrub |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies | |
Morella
Some sources, including the New York Flora Atlas, treat northern and southern bayberry as a single species. Other sources treat them separately. If treated as two distinct species, only northern baberry (Morella pensylvanica) is thought to be native or naturalized in New York. If treated as as single species, Morella caroliniensis would have priority as the species name.
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Genus Morella Lour. 1790 | Bayberry | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Mirb.) Kartesz 1804. Myrica pensylvanica Mirb.
1919. Myrica macfarlanei Youngken
1937. Cerothamnus pensylvanicus Moldenke
1999. Morella pensylvanica (Mirb.) Kartesz[1] |
Northern bayberry, Candleberry, Waxberry, Tallow bayberry, Tallowshrub, Swamp candleberry, Candlewood Cirier de Pennsylvanie, Myrique de Pennsylvanie |
Native, CoC: 7, Likely secure FAC Perennial, Shrub |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ MBG Images Wikispecies | |
(Mill.) Small 1768. Myrica caroliniensis Mill. 1838. Myrica heterophylla Raf. 1903. Morella caroliniensis Small 1910. Cerothamnus caroliniensis Tidestr. |
Southern bayberry, Evergreen bayberry, Wax-myrtle, Small bayberry |
N. America native | NYFA: 4 |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP MBG Images Wikispecies | |
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Family Juglandaceae
The New York members of the Juglandaceae (walnut family) include about ten reported native walnut and hickory species, and a single non-native walnut species.[1] These trees are valuable both for their timber and nut production.
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Subfamily Juglandoideae
Both of the New York Juglandaceae tribes are placed in the Juglandoideae. Their fruits are similar in that they are composed of a nut surrounded by a fleshy outer covering so that they somewhat resemble a drupe such as a peach or plum.
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Tribe Juglandeae
The Juglandeae in New York consist of the relatively common native black walnut and butternut (or white walnut) trees.
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Juglans
Black walnut (Juglans nigra) may not be native to all parts of New York. It was once a dominant tree in the midwest and southeast, and was probably cultivated by Native Americans in parts of the state where it didn't occur naturally.
Most butternut (Juglans cinerea) trees in the state appear to have been infected by the butternut canker (the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum) . Some naturalized "English" and possibly "Japanese" walnut trees have also been found in the southeastern part of the state. |
Genus Juglans sect. Rhysocaryon | Black walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Juglans nigra L. 1861. Wallia nigra (L.) Alef. |
Black walnut, American walnut Noyer noir, Noyer noir d'Amérique |
Native, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Juglans sect. Trachycaryon | White walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1759. Juglans cinerea L. 1861. Wallia cinerea (L.) Alef. |
Butternut, White walnut Noyer cendré, Arbre à noix longues, Noix tendre |
Native, Likely secure FACU |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Juglans sect. Cardiocaryon | Asian walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Carrière 1872. Juglans sieboldiana Maxim. 1878. Juglans ailantifolia Carrière |
Japanese walnut, Siebold walnut, Onigurumi, Heartnut Noyer du Japon |
Introduced from temperate Asia, No specimens |
NYFA: X0 |
USDA-X Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Juglans | Hybrid walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Rehder Juglans ailantifolia × Juglans cinerea 1921. Juglans × bixbyi Rehder |
Bixby's walnut, Buart, Buartnut, Hybrid of butternut & Japanese walnut |
Introduced, No specimens |
NYFA: X0 |
USDA-X0 Go Botany ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Juglans sect. Juglans | Eurasian walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Juglans regia L. 1906. Juglans duclouxiana Dode 1906. Juglans falax Dode 1906. Juglans sinensis (C.DC.) Dode 1906. Juglans kamaonica (C.DC.) Dode 1906. Juglans orientis Dode |
English walnut, Persian walnut, Common walnut, Black sea walnut, Madeira-nut Noyer commun |
Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-XX VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Tribe Caryeae
Carya
North American hickories (Carya) are often divided into two groups: the true hickories (sect. Carya) and the pecan hickories (sect. Apocarya). Section Apocarya contains the pecan hickories, including pecan (Carya illinoinensis), water hickory (C. aquatica), and nutmeg hickory (C. myristiciformis). The wood of the trees in this section is generally considered to be a bit less dense and softer than that of the true hickories.[1] The only member of sect. Apocarya found in New York is bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis). Section Carya contains the true hickories.
Recent molecular data does not strictly support using those two groupss[2]
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Genus Carya sect. Apocarya | Pecan hickories | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Wangenh.) K. Koch (1869) 1787. Juglans cordiformis 1869. Carya cordiformis Hicoria cordiformis Hicoria minima |
Bitternut hickory, Swamp hickory Caryer cordiforme, Caryer amer |
Native, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Carya sect. Carya | Pecan hickories | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Mill.) K.Koch 1768. Juglans ovata Miller 1869. Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch Hicoria alba p.p. 1888. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton |
Shagbark hickory, Shellbark hickory, Upland hickory Caryer ovale |
Native, Secure FACU |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
(Mill.) Sweet 1768. Juglans glabra Mill.
1787. Juglans ovalis Wangenh.
1813. Juglans pyriformis Muhl., nom. nud.
1826. Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet
1913. Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg.
1969. Carya glabra var. odorata (Marshall) Little |
Pignut hickory
Sweet pignut
Red hickory
False shagbark
Small pignut
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Native, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
(Poir.) Nutt. 1753. Juglans alba L. p.p. 1798. Juglans tomentosa Poir. in Lam. 1818. Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. 1818. Carya alba (L.) Nutt 1838. Hicoria tomentosa (Lam.) Raf. 1869. Carya alba (L.) K. Koch 1888. Hicorius alba Britton |
Mockernut hickory, Big-bud hickory, White-heart hickory, White hickory, Square-nut hickory |
Native, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies Note: [1] | |
(Michx. f.) G. Don Hicoria laciniosa |
Shellbark hickory, Kingnut, Big shellbark hickory, Shagbark hickory |
Native, Threatened |
NYFA: 2 |
USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies | |
Sarg. Carya laciniosa × Carya ovata 1922. Carya × dunbarii Sarg. |
Dunbar's hickory, Hybrid of Shellbark hickory & Shagbark hickory |
Native, Unranked Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: U |
USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Sarg. Carya cordiformis × Carya ovata 1913. Carya × Laneyi Sarg. |
Laney's hickory, Hybrid of Bitternut hickory & Shagbark hickory |
Native, Unranked |
NYFA: U |
USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies | |
Carya cordiformis × laciniosa Carya cordiformis × Carya laciniosa |
Hybrid of Bitternut hickory & Shellbark hickory |
N. America native, No reports |
Images Wikispecies | ||
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Family Betulaceae
The Betulaceae (birch family) contains the alder (Alnus), birch (Betula), hornbeam (Carpinus), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya), and hazel (Corylus) trees and shrubs.[1]
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Subfamily Betuloideae
The Betuloideae contains the alders and birches.
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Alnus
The genus Alnus contains trees generally referred to as alders.
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Genus Alnus | Alder | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) Moench ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T.Clausen 1771. Betula alnusvar. rugosa Du Roi 1784. Betula rugosa (Du Roi) Ehrh. 1826. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. 1861. Alnus incanavar. americana 1945. Alnus rugosavar. americana 1949. Alnus incanassp. rugosa 1955. Alnus americana (Regel) Czerep. |
Speckled alder, Tag alder, Swamp alder Aulne blanchâtre |
Native, CoC: 5, Secure FACW-FACU Perennial, Shrub-tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies | |
(Aiton) Willd. 1789. Betula serrulata Aiton 1805. Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. 1904. Alnus noveboracensis Britton 1945. Alnus serrulatavar. subelliptica 1967. Alnus incanavar. serrulata auct. Alnus rubra non (DuRoi) Spreng |
Smooth alder, Hazel alder, Brookside alder, Brook-side alder Aulne tendre, Aulne blanc, Aulne serrulé |
Native, CoC: 6, Secure OBL Perennial, Shrub-tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies | |
(Ehrh.) K. Koch ssp. crispa (Aiton) Raus 1789. Betula crispa Aiton
1813. Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh
1904. Alnus alnobetula var. crispa H.J.P.Winkl.
1962. Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Aiton) Turrill
1964. Duschekia crispa (Aiton) Pouzar
2011. Alnus alnobetula ssp. crispa (Aiton) Raus |
Green alder, Mountain alder, American green alder Aulne vert crispé, Aulne crispé, Aulne tardif |
Native, CoC: 9, Vulnerable FAC Perennial, Shrub-tree |
NYFA: 3 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies | |
Callier Alnus incana ssp. rungosa × Alnus serrulata 1911. Alnus × fallacina Callier |
Deceptive alder, Hybrid of speckled alder & smooth alder |
Native, Endangered |
NYFA: 1? |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
(L.) Gaertn. 1753. Betula alnus L. 1753. Betula alnusvar. glutinosa L. 1757. Alnus vulgaris Hill 1790. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. 1913. Alnus alnus (L.) Britton nom. illeg. |
European alder, Black alder, European black alder Aulne glutineux, Aulne noir |
Introduced from Eurasia, n. Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 64%[1], CP-3[2] |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Alnus | Alder | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Alnus glutinosa × serrulata |
Hybrid of European alder & smooth alder |
Introduced, No specimens |
Go Botany Images Wikispecies | ||
Genus Alnus | Alder | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) Moench ssp. incana 1794. Alnus incana (L.) Moench p.p. |
Gray alder | Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-EXCLD ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
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Betula
Betula (ˈbech-ə-lə) in New York consists of about nine native species of birch trees, at least two native hybrids, and a single non-native, naturalized species.
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Betula subg. Betulenta
Subgenus Betulenta contains the wintergreen-oil birches, which in New York consist of yellow and black birch. These contain a noticeable amount of methyl salicylate in their twig bark, giving the twigs a minty odor when broken.
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Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Betulenta | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Britton 1811. Betula lutea F.Michx. nom. illeg. 1904. Betula alleghaniensis Britton 1922. B. luteavar. macrolepis 1949. B. luteavar. alleghaniensis 1966. B. alleghaniensisvar. fallax 1966. B. alleghaniensisvar. macrolepis |
Yellow birch Bouleau jaune, Bouleau des Alléghanys, Merisier |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Betula lenta L. |
Black birch, Sweet birch, Cherry birch Bouleau flexible, Merisier rouge |
Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Betula subg. Betula
Subgenus Betula contains the typical birches, which do not have methyl salicylate in their bark.
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Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Betula | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Marshall 1785. Betula populifolia Marshall |
Gray birch, White birch, Fire birch Bouleau à feuilles de peuplier, Bouleau gris |
Native, CoC: 4, Secure Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Marshall 1785. Betula papyrifera Marshall
1789. B. papyracea Aiton
1841. B. albavar. papyrifera
1919. B. papyriferavar. elobata
1945. B. papyriferavar. commutata
1945. B. papyriferavar. pensilis |
Paper birch, Canoe birch, White birch |
Native, CoC: 5, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Regel 1861. Betula cordifolia Regel
1901. B. papyriferavar. cordifolia [1]
1902. B. albavar. cordifolia
1982. B. papyriferassp. cordifolia |
Mountain paper birch, Mountain white birch, Heart-leaved birch, Heart-leaved paper birch |
Native, CoC: 7, Vulnerable FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 3 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies | |
Blanch. (pro sp.) Betula cordifolia × Betula populifolia 1904. Betula caerulea-grandis Blanch. 1904. Betula caerulea Blanch. |
Blue birch, Hybrid of Mountain paper birch & Gray birch Bouleau bleu |
Native, Endangered |
NYFA: 1? |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies Note: [2] | |
Roth 1788. Betula pendula Roth 1789. Betula albavar. pendula 1790. Betula verrucosa Ehrh. |
Weeping birch, Silver birch, European white birch, European weeping birch Bouleau verruqueux, Bouleau pendant, Bouleau pleureur, Bouleau blanc d'Europe |
Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Canada & Alaska??, Naturalized FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Betula subg. Betula | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Betula nana L. |
Alpine birch, Dwarf birch, Arctic dwarf birch |
N. America native Canada & Alaska, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Ehrh. ssp. pubescens Betula alba |
Downy birch | Introduced, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | |
Sukaczev Betula latifolia |
Asian white birch | Introduced, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-X Images Wikispecies | |
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Betula subg. Neurobetula
Although somewhat rare in New York and native to bottomlands, especially in the Hudson Valley, river birch is also planted as a popular landscape tree in other parts of the state.
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Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Neurobetula | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Betula nigra L. 1812. Betula rubra F.Michx. |
River birch, Red birch, Black birch |
Native, CoC: 8, Rare FACW Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 3 |
USDA-N0 Go Botany FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies | |
Betula subg. Chamaebetula
Subgenus Chamaebetula contains the dwarf birches.
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Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Chamaebetula | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1767. Betula pumila L. 1902. B. hallii Howell 1909. B. glandulifera (Regel) E. J. Butler |
Bog birch, Dwarf birch, Low birch, Swamp birch |
Native, CoC: 9, Threatened, NYNHP: 2[1] OBL Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 2 |
USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Michx. 1803. Betula glandulosa Michx. 1911. B. exilis Sukaczev |
Alpine birch, Tundra dwarf birch, Dwarf birch, Resin birch Bouleau glanduleux |
Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1[2] OBL Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-NN ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies | |
(Tuck.) Fernald 1843. Betula papyraceavar. minor 1890. B. papyriferavar. minor 1902. B. albavar. minor 1945. B. minor Fernald 1966. B. pubescensssp. minor 1976. B. saxophila Lepage |
Dwarf white birch, Dwarf birch Bouleau mineur |
Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1[3] Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-NN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies | |
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Betula inter-subgeneric hybrids
Genus Betula L. 1753 | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Britton (pro sp.) Betula papyrifera × Betula pumila 1904. Betula sandbergii Britton 1957. Betula × neoborealis Lepage |
Sandberg's birch, Northern birch, Hybrid of Paper birch & Bog birch Bouleau de Sandberg |
Native, Unranked |
NYFA: U |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Betula L. 1753 | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
C.K.Schneid. Betula alleghaniensis × Betula pumila 1904. Betula purpusii C.K.Schneid. 1904. Betula purpusiivar. typica nom. inval. |
Purpus' birch, Hybrid of Yellow birch & Bog birch Bouleau de Purpus |
Native, Unranked |
NYFA: U |
USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies | |
Lepage Betula glandulosa × Betula minor 1952. Betula × dutillyi Lepage |
Dutilly's birch, Hybrid of Tundra dwarf birch & Dwarf white birch Bouleau de Dutilly |
Native, Unranked |
NYFA: D |
USDA-0N VASCAN Images Wikispecies | |
Lepage Betula populifolia × Betula pumila 1957. Betula × raymundii Lepage |
Raymund's birch, Hybrid of Gray birch & Bog birch Bouleau de Raymund |
Native, Unranked |
NYFA: D |
USDA-0N VASCAN Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies | |
Betula alleghaniensis × papyrifera Betula alleghaniensis × Betula papyrifera |
Un-named, Hybrid of Yellow brirch & Paper birch |
Native, Unranked |
NYFA: D |
Images Wikispecies | |
Subfamily Coryloideae
The Coryloideae subfamily of the birch family generally includes the hornbeam (Carpineae) and hazel (Coryleae) tribes.
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Tribe Carpineae
The Carpineae comprise the hornbeams (Carpinus) and hop-hornbeams (Ostrya). A single species of each is native to New York.
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Ostrya
The genus Ostyra is generally known as hop-hornbeam, or ironwood. Of the approximately nine Ostyra species worldwide, only the Eastern hop-hornbeam species is known to grow outside of cultivation in New York. Because of its small size, shade tolerance, low timber value, and high reproductive rate, hop-hornbeam is often considered to be an undesirable understory species in forests being used for commercial timber production.[1][2]
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Genus Ostrya | Hop-hornbean | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Mill.) K.Koch 1768. Carpinus virginiana Mill. 1873. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch |
Eastern hop-hornbeam, American hophornbeam, Ironwood Ostryer de Virginie, Bois de fer |
Native, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Carpinus
The only species of hornbeam native in New York goes by the name American hornbeam, blue beech, or muscle-wood. It also goes by the name ironwood, but as that name is also commonly used for the related hop-hornbeam tree, perhaps it should be used for neither.
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Genus Carpinus | Hornbeam | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Walter ssp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow 1785. C. betulus var. virginiana Marshall
1893. C. virginiana Sudw. non Miller 1768
1935. C. caroliniana var. virginiana Fernald
1987. C. caroliniana ssp. virginiana Furlow |
American hornbeam, Musclewood, Blue beech, Muscle tree, Ironwood Charme de Virginie, Bois de fer |
Native, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. C. betulus L.
1940. C. caucasica Grossh. |
European hornbeam | Introduced from Eurasia, Unk. naturalization |
NYFA: X |
USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Carpinus | Hornbeam | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Walter ssp. caroliniana 1788. C. caroliniana Walter
1803. C. americana Michx. |
American hornbeam, Blue beech, Musclewood, Ironwood Charme de Caroline |
N. America native southern US, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-N0 FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Tribe Coryleae
Corylus
Corylus contains the hazelnut shrubs and trees, which are not at all closely related to witchhazel.
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Genus Corylus | Hazelnut | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Marshall ssp. cornuta 1785. Corylus cornuta Marshall 1789. Corylus rostrata Aiton 1940. C. cornutavar. megaphylla |
Beaked hazelnut, Beaked hazel, Beaked filbert Noisetier à long bec, Coudrier à long bec |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - part shade |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA IPN LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Walter 1788. Corylus americana Walter 1864. C. americanavar. missouriensis 1916. C. americanavar. altior 1935. C. americanavar. indehiscens |
American hazelnut, American hazel, American filbert Noisetier d'Amérique |
Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Shrub, Sun - shade |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Corylus | Hazelnut | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Corylus avellana L. |
European hazelnut, European hazel, Common filbert Noisetier commun, Coudrier, Avelline |
Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded FACU Perennial, Shrub |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-XX VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies | |
← Cucurbitales |
Flora of New York — Fagales | → Geraniales | |||
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Genus index |
Protected species index | Invasive species index | ||