Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation
Introduction[edit | edit source]
- In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels.
- The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of base words and derived words.
- The vocabulary is built on base words, that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by:
- The meaning of each letter of the word.
- The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: fixed vs. variable.
- How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language.
- The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about).
- The logic of its composition.
- The mnemonic associations this word suggests.
- The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called vocabulary-building rules, which are spelled out below.
Base Words[edit | edit source]
- Base words are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups:
- Group 1: consisting of nouns
- Group 2: consisting of prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs.
Base words of Group 1[edit | edit source]
- Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters:
- The first, a consonant called the classifier
- The second, a vowel or vowel cluster called the ordinal
- The third, a consonant called the generic
- Examples:
Base Word Composition CLASSIFIER ORDINAL GENERIC MEANING t o b man d o t society p o t animal f o b plant
Base words of Group 2[edit | edit source]
- Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as -er (verb infinitive marker) or -a (adjective marker):
Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words b-....put p-....go s-....be x-....do d-....say t-....know ab....on ob....off bu....to bi....from if-....love uf-....hate fi-....good fu-....bad va....yes vo....no vya*-....true vyo-....false a....one o....zero
- * As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include complex vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides y or w. So, for purposes here, ya, ye, yi, yo, yu, wa, and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "complex vowels".
Consonants and Their Meanings[edit | edit source]
- The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart:
Consonants and Their Meanings CONSONANT GROUP 1 CLASSIFIER GROUP 1 GENERIC GROUP 2 CLASSIFIER IN NUMBERS b organ, health organism gesture, position d society family communicating f vegetation textile, clothing volition, attributes g -- measurement quantity, attributes j time time time k -- health change, risk, attributes l -- element, food, liquid -- ten m nature place, building, furniture temperature, light ml = million
mr = billionn commerce -- -- p animal, vehicle motion movement r -- tool, machine -- thousand s form, image, furniture thing being, form, thing hundred t human, body person, animal intelligence, knowing v plant, color linen truth, attributes x action -- action, doing, making z -- precious, art spatial, attributes
- The following consonants have semantic functions rather than, or in addition to semantic values:
- l and r: Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: baer....to lean, baler....to press, barer....to crush;
- y: Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. voa....negative -> vyoa....false, or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. ama....hot -> ayma....warm.
- h: Used functionally only in certain interjections like hoy....goodbye, conjunctions like ven....if, and determiners like his....this, and has no semantic value.
- w: Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. tob....person -> twob....man, or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. uber....to send -> ubwer....to be sent, or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. awa....one, or 4) sometimes to substitute for y when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. jwo....late, instead of jyo.
- n: In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in ana....only, or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as fian....goodness from fia....good, or from a verb, such axnen....behaving from axner....to behave.
Vowels and Their Meanings[edit | edit source]
- Vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types:
- numeric/scalar/hierarchical/taxonomic
- geo-specific
- oppositional
- vectorial
- directional and positional
- special
Ordinal Vowel Values[edit | edit source]
- The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with y are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on Vowels.
Numeric Values of Vowels Ordinal Vowel o a e i u yo ya ye yi yu Cardinal Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Taxonomic Vowel Values[edit | edit source]
- Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a taxonomic or hierarchical series, eg.:
Taxonomic/Hierarchical Series RANK TAXONOMIC HIERARCHICAL 0 tob....human fob....plant vob....crop xob....organization dob....state dot....society tod....family 1 tab....body fab....tree vab....grass xab....staff dab....government dat....friend tad....spouse 2 teb....head feb....fruit veb....tuft xeb....boss deb....leader det....associate ted....parent 3 tib....trunk fib....trunk vib....stalk xib....department dib....administration dit....citizen tid....sibling 4 tub....arm fub....branch vub....shoot xub....branch dub....minister dut....gentleman tud....child 5 tyob....leg fyob....root vyob....tuber xyob....base
Scalar Vowel Values[edit | edit source]
- Ordinal vowels can also be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a scalar series, where each member of the series is a smaller or less important component as it descends.
Scalar Series ORDER SCALAR 0 mos....masonry som....furniture 1 mas....wall sam....cabinet 2 mes....door sem....table 3 mis....window sim....chair 4 mus....stairs sum....bed
Geo-specific Vowel Values[edit | edit source]
- Ordinals can have geo-specific values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground.
Geo-specific Vowel Values ORDINAL MEANING GEO-SPECIFIC ENTITIES o outer space, top level mop....orbit mom....outer space mol....nature dop....military a air, gas, sky map....wind mam....sky mal....air dap....air force e ground, soil, solid mep....road mem....land mel....soil dep....army i liquid, water, sea mip....river mim....sea mil....water dip....marines u underground, mineral, substance mup....tunnel mum....underground mul....mineral
Oppositional Vowel Values[edit | edit source]
- In Group 1 and 2 words:
Oppositional Vowel Values a ⇔ ya intermediate i ⇔ yi ⇑ positive
⇓negativee ⇔ ye ⇑ positive
⇓negativeo ⇔ yo value u ⇔ yu
- positive a contrasts with negative o (av....for vs. ov....against)
- positive ya contrasts with negative yo (yava....innocent vs. yova....guilty)
- positive i contrasts with negative u (fia....good vs. fua....bad)
- positive yi contrasts with negative yu (yiva....free vs. yuva....bound)
- e and ye are in-between values (eva....neutral, yeva....'fair)
Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Values positive intermediate negative aga....big ega....normal oga....small yava....innocent yeva....just yova....guilty fia....good fua....bad ava....for eva....neutral ova....against ifer....love ufer....hate yifa....brave yufa....afraid
- The Group 1 base word bok (illness) represents a set of words that have oppositional vowels:
Group 1 base word with oppositional values NEGATIVE INTERMEDIATE POSITIVE NEGATIVE POSITIVE bok....illness
byok....pain
byoyk....ache
brok....agony
book....fatiguebek....treatment
byek....curebak....health
byak....hygiene
baak....sanitationbuk....wound
buyk....sorebik....care
Vectorial Vowel Values[edit | edit source]
- These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc.
Vectorial Values a u e i o
- a....on, above, north (ab....on, amer....north)
- e....center, middle, equator (eb....between, ze....center)
- o....off, below, south (ob....off, omer....south)
- i....right, east (zi....right, imer....east)
- u....left, west (zu....left, umer....west)
Directional and Positional Vowel Values[edit | edit source]
Directional and Positional Vowel Values A U a
↓↓
a↑
yaya
↑I u → e ye → i → u e ye i → → yu E yi → yu → → yi ↑
oo
↑yo
↓↓
yoO
- Explanation of the above chart:
- If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words.
- The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values.
- If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs
- Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words.
Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart A position on, above, north amer....north a movement (free) on baer....lean a movement (contact) onto aber....put on ya movement (free) up, ascend byaer....lift ya movement (contact) up, get up, set up yaber....raise O position under, lower, south omer....south o movement (free) off boer....hang o movement (contact) on the bottom of, underneath oper....get off yo movement (free) down pyoser....fall yo movement (contact) fall yoper....rise U position left, west umer....west u movement (free) move toward the center, come uber....send u movement (contact) reach the center, arrive pyuer....reach yu movement (free) near, approach yuber....approach yu movement (contact) near, reach byuser....touch I position right, east imer....east i movement (free) from the center out, go away pier....go away i movement (contact) from the center out, leave iper....leave yi movement (free) away, go far yiper....go far yi movement (contact) from afar, originate pyiser....originate E position center, equator emer....equator e rest between eb....between e rest at, stay, hold bexer....hold ye movement in, into, enter yeper....enter ye (contact) contain byeer....contain
Special value of certain vowels[edit | edit source]
- The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular contrast with
- the prefixes ya- or yan- meaning collection, plural.
- Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart.
The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words[edit | edit source]
- The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier and the generic consonants.
- The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values.
- The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity:
Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants BASE WORD CLASSIFIER CONSONANT GENERIC CONSONANT SCALARITY TYPE tob....person t = human b = organism taxonomic tof....clothing " " " f = fabric taxonomic tod....family " " " d = society hierarchical tom....building " " " m = place vectorial/positional tov....lingerie " " " v = linen taxonomic tol....nourishment " " " l = food oppositional top....soul, spirit " " " p = motion taxonomic dob....state d = society b = organism hierarchical dop....military " " " p = movement hierarchical dot....society " " " t = human taxonomic dom....city " " " m = place geospatial job....time j = time b....organism hierarchical fob....vegetation f = vegetable b = organism taxonomic vob....crop v = plant b = organism taxonomic vos....flower " " " s = thing taxonomic volz....color " " " lz = color, art taxonomic som....furniture s = thing m = place oppositional mos....masonry m = place, nature s = thing oppositional mor....universe " " " r = machine, system geo-spatial mom....outer space " " " m = place geo-spatial mol....nature " " " l = substance geo-spatial mop....orbit " " " p = movement geo-spatial pot....animal p = movement t = human, animal taxonomic bok....illness b = organ k = condition oppositional nom....place n = commercial m = place geo-spatial nog....degree " " " g = measurement oppositional nof....cloth " " " f = cloth taxonomic nov....linen " " " v = linen taxonomic nod....point " " " d = communication oppositional xob....organization x = action b = organism hierarchical
Scalar/Hierarchical/Taxonomic Arrangement[edit | edit source]
- In the following chart the ordinal vowel o, which is also the cardinal number zero, is the zeroth element of a descending hierarchy of terms. Therefore these noun clusters are called scalar, taxonomic, or hierarchical:
- Examples:
- The ordinal vowel of each of these base words is an enumeration beginning with o for zero or the top level. As the words progress down the hierarchy. branching can occur as in a tree diagram, where a second ordinal vowel is juxtaposed to the first. Let's take tob....human as an example. The ordinal vowel in this diagram will be replaced with the actual number equivalent. The second-level number or ordinal vowel is underlined.
-
- t0b....human (tob)
- t1b....body (tab)
- t10b....flesh (taob)
- t11b....lymph node (taab)
- t12b....muscle (taeb)
- t13b....bone (taib
- t14b....cartilege (taub)
- t15b....skin (tayob)
- t16b....fat (tayab)
- t17b....hair (tayeb)
- t18b....nerve (tayib)
- t19b....gland (tayub)
- t110b....artery (talob)
- t111b....joint (talab)
- t2b....head (teb)
- t21b....eye (teab)
- t22b....ear (teeb)
- t23b....nose (teib)
- t24b....mouth (teub)
- t25b....neck (teyob)
- t3b....trunk (tib)
- t31b....chest (tiab)
- t32b....lung (tieb)
- t33b....heart (tiib)
- t34b....belly (tiub)
- t35b....kidney (tiyob)
- t36b....bladder (tiyab)
- t37b....prostate (tiyeb)
- t38b....testicle (tiyib)
- t39b....penis (tiyub)
- ....
- t311b....teat (tilab)
- ....
- t4b....arm (tub)
- t41b....shoulder (tuab)
- t42b....upper arm (tueb)
- t43b....elbow (tuib)
- t44b....forearm (tuub)
- t45b....wrist (tuyob)
- t46b....hand (tuyab)
- t47b....fist (tuyeb)
- t48b....knuckle (tuyib)
- t49b....finger (tuyub)
- t410b....fingernail (tulob)
- t5b....leg (tyob)
- t51b....hip (tyoab)
- t52b....thigh (tyoeb)
- t53b....knee (tyoib)
- t54b....tibia (tyoub)
- t55b....sole (tyoyob)
- t56b....foot (tyoyab)
- t57b....heel (tyoyeb)
- t58b....ankle (tyoyib)
- t59b....toe (tyoyub)
- t510b....toenail (tyolob)
Mnemonic Arrangement[edit | edit source]
- Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-physical or hierchical per se, but rather mnemonic in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart.
Other Group 1 Base Words d = communication daz
dancedyaz
balletdez
theaterdiz
comedyduz
musicdyez
cinemadrez
poetrydin
storydun
worddyun
namedyan
sentencedyes
bookdr = write drof
boarddraf
carddref
paperdrov
cardboarddrav
notebookdrev
pagedrar
pencildrir
typewriterdrur
printerm = nature mag
firemog
ashmeg
stonemug
metalmez
crystalmak
electricitymek
powdermav
flamemov
smokemaf
cloudmaj
daytimemoj
nightman
lightmon
darkn = commerce naz
valuenas
moneynax
pricenyaz
wealthnyan
stacknox
expensenyox
wastenex
savingnyex
storingnix
earningnyix
ordernux
paynyux
supplynun
merchandisenyun
productnuz
jewelnem
locationnyem
placenyeb
boxnab
rownap
orderj = time jag
agejud
datejod
instances = thing sag
numbersaz
sculpturesan
formsaun
kindson
matter (abstract)sin
imagesiz
paintingsun
thing (concrete)syan
classsyen
stylesyin
subjectsyun
objectsar
instrumentsir
machinesor
enginesur
motort = human / intelligence taz
statuetep
mindtop
spirittuz
arttoz
skin colortez
culturetin
doctrinetun
sciencetyan
classtyen
tradetyun
ideatyez
magictos
sensationtes
meaningtot
godThe Meaning of Group 2 Base Words[edit | edit source]
- The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival (-a), adverbial (-ay), and verbal inflections (-er, -ser, -xer, etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem.
- The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative.
- Examples:
Stems of Group 2 Base Words CLASSIFIER CONSONANT POSITIVE INTERMEDIATE NEGATIVE POSITIVE NEGATIVE j
timeja
beforeje
duringjo
afterji
sinceju
until" " " aj
pastej
presentoj
futureij
beginninguj
end" " " taj
birthtej
lifetoj
deathtij
awake statetuj
sleep" " " jwa
earlyjwe
on timejwo
lateyij
openingyuj
closingg
measurementga
morege
equalgo
lessgin
pointgun
angle" " " aga
bigega
normaloga
smalliga
fastuga
slow" " " yaga
longyega
normalyoga
shortyiga
hardyuga
soft" " " gyaa
thickgyea
enoughgyo-
thingyia
solidgyua
fragilek kaxer
findkexer
seekkoxer
hidekia
obliquekua
lateral" " " aker
wineker
playoker
loseika
fulluka
empty" " " yaker
expectyeker
tryyoker
supriseyika
difficultyuka
easy" " " kyaa
mobilekyea
haphazardkyoa
fixedkyia
heavykyua
lightm
natureama
hot-- oma
coldima
wetuma
dryfer
wantfia
goodfua
bad" " " fyaa
holyfyea
mythicalfyoa
profanefyia
usefulfyua
harmful" " " yafer
be ableyefer
mustyofer
cannotyifer
dareyufer
fear" " " afer
mayefer
needofer
be prohibitedifer
loveufer
hatev
beauty, veracityva
yesve
maybevo
novia
beautifulvua
ugly" " " av
foreva
neutralov
againstiva
happyuva
sad" " " vyaa
truevyea
relativevyoa
falsevyia
cleanvyua
dirty" " " yava
innocentyeva
fairyova
guiltyyiva
freeyuva
captivez
(spatial)za
in front ofze
in the middle ofzo
in back ofzia
rightzua
left" " " zay
aheadzey
acrosszoy
back, re-" " " zyaa
widezye
throughzyoa
narrowzyia
flatzyua
round" " " aza
strongeza
moderateoza
weakiza
straightuza
curved" " " yaza
convexyez
alongyoza
concaveyiz
beyondyuz
aroundb-er
putbaxer
agitatebe(xer)
at, (hold)boxer
calmbi(er/xer)
from, (take/pull)bu(er/xer)
to, (give/push)" " " ab(er)
on,(put on)eb(er)
between,(block)ob(er)
off,(take off)ib(er)
away,(receive)ub(er)
toward,(send)" " " byaer/ser
lean/standbyexer
tapbyoser
hangbyi(ser)
since,(originate)byu(ser/xer)
up to,(contact/touch)" " " yab(er)
up,(raise)yeb(er)
in,(enter)
oyeb(er)
out,(exit)yob(er)
down,(lower)yib(er)
far,(remove)yub(er)
near,(bring)per
gopaser/xer
move/movepeser/xer
wait/trapposer/xer
stop/stoppier/ser/xer
leave/get stuck/catchpuer/ser/xer
arrive/jump/throw" " " pyaer/ser/xer
hover/jump up/launchpyeser/xer
encounter/strikepyoser/xer
fall/droppyier
emanatepyuer/xer
reach/impact" " " yaper
riseyeper
enteryoper
descendyiper
go faryuper
approach" " " aper
get oneper
stopoper
get offiper
go awayuper
comeser
besan/s/xer
form/evolve/makesexer
buildson/xer
matter/destroysin/yn
image/signsun/er/xer
thing/provide/realize" " " aser
becomeeser
existoser
cease to bex-
doxaler
executexeler
celebratexoler
failxiler
undertakexuler
provoke" " " axer
actexer
functionoxer
abstainixer
effectuxer
cause" " " yaxer
be busyyexer
workyoxer
be idleyixer
useyuxer
helpter/rer
know/recognizetaxer
remembertexer
thinktoxer
forgettier/xer
learn/studytuer/xer
inform/teachder/rer
say/writedaler
talkdeler
state
dyeer
readdoler
be silentdier/ler/rer
ask/beg/requireduer/ler/rer
suggest/insist/prodh-
(deictic)ha(a)
thehea
somehoa
nohia
thishua
that" " " hya(a)
allhyea
anyhyoa
not at allhyia
samehyua
otheray
andey
oroy
butyan
togetheryon
apart(numbers) a
onee
twoo
zeroi
threeu
four" " " ya
sixye
sevenyo
fiveyi
eightyu
nine(prefix) lo-
dis-
lyo-
dis-
- * Mixed root. taj/tej/toj instead of yaj/yej/yoj, because the human letter root t is more intuitive.
- Note: The opposition (y)a-(y)e-(y)o is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but (y)i-(y)u is two-way, without any intermediary sense.
Derived Word Formation Rules[edit | edit source]
- Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building:
- These consist of the following rules:
- Compounding
- Affixation
- Ordinal Vowel Scaling
- Overlapping
- Adding Ordinal Vowels
- Swapping Generic Consonants
- Chemical Nomenclature
- Marking Words for Gender
- Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels
- Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels
- Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern
- Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically
Rule #1: Compounding[edit | edit source]
- Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations.
- Examples:
Compounding COMPONENT 1 COMPONENT 2 COMPOUND mor....cosmos tun....science, -ology mortun....cosmology mag....fire meb....mountain magmeb....volcano dob....state mem....land dobmem....territory tul....dish dras....something written tuldras....menu sin....picture dras....something written sindras....description tam....house kyoxer....to fix (in place) tamkyoxer....to settle tax....memory drer....to write taxdrer....to record kyo-....fixed tep-....head kyotepa....stubborn
- Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for rain, for example, is ma(m) (sky) + mil (water), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, mamil.
- When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg:
- uzra....twisted + tep....mind ---> tepuzra....crazy
- kyoa....fixed + tep....mind ----> kyotepa....stubborn, obsessed
- aza....strong + tep....mind ----> tepaza....intelligent
- fua....bad + tip....mood ----> futipa....cross, ill-tempered
- aga....big + tip....mood ----> tipaga....magnanimous, generous
Rule #2: Affixation[edit | edit source]
- Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes:
Prefixes[edit | edit source]
Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes PREFIX BASE COMPOUND ja....before per....to go japer....to precede jo....after per....to go joper....to follow va....yes der....to say vader....to affirm jo....after dras....something written jodras....postscript za....ahead jub....day zajub....tomorrow yon....apart mel....land yonmel....island
- Prepositional prefixes ending in b with verbs per and ber (and their derivations) lose the b before verbal elements based on per (go) and ber (put), as shown in the following chart:
Assimilation of b and p PREFIX BASE VERB NEW VERB yab....up ber....put yaber....raise (NOT: yabber) yab....up per....go yaper....rise (NOT: yabper) ab....on ber....put aber....put on, apply ab....on per....go aper....get on, mount yob....down ber....put yober....take down yob....down per....go yoper....descend ob....off ber....put ober....take off, remove ob....on per....go oper....get off, dismount yeb....in bux....a push yebux....impulse yeb....in pyoser....fall yepyoser....collapse
- The two or three first letters of a word can serve as prefixes. The adjective ending a is often dropped1, as is the er or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped.
Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs PREFIX BASE VERB COMPOUND VERB oza....weak der....say ozder....whisper yaga....long der....say yagder....ramble aja....past der....say ajder....evoke yoga....short der....say yogder....summarize tyoyab....foot per....go tyoyaper....walk dreer....write sar....tool dresar....pencil tuyob....hand dren....writing tuyodren....manuscript mam....sky mil....water mamil....rain
- 1: Sometimes, the adjective ending a is retained when an adjective is compounded with xer or ser. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, aga + xer can produce agaxer....to magnify or agxer....to grow. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.
Most Common Mirad Prefixes[edit | edit source]
Common Prefixes PREFIX EXAMPLES a(n)-....north, uni-, number one, up amer....north
anzyuspar....unicycle
antotin....monotheism
adeb....emperoraa-....arch-, first-, prime aadub....prime minister
aatat....archangel
aavyan....principleaag-....arch-, proto-, main aagmep....highway
aagdoyab....constitution
aagovekut....archrivalaaj-....paleo-, proto- aagtobtun....paleoanthropology
aajsiyn....fossilab-....ad-, arch-, on, super-, sur-, epi- abtob....superman
abtim....attic
abzen....epicenteragl(a)-....macro- aglamor....macrocosm agr(a)-....mega(lo)- agravyotos....megalomania
agratoj....megadeathalo(n)-....deca-, ten- alojaga....ten years old
alojab....decade
alonsuna....decimalaloy(n)-....deci-, tenth- aloynux....tithe
aloyngoler....decimateam-....thermo- amzemula....thermonuclear
amvyabxar....thermostatamlo(n)-....mega- amloagvunak....megavolt
amlotoj....megadeathamloyn-....micro- amloynjweb....microsecond anyen-....idio- anyenboka....idiopathic
anydendyan....idiom
anyentepa....idioticao(b/p)-....north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis aonab....column, x-y-axis
aopuys yuzpar....hop-on-hop-off bus
aonada....verticalaoye(b/p)-....in-and-out aoyebar....piston
aoyebelen....import-exports
aoyepaper....fly in and outaro(n)-....kilo- aronminak....kilometer
arobanak....kilobitaroyn-....milli- aroynvunak....millivolt
aoynwunak....milliwatt(a)so(n)....cent- asojagat....centenarian
aolinak....hectoliter
sojab....centuryasoy(n)-....cent-, centi- asoygenak....centigram
asoylinak....centiliterav-....pro- avyaotina....pro-communist ayb-....above, hyper-, over-, super-, sur- aybteaxut....supervisor
aybtyoyaf....overshoeayn-....full-, holo-, whole- aynnuut....wholesaler
aynsin....hologram
aynteptija....fully-consciouse(b/p)-....inter- ebmos....mezzanine
ebyanmulxer....intermingle
eper....intercedeejna-....neo- ejnadun....neologism
ejnaobdabin....neocolonialisme(n)-....ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two- entyoba....bipedal
enzyuspar....bicycle
envolza....dichromaticeon-....duo-, double-, twin- eonin....dualism
eondal....double-speak
eonsum....twin bedev-....a-, neutral evdofina....amoral
evdabtuna....apoliticaley(b/p)-....intra-, among eybmasa....intramural
eybmimkuma....intracoastaley(n)-....demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi- eynzyus....semi-circle
eynzyup....half-turn
eyntilsyeb....demitassee
eynyonmel....peninsulafao-....wood faomek....pulp
faogos....wood chip
faomog....potashfi-....bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well- fixut....benefactor
fidrawa....well-written
fitos...euphoriafu-....dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly- futos....dysphoria
futuwa....ill-informed
fuxeyn....malfeasancefya-....hiero-, holy-, sancti- fyasdresiyn....hieroglyphic
fyader....sanctify
fyatwed....holy fatherfye-....mythical, fantasy fyetop....phantom
fyetobet....elfin
fyetexer...fantacize
fyedin....fantasyfyo-....evil, black, dark fyotez....occult
fyotat....devil
fyotyez....witchcraftga-....re-, again gateaper....revisit
gaaker....regaingarale-....tera- garaleagbanak....terabyte garalyi-....exa- garalyibanak....exabit garalyo-....peta- galayoagbanak....petabyte garela-....zetta- garelaagbanak....zettabyte garelu-....yotta- gareluagbanak....yottabyte ge-....equal to, equi-, even- geyafwa....equipollent
genaza....equivalentgel-....homo-, like-, simul- gelzena....homocentric
gelvolza....homochromaticgeyl-....simul- geyldyan....simile
geylxer....assimilategla-....many-, multi-, poly- glatyenika....multi-skilled
glatwada....polyandrous
glavolza....many-huedglo-....mini-, little-, few- gloduna....succint, of few words
glonixea....low-earninggorale-....pico- goraleagfenak....picofarad goralyi-....atto- goralyigenak....attogram goralyo-....femto- goralyoon....quadrillionth goralyu-....nano- goralyusonak....nanosecond gorela-....zepto- gorelagenak....zeptogram gorelu-....yocto- gorelugenak....yoctogram gra-....extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra- gratosea....hypersensitive
grazoyaxler....overreact
granoxea....extravagantgro-....hypo-, under- groyixlawa....underemployed
groaman....hypothermiagwa-....hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure gwayelza....pure pink
gwayafa....supreme
gwauja....ultimate
gwazoa....hindmostgwo-....least-, mini- gwosag....minimum
gwoyuzpur....minibushi-....hither, these, this his....this
hisi....these
him....herehya(s)-....pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every- hyas....everthing
hyati....all of them
hyastea....omniscient
hyataadifa....pansexualhu-....that hus....that
huj....then
huyen...that wayhuim-....here-and-there, here-and-yon huimkexer....search high and low
huimpaper....fly here and there
hyuimpoper....travel here-and-therehuu-....so, such huugla....so, so very
hus....such
huyen....in such a way, so, thushyaewa-....ambi- hyaewati....both of them
hyaewaziza....ambidextrous
hyaewatoobifa....ambi-sexualhye-....-ever, any, whatever, whichever hyem....anywhere, wherever
hyempea....erratic
hjej....ever, anytimehyi-....homo-, like-, same hyitoobifa....homosexual
hyis....same thing
hyij....at the same timehyo(s)-....nothing, a- hyostosea....apathetic hyu(ts)-....alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else hyutoobifa....heterosexual
hyua....another, alternate
hyutufa....xenophobic
hyus....something elsehyui(t/s)-....cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal hyuitvikaxen....mutual admiration
hyuixer....reciprocate
hyuisa....mutual, reciprocal
hyuitif....mutual lovei-....east, oriental, toward the speaker imera....eastern
ha Imer....the Orient
iber....receiveik-....fully, thoroughly iktoxer....forget completely
iktos....satisfaction
ikyebixer....engulf, swallow up completelyi(n)-....three-, tri-, tripl-, tern- inzyuspar....tricycle
inaga....three-dimensional
injiba....trimensual
insuna....ternary
intotan....trinityiyn-....terci-, third iyna....terciary
iynxer....cut into thirdsiz-....ortho-, recti-, right-, straight- iznada....rectilinear
izguna....orthogonal
iztin....orthdoxy
izdea....forthrightja-....ante-, fore-, pre- jaupya....foregone
jauper....precede
jadropeka....antebellumjo-....after-, meta-, post- joexlen....postprocessing
jomir....metasphere
jotej....afterlifejwa-....early-, eo-, preter-, proto- jwaber....prepare
jwader....warn, premonish
jwadodin....early history, protohistory
jwamola....preternatural
jwajoeb....eocenejwo-....ceno-, late-, latter-, tard- jwonux....late payment
jwoa....tardy
jwoteja....cenozoicko-....cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth- koa....covert
koexut....spy
koyeper....sneak inkovyo-....pseudo- kovyotun....pseudoscience ku-....para- kuifut....paramour
keteliut....parasite
kuteptun....parapsychologykya-....alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross- kyaember....relocate
kyajoba....diachronic
kyatajnad....crossbreed
kyatooba....transgendered
kyavolza....variegated, motleykyao-....falteringly, unsteadily kyaoper....stagger
kyaotexer....vacillatekye-....chance-, hap-, random- kyea....haphazard
kyebyus....chance encounter
kyeteater....happen to see
kyesauna....of a random typekyo-....fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat- kyosaun....stereotype
kyopa....stable, static, stationary
kyoson....statuslo-....dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un- lozeb....disequilibrium
loyuvlaxer....disengage
loyuzyuber....uncoil
lomulvyusber....decontaminatema-....bright- mateaba....bright-eyed mial-....hygro- mialama....hygrothermal mil-....aqua-, hydro-, water- milyexun....aquaculture
milmaka....hydroelectric
miltilsyeb....water glassmul-....hylo-, substance mulsana....hylomorphic o(l)-....a-, dis-, non-, south, un-, in- ovyilxwa....unwashed
omalza....non-white
ototina....atheist
otepzexea....inattentive
omira....southern
oloo(b/p)-....de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice- oper....get off
obneg....sublevel
obxeb....sous-chef, sub-officerogel-....hetero- ogelsauna....heterogenous ogl(a)-....micro- oglamor....microcosm
oglateaxer....microscopeov-....contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un- ovalxer....countervail
ovper....contravene
ovkyin....counterweight
ovdat....enemy
olovmasbwa....undefendedoy-....-less, a(n)-, without oytofa...naked
oyxer....deprive
oytosen....apathy
oyteupiba....toothlessoyb-....hypo-, infra-, sub-, under- oybnadrer....underline
oybtomsan....infrastructure
oybseuxa....subsonic
oybtayoba....hypodermicoyeb-....ex-, extra-, out- oyebnad....outline
oyebyujber....exclude
oyebdoabuer....extraditeoyeyb-....extra- oyeybdovyaba....extralegal
oyeybtadiena....extramaritaloyv-....contra-, opposite, reverse oyvkuma...opposite
oyvder....contradict
oyvduer....contraindicate
oyvaxer....reversetayi(b)-....neuro-, nerve tayibteptun....neuropsychology
tayibyok....neuralgiateeb-....auri-, oto-, ear- teebbekut....aurist
teeteiteyobtut....otorhinolaryngologist
teebyel....earwaxtee(sxt)-....audio-, son-, phono- teesnagen....audiography
teestaxdras....phonogram
teestun....audiology
teexdras....audiogram
teetyofwa....inaudibletei-....nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo- teibbok....rhinitis
teibyeg....nostril
teiz....perfume
teizuka....aroma-free
teityaf....olfactory sensetiibil-....blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin- tiibililp....hemorrhage
tiibiliut....bloodsucker
tiibloker....exsanguinate
tiibiltun....hematologytuj-....hypno-, somni-, sopor- tujbek....hyptotherapy
tujbyea....somniferous, soporificu-....occidental, west, away from the speaker umer....west
occident
uber....sendui-....east-west, horizontal, left-right, x-axis uinab....row, x-axis
uimera....east-west
uinada....horizontaluib-....back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive uibar....transceiver uig-....fast-and-slow uigpar....scooter uij-....begin-and-end, start-and-stop uijdaler....stutter uip-....come-and-go uipen....traffic, coming and going uiz-....straight-then-crooked uizbaser....swagger
uizdrer....scribble
uizpaser....swerveu(n)-....four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater- ungona....quadripartite
unnednid....tetrahedron
unsuna....quaternaryuyn-....fourth-, quarti- uynxer....quarter
uynjab....quarter (of a year)ut-....auto-, self-, sui-, ego- utifon....egoism
utgober....autodecrement
utfuyix....self-abuse
uttujben....suicideva-....yes- vayovder....convict
vabier....accept
vatexer....believevao-....yes-no vaoder....decide
vaodaler....waffle
vaonaza....booleanvi-....bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri- vituzyan....fine arts, beaux arts
vidun....euphemism
vidrenyan....literature, belles lettres
visuana....classicvo-....non-, neg- voyafxer....veto
voxer....negate
voyovder....acquit, declare not guiltyvya-....justi-, recti-, true-, reg- vyadin....true story
vyader....avow
vyamol....essencevyak-....ortho-, correct- vyakdred....orthography
vyakxer....correctvyo-....mis-, para-, wrong- vyoyufa....paranoid
vyoyux....perfidy
vyoyixer....misuseya-....more than one, multi- yaota....communal yab-....hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper- yabdom....uptown
yabdoneg....upper class
yabduzneg....high pitch
yabexer....support
yabzyobix....hypertensionyabnan-....height-, hypso-, alti- yabnanagar....hypsometer, altimeter yag-....long- yagyiban....long distance
yagyeker....strive
yagblokea....long-sufferingyan-....co(n)-, fellow-, -mate yanzena....concentric
yanyeker....compete
yandit....fellow-citizenyao(b/p)-....up-and-down yaopuyser....skip
yaopsim....seesaw
yaoblir....elevator
yaobaser....bounceyaon-....six-, hexa-, sex- yaonat....sextet
haongun....hexagon
yaona....six-fold, sextupleyaov-....guilty-or-innocent yaovder....adjudicate
yaovdutyan....jury
yaovkader....plead
yaovyek....trialyaoz-....serrated, bumpy, jagged yaozaxer....serrate
yaozgoblar....saw
yaozper....bump alongyayb-....supra- yaybdooba....supranational yayn-....sex-, sixth yayna...sixth ye(on)-....hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven- yejub....week
yeongun....heptagon
yeonat....septupletye(b/p)-....en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro- yebuzaser.....inflect
yebzoytiibufa....intravenous
yebyujer....enclode
yebtayoba....endodermal
yeper....enter
yeber....introduceyeg-....anew, re- yegxer....redo yeov-....fair or not yeovdut....umpire yeyb-....intra- yeybmepyan....intranet
yeybdoeba....intrastateyeyn-....seventh yeynxer....split into sevenths yi(on)-....oct-, eight- yiona...eight-fold
octupleyib-....far-, tele-, remote yibsin....televison
yibteata....far-sighted
yibtrawa....famousyibaj-....archai-, archeo-, ancient yibajtun....archaeology,yibajtun....archeology yiyn-....eighth yiynxer....divide into eighths yiz-....beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra- yiztyun...metaphor
yizeza....paranormal
yizmeirat....extraterrestrial
yizseux....utrasoundyo(on)-....five-, penta-, quint- yoongun....pentagon
yoongol...quintile
yoon....group of five
quintetyo(b/p)-....down-, hypo-, sub- yobdom...downtown
yoper....go down
yobgoler....subdivideyon-....apart, dis-, se- yonzyaber....disperse
yonxer....separate
yonsauna....distinctyoyn-....fifth-, quinti- yoynnaga....quintic
yoyn....a fifthyu(o)(n)-....nine-, nona- yunapa....ninth (in order)
yungunid....nonagon
yunkunid....nonahedronyub-....near-, proxi- yuboj....near future
yubna....next
yubteas....closeup (view)
yubge....almost
yubfia....intimate
yubgeser....approximateyui(b/p)-....near-and-far yuibjo....sooner or later
yuibteabar....bifocals
yuipoper....travel near and faryuij-....open-and-shut yuijar....valve
yuijer....blink, wink
manyuijer....blink
makyuijar....switchyuyb-....quasi-, pen- yuybyonmel....peninsula
yuybega....quasi-normalyuyn-....ninth-, novi- yuonat....nonuplet yuz-....circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round- yuzper....circulate
yuznad....perimeter
yuzof....wrap-around
yuznadrer....circumscribeza-....ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro- zatim....antechamber
zamimuf....foremast
zagab....prefix
zajuber....procrastinatezao-....back-and-forth, front-and-back zaopaser....wobble
zaokuper....slalom
zaopyoser....pendulatezay-....forth-, pro-, forward, ahead zaypuyser....skip ahead
zaypuxer....propel
zayper....go forward, procede
zayupea....forthcomingze-....mid-, central, medio- zetej....midlife
zepoxer....interrupt, stop midway
zetem....central hallzey-....cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across zeyper....transit, get across
zeynod....crosspoint
zeytyun....metaphorzo-....back-, hind-, retro- zotib....back
zotiub....hindquarters
zonapa....retrogradezoy-....back-, retro-, re- zoyper....recede, go back
zoybeler....carry back
zoyzyublen....backspinzu-....left- zutinut....leftist
zukum....left sidezui-....left-and-right, zig-zag zuibyoser....dangle, hang left-and-right
zuiper....zigzag
zuituyaba....ambidextrouszya-....-wide, wide-, broad-, all about zyauber....broadcast
zyateaba....wide-eyed
zyasauna....general
zyapoper....cruise, wander
zyamira....global, worldwidezye-....per-, thorough-, thru-, trans- zyetejer....live through, experience
zyeteaxer....peruse
zyeteatyafwa....transparent
zyemep....thoroughfare
zyeper....permeate, transitzyu-....cyclo-, roto-, round- zyutim....rotunda
zyusem....roundtable
zyuper....cycle, gyrate, rotate
Suffixes[edit | edit source]
- Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes.
- Semantic Stub Suffixes
- Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material.
Semantic Stub Suffixes SUFFIX STUB SUFFIX FULL FORM SUFFIXED EXAMPLE < BASE WORD -il....liquid, drink mil....water teabil....tear < teab....eye
teubil....saliva < teub....mouth
tayebil....sweat < tayeb....skin
mamil....rain < mam....sky-al....gas mal....air tiebal....breath < tieb....lung -(e)l....food tel....food yapel....pork < yapet....swine
taol < taob....flesh
fel < feb....fruit-ul....stuff mul....substance vixul....cosmetic < vix-....to beautify
bekul....medecine < bek....treatment-yel....oil, gel, wax, pulp yel....oil kafyel....olive oil < kaf-....olive
apelatyel....wax < apelat....bee
magyel....grease < mag....fire
bekyel....salve < bek....treatment
megyel....cement < meg....stone
yanyel....paste < yan....together-am....house tam....house apatam....chicken coop < apat....chicken
apelatam....beehive < apelat....bee
melyexam....farmhouse < melyex....agriculture
datibam....hostel < datib....guest-reception-(e)m....place nem....place vobyexem....plantation, farm < vob....plant + yex....work
vabem....field < vab....grass
abem....top, surface < ab....above, upper
zem....middle < ze(a)....middle
tim....room-im....room tim....room tulim < tul....cuisine
tujim....bedroom < tuj....sleep-um....cell, booth tum....compartment pexum....cage < pexer....catch
ilzyapixum....shower stall < ilzyapix....shower-yem....space nyem....enclosure yomyem....icebox < yom....ice -yeb....container nyeb....container zyeb....bottle < zye(f)....glass
vosyeb....vase < vos....flower-of....material nof....cloth tof....clothes < t-....human
misof....curtain < mis....window
faof....wood < fa(b)-....tree
tayof....leather < tayo(b)....skin-ov....linen nov....linen teyov....collar < teyob....neck -ar....instrument sar....tool par....cart < p-....motion
zyupar....rotor < zyup....turn
gobrar....knife < gobrar....cut
jwobar....watch < jwob....hour-ir....machine sir....machine drir....typewriter < dr-....write
gwobir....clock-ur....large machine sur....engine purr....car
jwoburr....grandfather clock < jwob....hour-(u)n....thing sun....thing dun....word < d-....utter, say
gofrun....piece, scrap < gofrer....rip, shread, tear
zyiun....plaque, plate < zyia....flat
vyun....spot < vyua....dirty-on....abstract thing son....issue yovon....tort, wrong < yov....guilt yen....manner, kind byen....manner texyen....opinion < tex....thought
hiyen....this way, thus < hi-....this
esyen....status < es-....exist-in....-ism tin....doctrine totin....theism, religion < tot-....god
Kristin....Christianity < Krist....Christ
vyisatin....puritanism < vysiat....puritan, clean person
otofin....nudism < otofa....nude-uf....cylinder object fuf....pipe manuf....candle < man....light
tiibuf....artery < tiib....heart
miluf....toilet < mil....water
movuf....cheminee < mov....smoke-uv....cylinder object fuf....pipe suv....nail, peg, stud < s-....furniture
muv....rod < m-....masonry-ab....government dab....government ditab....democracy < dit....citizen -eb....leader deb....leader xeb....boss < x-....do
tameb....master of the house < tam....house-ub....branch tub....arm patub....wing < pat....bird -ad....language -a + d(alzeyn)....language Fransad....French (language) -uz....jewelry nuz....jewel teyobuz....necklace < teyob....neck
teebuz....earring < teeb....ear-u(er)....give buer....give tiebaluer....exhale < tieb....lung + al....air -i(er)....take bier....take tiebalier....inhale < tieb....lung + al....air -ui(er)....exchange buier....exchange tiebaluier....breathe < tieb....lung + al....air
Derviational Suffixes[edit | edit source]
- Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech.
Derivational Suffixes DERIVATIONAL
SUFFIXFUNCTION BASE WORD
--> SUFFIXED
DERIVATION-er NOUN
--> VERBAL INFINITIVEsag....count
--> sager....to count-n PRESENT TENSE VERB
--> VERBAL NOUN (GERUND)
ADJECTIVE
--> ABSTRACT NOUNyexe....(he/she/...) works
--> yexen....working
via....beautiful
--> vian....beauty
yuba....near
--> yuban....proximity, nearness-a NOUN
--> ADJECTIVE
ACTIVE VERB
--> VERBAL ADJECTIVE (PRESENT PARTICIPLE)
PAST PASSIVE VERB
--> PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE)mor....universe
--> mora....universal
ake....wins
--> akea....winning
teatwa....was seen
-->teatwaa (or, shortened to: teatwa....seen)-ya INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM
--> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLEip-....go away
--> ipya....gone away-yea VERB STEM
--> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE)zaypas-....progress
--> zaypasyea....progressive-y ADJECTIVE
--> ADVERBiga....quick
--> igay....quickly
tea-....knowing
-->teay....knowingly-ut VERB STEM
--> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN one who Xes, -erak-....win
--> akut ....winner-us VERB STEM
--> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN thing that Xes, -ergol-....divide
--> golus ....divisor
- *Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker -i fall under the latter category.
Normal Semantic Suffixes[edit | edit source]
- Augmentative Suffixes
Augmentative Suffixes AUGMENTATIVE SUFFIX BASE WORD SUFFIXED DERIVATION -ag (augmentative) tam....house tamag....mansion -ayg (affectionate augmentative) sem....chair semayg....big old chair -yag (pejorative augmentative) apet....horse apetyag....nag
- Diminutive Suffixes
Diminutive Suffixes DIMINUTIVE SUFFIX BASE WORD SUFFIXED DERIVATION -og (diminutive) tam....house tamog....hut -oyg (affectionate diminutive) tam....house tamoyg....cottage -yog (pejorative diminutive) tam....house tamyog....shack -et (a smaller person) twob....man twobet....boy -es (thing of lesser importance) nas....money nases....change, coin -ud (child of, offspring) tob....man tobud....infant
- Semantic Adjectival Suffixes
Semantic Adjectival Suffixes ADJECTIVAL SUFFIX MEANING BASE WORD SUFFIXED DERIVATION -a mor....universe related to, -al, -ic mora....universal -aya miek....dust full of, -ous, -y miekaya....dusty -oya vyun....spot empty of, -less, -free vyunoya....spotless -ika miek....dust full of, -ous, -y miekika....dusty -uka miek....dust empty of, -less, -free miekuka....dust-free -yea vyod....lie given to doing X, -ive vyodyea....mendacious, given to lying -yena tat....angel like, -ly, -ic tatyena....angelic
- Other Semantic Suffixes
Other Semantic Suffixes SUFFIX BASE WORD DERIVATION -tun....science, ...ology tej....life tejtun....biology -tut....-ologist, expert, -ist dar....language dartut....linquist -tuin....theory tob....mar martuin....astrology -yan....collection, aggregate fab....tree fabyan....forest -tyen....trade, -ics sir....machine sirtyen....mechanics -if....pet name twed....father twedif....papa ifa....-philic, -loving dyes....book dyesifa....bibliophilic ifwa....liked by tyod....people tyodifwa....popular ufa....-phobic, -hating toyb....woman toybufa....misogynous ufwa....hated by tyod....people tyodufwa....unpopular yafa....able to tyoyap-....walk tyoyapyafa....ambulatory yafwa....possible to teat-....see teatyafwa....visible yofa....unable to teat-....see teatyofa....blind yofwa....impossible to dye-....read dyeyofwa....illegible yika....hard of...ing teet-....hear teetyika....hard of hearing yikwa....hard to teet-....hear teetyikwa....hard to hear yuka....easy at...ing vatex-....believe vatexyuka....gullible yukwa....easily...ed test-....understand testyukwa....easily understood yufa....fearful of, -phobic tot....god totyufa....god-fearing yufwa....feared hyat....everybody hyatyufwa....feared by all yiva....free to kebi-....choose kebiyiva....free to choose efa....needful of tel....food telefa....hungry efwa....necessary to tej....life tejefa....vital yefa....duty-bound to, -worthy of dud....answer dudyefa....responsible yefwa....due, -worthy of fid-....laud fidyefwa....praiseworthy afa....authorized to dokebi-....vote dokebiafa....franchised ofwa....prohibited to movi-....smoke moviofwagonem....no-smoking zone yiva....free to kebi-....choose kebiyiva....free to choose yivwa....free to be ...ed kebi-....choose kebiyivwa....optional yuva....bound tam....house tamyuva....house-bound ova....resistant, anti- aagdovyab....constitution aagdovyabova....anti-constitutional ava....in favor of, pro- tyodab....democracy tyodabava....pro-democracy eva....neutral toos....gender tooseva....gender-neutral
Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling[edit | edit source]
- Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called first-level ordinal scaling.
First-level Ordinal Scaling[edit | edit source]
First-level Ordinal Scaling ORDINAL VOWEL t...b m...r j...b m...s t...m d...b f...b s...m d...t t...d b...k o = 0 tob
manmor
universejob
timemos
floortom
buildingdob
statefob
plantsom
furnituredot
societytod
familybok
illnessa = 1 tab
bodymar
sunjab
yearmas
walltam
housedab
governmentfab
treesam
armoiredat
friendtad
spousebak
healthe = 2 teb
headmer
planetjeb
seasonmes
doortem
halldeb
leaderfeb
fruitsem
tabledet
associateted
parentbek
treatmenti = 3 tib
trunkmir
earthjib
monthmis
windowtim
roomdib
officefib
tree trunksim
chairdit
citizentid
siblingbik
careu = 4 tub
armmur
moonjub
daymus
stairstum
celldub
ministerfub
branchsum
beddut
gentlepersontud
childbuk
injuryyo = 5 tyob
legjyob*
hourfyob
roottyod
peoplebyok
painya = 6 jyab*
minutebyak
hygieneye = 7 jyeb*
secondbyek
cure- * The palatal glide y in these words, which follows a palatal j is hard to pronounce, so the y is replaced with a w, giving jwob, jwab, and jweb.
Second-level Ordinal Scaling[edit | edit source]
- A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding a vowel immediately after the ordinal vowel of the word stem.
- Examples:
Second-level Ordinal Scaling mi...p me...p tu...b tyo...b ma...f me...g Me...r do...b mip
rivermep
waytub
armtyob
legmaf
cloudmeg
stonemer
planetdob
state, doob
nationmiap
streammeap
roadtuab
shouldertyoab
hipmaaf
stratusmeag
marbleMear
Mercurydoab...fatherland miep
brookmeep
pathtueb
upper armtyoeb
thighmaef
cumulusmeeg
slateMeer
Venusdoeb
province, statemiip
rivuletmeip
trailtuib
elbowtyoib
kneemaif
stratocumulusmeig
graniteMeir
Earthdoib
county, shiremiup
torrentmeup
tracktuub
forearmtyoub
shinmauf
cumulonimbusmeug
clay, doughMeur
Marsdoub
districtmiyop
trickletuyob
wristtyoyob
anklemayof
nimbostatusmeyog
chinaMeyor
Jupitertuyab
handtyoyab
footmayaf
altostratusmeyag
chalkMeyar
Saturntuyeb
fisttyoyeb
heelmayef
altocumulusmeyeg
limestoneMeyer
Uranustuyib
palmtyoyib
solemayif
cirrusmeyig
alabasterMeyir
Plutotuyub
fingertyoyub
toemayuf
cirrostratusmeyug
gypsumtulob
fingernailtyolob
toenailmalof
cirrocumulusThird-level Ordinal Scaling[edit | edit source]
- A third-level hierarchy can be created by adding a third ordinal number vowel to the front of the word.
- Example:
Third-level Ordinal Scaling ...tuyub tuyub....finger atuyub....thumb etuyub....index ituyub....middle finger utuyub....ring finger yotuyub....pinky
- So, to sum up, we have:
Summary of Scaling t...b tob = human being FIRST-LEVEL tub....arm SECOND-LEVEL tuyub....finger THIRD-LEVEL atuyub....thumb
Scaling with Prefixed Numbering[edit | edit source]
- We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words through prefixed numbering even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering.
- Example:
Prefix Numbering ...dob ...pet ...deb ...mez dob....state pet....animal deb....leader mez....gem adob....empire apet....horse adeb....emperor amez....diamond edob....kingdom epet....bull edeb....king emez....topaz idob....principality ipet....ass ideb....prince imez....ruby udob....duchy upet....ram udeb....duke umez....emerald yodob....marquisate yopet....goat yodeb....marquis yomez....saphire yadob....county yapet....pig yadeb....count yamez....lapis lazuli yedob....dominion yepet....dog yedeb....lord yemez....amthyst yudob....barony yupet....rabbit yudeb....baron yumez....quartz Rule #4: Overlapping[edit | edit source]
- When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in overlapping or a portmanteau.
- Examples:
Overlapping in Compounds FIRST WORD SECOND WORD PORTMANTEAU dom....city mep....road domep....boulevard pat....bird teub....mouth pateub....beak pat....bird tub....arm patub....wing teypib....tooth byok....pain teypibyok....toothache
Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels[edit | edit source]
- When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an o, replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word.
- Examples:
- edob....kingdom -> deb....chief -> edeb....monarch (edweb....king, edeyb....queen)
- udob....principality -> deb....chief -> udeb....prince (udweb....prince, udeyb....princess)
- By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant:
- Examples:
- mil....water + mal....air -> mial....vapor, steam
Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants[edit | edit source]
- When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant.
- Example:
tob ⇘ (-b = organism) (t- = human) ⇒ tof....clothing, apparel (n- = commercial) ⇒ nof....cloth, fabric
nof ⇗ (-f = cloth)Swapping Generic Consonants BASE WORD 1 BASE WORD 2 DERIVED WORD tob....human nov....linen tov....lingerie tab....body nof....cloth taf....suit teb....head nof....cloth tef....hat tib....trunk nof....cloth tif....vest tyoyab....foot nof....cloth tyoyaf....shoe tyoyab....foot nov....linen tyoyav....sock tuyab....hand nof....cloth tuyaf....glove doob*....nation nof....cloth doof....flag taob*....flesh tol....food taol....meat - * This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.
Rule #8: Marking Words for Gender[edit | edit source]
- Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix w and the feminine infix y. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female.
- To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with w.
- To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with y.
- Examples:
Marking Animate Nouns for Gender GENDER NEUTRAL MALE FEMALE tob....human being twob....man toyb....woman tobet....young person twobet....boy toybet....girl ted....parent twed....father teyd....mother it....he/she/it wit....he iyt....she apat....cock apwat....rooster apayt....hen toob....gender twoob....male tooyb....female
- Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for woman, rather than men, eg.:
Making Inanimate Objects Female-related MALE-ORIENTED OR NEUTRAL FEMALE-ORIENTED taf....suit tayf....dress tyoyav....sock tyoyayv....stockings tiav....shirt tiav....blouse
- Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness:
Body Parts Genderized NEUTRAL MALE-ORIENTED FEMALE-ORIENTED tilab....breast twilab....male breast tilayb....female breast twiyib....testicals tiyiyb....ovary tiyub....sexual organ twiyub....penis tiyuyb....vagina
- In nouns that end in -ut, the agentive suffix meaning -er, one who..., the nouns can be feminized by changing -ut to -uyt, eg. dezut....actor -> dezuyt....actress. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing -ut with w to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the w can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like dezut can mean actor of neutral or male gender.
- Animate nouns having the ending -et (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding w or y to the semantic base of the word, eg. tobet....child, youth -> toybet....girl or twobet....boy.
Rule #9: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels[edit | edit source]
- A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings.
- Geo-specific Vowels:
- o = outer space, abstract object, initial stuff
- a = sky, air, gas
- e = land, soil, solid
- i = sea, water, liquid
- u = underground, mineral, concrete object, other
- Examples:
Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels m...p m...m d...p p...t m...l m...r Space mop....orbit mom....space dop....military pot....animal mol....nature mor....universe Sky map....wind mam....sky dap....air force pat....bird mal....air mar....star Land mep....road mem....land dep....army pet....land animal mel....soil mer....planet Water mip....river mim....sea dip....marine force pit....fish mil....water mir....world Underground (or other) mup....tunnel mum....underground mul....mineral mur....moon
- This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on Hybrids for more on this subject.
- Examples:
Hybrid nouns FIRST-LEVEL DERIVATION + GEOSPECIFIC VOWEL SECOND-LEVEL DERIVATION pet....land animal i....water, sea peit....aquatic mammal pelt....insect a....air, sky pelat....flying insect mel....soil i....water, sea meil....mud mil....air a....air, gas mial....vapor
Rule #10: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels[edit | edit source]
- The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema:
Vectorial Vowel Values A U a
↓↓
a↑
yaya
↑I u → e ye → i → u e ye i → → yu E yi → yu → → yi ↑
oo
↑yo
↓↓
yoO
- Explanation of the above chart:
- If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words.
- The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values.
- If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact.
- Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement.
Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart A position on, above, north amer....north a movement (free) on baer....lean a movement (contact) onto aber....put on ya movement (free) up, ascend byaer....lift ya movement (contact) up, get up, set up yaber....raise O position under, lower, south omer....south o movement (free) off boer....hang o movement (contact) on the bottom of, underneath oper....get off yo movement (free) down pyoser....fall yo movement (contact) fall yoper....rise U position left, west umer....west u movement (free) move toward the center, come uber....send u movement (contact) reach the center, arrive pyuer....reach yu movement (free) near, approach yuber....approach yu movement (contact) near, reach byuser....touch I position right, east imer....east i movement (free) from the center out, go away pier....go away i movement (contact) from the center out, leave iper....leave yi movement (free) away, go far yiper....go far yi movement (contact) from afar, originate pyiser....originate E position center, equator emer....equator e rest between eb....between e rest at, stay, hold bexer....hold ye movement in, into, enter yeper....enter ye (contact) up against, strike pyexer....strike
Special value of certain vowels[edit | edit source]
- The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular contrast with
- the prefixes ya- or yan- meaning collection, plural.
- Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart.
Rule #11: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns[edit | edit source]
- Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning.
- For example, eu pattern in the word for mouth, teud can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning:
Mnemonic Pattern Derivation PATTERN WORD
teub....mouthCLASSIFIER GENERIC teud....shout t = human d = communication teuz....voice t = human z = art deuz....song d = communication z = art seuz....tone s = thing z = art seux....sound s = thing x = action xeus....noise x = action s = thing teuf....muzzle t = human f = apparel teuv....mask t = human v = linen teus....taste t = human s = thing
More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations PATTERN WORD
teab....eye(t)ea- = see GENERIC teaper....visit " " " p = go teader....witness " " " d = say teaxer....look " " " x = do teaser....seem " " " s = be teater....see " " " t = know keaxer....scan ke- = seek x = do vyaleaxer....check vyal- = certain x = do yoneater....distinguish yon- = apart t = know beaxer....guard be- = hold x = do teatier....perceive -i- = subject-directed teatuer....show -u- = object-directed PATTERN WORD
teeb....ear(t)ee- = hear GENERIC teeper....attend " " " p = go teeder....testify " " " d = say teexer....listen " " " x = do teeser....sound (like) " " " s = be teeter....hear " " " t = know keexer....scan (acoustically) ke- = seek x = do koteexer....snoop on ko- = hide x = do vyaleexer....sound out vyal- = certain x = do teetier....get wind of -i- = subject-directed teetuer....make heard -u- = object-directed zyateetuer....rumor zya- = all around -u- = objected-directed
- A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion.
- Examples:
Shortening Long Compounds WORD 1 WORD 2 LONG COMPOUND SHORTENED COMPOUND apet....horse teuder....make a noise *apeteuder apeder....neigh ipet....donkey teuder....make a noise *ipeteuder ipeder....bray vafeb....grape il....liquid *vafebil....grape juice vafil....wine yavob....hop il....liquid *yavobil....hop juice yavil....beer
- Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long.
- Examples:
From Full Words to Stubs COMPOUND NEW STUB DERIVATION tilabil....breast milk bil....milk bilyug....butter fauf....log -uf....(stub suffix for types of) cylinder muf....stick zyeg....hole -yeg....(stub suffix for types of) hole, hollow thing mufyeg....pipe levafil....alcohol fil....alcohol vafil....wine
- The clipped word bil now gives rise to other compounds:
- bilyig....cheese
- bilyigem....cheese factory
- bilyug....butter
- bilyugyena....butter-like
- The word mufyeg (Lit: hollow stick) means pipe, reed
Rule #12: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically[edit | edit source]
- Words which follow Rule #12 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation.
- These nuances are obtained by:
- Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel.
- These vowels are:
- a for a and ya
- e for e and ye
- i for i and yi
- o for o and yo
- u for u and yu
- Examples:
Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel WORD NUANCED DERIVATION nad....line naad....rail dob....state doob....nation vyab....rule vyaab....system boka....sick booka....tired
- Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of less intensity:
Deintensification with Post-y-gliding WORD MITIGATED DERIVATION ifer....love iyfer....like iva....happy iyva....glad zyutom....tower zyutoym....turret ama....hot ayma....warm oma....cold oyma....cool
- Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of greater intensity:
Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding WORD ENHANCED DERIVATION pot....wild animal pyot....predator animal pat....bird pyat....bird of prey tod....family tyod....people oma....cold yoma....frozen nuxer....pay nyuxer....deliver nexer....save nyexer....store
- Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid l or the further intensifying liquid r:
Intensification with L and R WORD L-INTENSIFIED R-INTENSIFIED ifer....love ifler....be fond of ifrer....adore iva....happy ivla....content ivra....delighted vaa....affirmative vlaa....sure vraa....indubitable aga....big agla....huge agra....immense ga....more gala....multiple gara....exponential baer....lean on baler....press barer....crush yexer....work yexler....labor yexrer....toil, slave yixer....use yixler....hire yixrer....exploit
- Adding consonants other than l or r as the generic consonant:
- Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like t, f, s, k, and z are used, eg.:
Creating Nuances with Other Consonants WORD NUANCED DERIVATION fia....good fika....perfect
fira....excellentfua....bad futa....wicked
fura....rottengea....equal geta....identical
gela....alikevyaa....true vyaka....correct
vyama....realvyoa....false vyoka....incorrect
vyoma....fakeyiga....hard yigza....sour
yigla....brusk
yigra....brutalyuga....soft yugfa....smooth
yugla....tender
yugra....mild
- Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa:
Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance WORD NUANCED DERIVATION nab....row nap....order vyava....just vyafa....precise jwab....minute jwap....moment jweb....second jwep....instant tab....body tap....physique tob....person top....soul, animus nov....linen nof....cloth naz....value nas....money nag....dimension nak...unit of measurement
Technical Nomenclature[edit | edit source]
- The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features.
Zoological Nomenclature[edit | edit source]
- The names of animals are formed in a systematic way.
Base Names[edit | edit source]
- First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with p and end with t, the idea being that animals are moving creatures.
- The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air (a), water (i), land (e), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild (o), tame, or predatory (y); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below:
Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms TYPE AIR WATER LAND Ordinary pat....bird pit....fish pet....domestic mammal
pot....wild mammalPredatory pyat....raptor pyit....predatory fish pyet....reptile
pyot....predatory mammalHybrid piat....waterfowl
payet....flying reptilepiit....crustacean
piyet....batracian
piot....aquatic mammal
pilt....marine invertebrate
peit....mammalian fish
pyeit....molluskpeyet....worm
pelt....insect
pelat....flying insect
Derived Names[edit | edit source]
- To derive the names of particular animals beyond the above chart, we add syllables with ordinal vowels to the front of the above base names that apply. The most common animals have syllables that represent numbers:
- apet (1-domestic mammal)....horse
- epet (2-domestic mammal)....bull, cattle, bovine
- ipet (3-domestic mammal)....ass
- For other other groupings of animals, the prefixed syllable may begin with a consonant:
- gapot (g1-wild mammal)....elephant
- gepot (g2-wild mammal)....rhinoceros
- gipot (g3-wild mammal)....camel
- vapot (v1-wild mammal)....deer
- vepot (v2-wild mammal)....reindeer
- vipot (v3-wild mammal)....roebuck
- A second ordinal vowel is prefixed to form subspecies. If the second ordinal is being prefixed to a word beginning with a vowel, a w in inserted:
- vapot....deer
- avapot....white-tailed deer
- evapot....fallow deer
- ipyot (1-predatory mammal)....fox
- awipyot (1w1-predatory mammal)....arctic fox
- ewipyot (2w1-predatory mammal)....gray fox
- See Chart of Principal Animals for a fuller list of animal names.
Genderized and Other Forms[edit | edit source]
- Form the female of an animal by inserting a y before the t of the base adult name:
- yepet....dog ====> yepeyt....bitch
- ipyot....fox ====> ipyoyt....vixen
- Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a w right after the p of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with py in which case the w is inserted just before the t of the base name:
- apet....horse ====> apwet....stallion
- ipyot....fox ====> ipyowt....dog fox
- Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an o after the ordinal vowel of the base adult name:
- epet....bovine ====> eopet....ox
- apat....cock ====> aopet....capon
- A hybrid animal is formed by putting the ordinals of the two base adult names together:
- ipet....ass + epet....bull ====> iepet....donkey
- The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing -ud, the stub for tud....child:
- apet....horse ====> apetud....colt
- yepet....dog ====> yepetud....pup
- yopet....sheep ====> yopetud....lamb
- The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing -if:
- yepet....dog ====> yepetif....puppy
- yipet....cat ====> yipetif....kitty
- The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing -og:
- yapet....pig ====> yapetog....piggy
- apet....horse ====> apetog....pony
- Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal apet....horse can serve as an example:
Derivations of Horse VARIATION MIRAD NAME ENGLISH NAME Adult apet horse Male apwet stallion Female apeyt mare Offspring apetud colt Female Offspring apetuyd filly Small adult apetog pony Gelded aopet gelding
Names for Less Common Animals[edit | edit source]
- Rarer animals take the Latin species nomenclature found in the Linnaean Taxonomy. See w:Linnaean_taxonomy. For example, the saola is a rare animal with the Linnaean species name "Pseudoryx nghetinhensis".
Animal Sounds[edit | edit source]
- The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the t of the base name with d, the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in -der:
- apet....horse ====> apeder....to neigh
- yepet....dog ====> yepeder....to bark
- pat....bird ====> pader....to tweet, chirp
- sopyet....snake ====> syopyeder....to hiss
- A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing -yan or -nyan:
- apyot....lion ====> apyotyan....a pride of lions
- yopet....sheep ====> yopetyan....a herd of sheep
- pit....fish ====> pityan....a school of fish
- Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final t of the base name with -per....to go:
- sopyet....snake ====> syopeper....to slither
- yupet....rabbit ====> yupeper....to hop
- apet....horse ====> apeper....to gallop
- The food name associated with an animal can be derived by suffixing -el, the stub of tel....food to the base name of the animal (or sometimes to a part of the animal, replacing the last consonant of that part name):
- yapet....pig ====> yapel....pork
- yapetyob....hog leg ====> yapetyol....ham
- eopet....steer ====> eopel....beef
- upet....sheep ====> upel....mutton
- upetud....calf ====> upetul....veal
- The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing -am....house, -um....cage, etc. to the base name:
- yapet....pig ====> yapetam....pigsty
- apayt....chicken ====> apaytam....chicken coop
- apyot....lion ====> apyotam....lion's den
- yepet....dog ====> yepetam....doghouse
- xapelt....ant ====> xapeltam....anthill
- apelat....bee ====> apelatam....bee hive
- pat....bird ====> patum....birdcage, patsum....nest, patyanam...aviary
- pot....wild animal ====> potam....lair
- See Chart of Principal Animals for a more exhaustive list of animals.
Dog Breeds[edit | edit source]
- Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to yepet....dog that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[1]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership.
- The base of the dog breed name is yepet....dog. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants (b, c, d, etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned the the ordinal vowel o, so boyepet is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the o....zero to a....one, e....two, etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with a....one, e....two, etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origen, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed.
- As an example:
- To get the name for basset hound:
- Start with the word for dog: yepet.
- This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is h. This is prefixed to yepet, with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with a for one. The basset hound is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes ha-.
- hayepet is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with ha yepet....the dog.).
A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel i.... three is prefixed:
- ihayepet is a "small-sized scent hound"
- A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word a.... one is prefixed (with a w buffer vowel when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, Gabema is placed in front, separated by a space:
- Gabema awahiyepet is a basset hound, a dog breed name owned by Great Britain.
- Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site.
Group 1 = boyepet....sheepdogs/cattledogs
- Section 1 = bayepet....sheepdogs
- Belgian only entry = Baema bayepet....Belgian shepherd dog
- German only entry = Daema bayepet....German shepherd
- Section 2 = beyepet....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs
- Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebama ebeyepet....Welsh corgi (Cardigan)
Group 2 = coyepet....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs
- Section 1 = cayepet....pinscher/schnauzer type
- Section 2 = ceyepet....Molossian type
- Section 3 = ciyepet....Swiss mountain/cattledogs
Group 3 = doyepet....terriers
- Section 1 = dayepet....large and medium-sized terriers
- Great Britain 9th entry = Gebama yudayepet....Welsh terrier
- Section 2 = dayepet....small-sized terriers
- Section 3 = deyepet....bull type terriers
- Great Britain 3rd entry = Gebama ideyepet....Staffordshire bull terrier
- Section 4 = dayepet....toy terriers
Group 4 = foyepet....dachshunds
- Germany only entry = fayepet....dachshund
Group 5 = goyepet....spitz and primitive types
- Section 1 = gayepet....nordic sledge dogs
- USA 1st entry = agayepet....Siberian husky
- Section 2 = geyepet....nordic hunting dogs
- Section 3 = giyepet....nordic watchdogs/herders
- Section 4 = guyepet....European spits
- Section 5 = gyoyepet....Asian spitz and related breeds
- Section 6 = gyayepet....primitive types
- Section 7 = gyeyepet....hunting dogs
Group 6 = hoyepet....scent hounds and related breeds
- Section 1 = hayepet....scent hounds
- Subsection 1.1 = ahayepet....large-sized hounds
- USA 1st entry = Usoma awahayepet....American foxhound
- Subsection 1.2 = ehayepet....medium-sized hounds
- Great Britain only entry = Gebama ehayepet....harrier
- Subsection 1.3 = ihayepet....small-sized hounds
- Great Britain 1st entry = Gebama awihayepet....basset hound
- Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebama ewihayepet....beagle
Group 7 = joyepet....pointing dogs
- Section 1 = jayepet....continental pointing dogs
- Section 2 = jeyepet....British and Irish pointers and setters
Group 8 = kayepet....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs
- Section 1 = kayepet....retrievers
- Section 2 = keyepet....flushing dogs
- Section 3 = kiyepet....water dogs
Group 9 = loyepet....companion and toy dogs
- Section 1 = layepet....bichons
- Section 2 = leyepet....poodles
- France only entry = Feroma leyepet....poodle
- Section 3 = liyepet....small Belgian dogs
- Section 4 = luyepet....hairless dogs
- Section 5 = lyoyepet....Tibetan breeds
- Tibet 2nd entry = Feroma eleyepet....shih tzu
- Section 6 = lyayepet....Chihuahueno
- Mexico only entry = Feroma lyayepet....chihuahua
- Section 7 = lyeyepet....English toy spaniels
- Section 8 = lyiyepet....Japan Chin and Pekingese
- Section 9 = lyuyepet....continental toy spaniel and others
- Section 10 = laloyepet....Kromforhländer
- Section 10 = laleyepet....small Molossian type dogs
Group 10 = moyepet....sight hounds
- Section 1 = mayepet....long-haired sighthounds
- Great Britain 1st entry = Gebama amayepet....greyhound
- Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebama emayepet....whippet
- Section 2 = meyepet....rough-haired sighthounds
- Section 3 = miyepet....short-haired sighthounds
Cat Breeds[edit | edit source]
- The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [2]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat yipet.
- This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list:
Creating Cat Breed Names CFA NAME FIRST LETTERS
LOWERCASEDNUMBER
IF ANY + yipetMIRAD NAME American Shorthair am a + yipet amayipet American Wirehair am e + yipet ameyipet Balinese bal bal + yipet balyipet Bengal ben ben + yipet benyipet
Color Nomenclature[edit | edit source]
- The word for color in Mirad is volz, which is mnemonically related to the word for flower (vos). The diminutive of color is voylz, meaning tint, shade, hue.
- The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub -lza. The last historically-defined divisions of the spectrum are called indigo and violet, but even scientists themselves admit that the human eye does not distinguish these shades very well, and so Mirad divides the last two as purple and pink for convenience.
Basic Color Words 1 - red 2 - orange 3 - yellow 4 - green 5 - blue 6 - purple 7 - pink alza elza ilza ulza yolza yalza yelza
- There are four other basic colors:
Other Basic Color Words malza....white (Associated with man (light) melza....brown (Associated with mel (soil) molza....black (Associated with mon (dark) maolza....gray (A blend of malza and molza)
- Plus:
- olza....of no color, blank, clear
- All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color. For example:
- rafafulza....lime green from rafaf(eb)....lime fruit + ulza....green
- mim-yalza....aquamarine from mim....sea + yalza....blue
- lifilza....lemon yellow from lif(eb)....lemon + ilza....yellow
- Note: If a color is defined by a full noun for specificity, then the noun is prefixed to the color with a hyphen, eg:
- ipyit-alza....salmon red
- magmef-alza....firebrick red
- mim-yalza....sea blue, aquamarine
- Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner:
- A "light" shade by changing lza to ylza: uylza....light green
- A "-ish" shade by changing lza to lzyena: ulzyena....greenish
- A "bright" shade by changing lza to lzayna: ulzayna....bright green
- A "dark" shade by changing lza to lzoyna: ulzoyna....dark green
- Some in-between colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel:
- maolza....gray from malza....white and molza....black
- yaulza....blue-green, cyan from yalza....blue and ulza....green
- maelza....beige from malza....white and melza....brown
- Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix -a:
- Ulz se via voz.....Green is a beautiful color.
- At gafe yalzayn.....I prefer dark blue.
- Colors can also be used to form verbs:
- Iyta teobi alzasa.....Her cheeks turned red (= blushed).
- His se fia teubip malzaxus.....This is a good teeth whitener.
- Eta teubipi ilzaseye.....Your teeth are yellowing.
Rarely Used Colors[edit | edit source]
- The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors expressed in Mirad + -lz. For example, the color golden yellow has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 (ase, in Mirad), thus, the color is named aselz. The adjectival form of this color is aselza. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names.
Skin colors[edit | edit source]
- When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix tayo(b)- is used. The final -b of tayob is dropped before a consonant. The word for skin-color itself is tayovolz. Thus:
- (tayo-)molzat....black(-skinned) person
- (tayo-)malzat....white(-skinned) person
- (tayo-)melzat....brown(-skinned) person
- (tayob)omalzat....non-white(-skinned) person
- (tayob)omolzat....non-black(-skinned) person
- (tayob)omelzat....non-brown(-skinned) person
- (tayob)eymolzat....half-black(skinned) person
- (tayob)eymalzat....half-white(-skinned) person
- (tayo-)maolzat....mulatto, mixed-skinned person
- (tayob)olzat....albino
- hyetayovolza....of any skin-tone
- hyatayovolzati....people of all colors
- Iyt se duhotayovolza?....What skin color is she?
Hair Colors[edit | edit source]
- Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, tayeb. The final -b of tayeb is dropped before a consonant (other than y). The word for hair color is tayevolz.
- tayebalza....red-headed, auburn
- tayebalzayt....an auburn female
- tayemolza....brunette
- tayemelza....brown-haired
- tayebiylza....blond
- tayemaolza....gray, gray-haired
- It gwa tayemaolzaso.....He will go gray early.
- tayebalza....red-headed, auburn
Eye Colors[edit | edit source]
- Eye colors are expressed by the prefix tea(b) followed by the color. The word for eye color is teavolz. In the following examples, teab (eye) becomes tea before any consonants or glides:
- teayolza....blue-eyed
- teabulza....green-eyed
- teamelza....brown-eyed
- teamelzat....brown-eyed person
- teamolz....a black eye
- teamalz....the white of the eye
Chemical Nomenclature[edit | edit source]
- The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding lk, a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for hydrogen is H. So we replace that with the word for lowercase h in Mirad: he. By adding the stub suffix lk, we get helk.
- Use the the names of the small letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name ca is pronounced cha as in English cha-cha.
Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names Lowercase a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Mirad Name a ba ca da e fe ge he i ji ki li mi ni o po ko ro so to u vu wu xu yu zu - The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed:
Coding Chemical Elements ENGLISH ELEMENT NAME ABBREVIATION MIRAD NAME silver Ar arolk iron Fe feelk hydrogen H helk nitrogen N nilk mercury Hg hegelk darmstadtium Ds dasolk
- In chemical compounds, the lk is used only on the last element of the compound.
- Chemical compounds such as H2O (hydrogen dioxide) are coded in the following manner.
- The H for hydrogen is rendered as he (without the -lk).
- The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for two, bi-, en- is prefixed to the h, giving enhe.
- The word for oxygen, ol is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the lk is suffixed.
- The English word ends in -ide, which is rendered in Mirad as -iz, giving enheolkiz
- Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below:
- Given the chemical element sulfur, which has the abbreviation S, the Mirad equivalent for this solid is solk. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are:
Chemical Suffix Equivalents ENGLISH SUFFIX MIRAD EQUIVALENT ENGLISH EXAMPLE MIRAD EQUIVALENT -ide -iz sulfide solkiz -ite -is sulfite solkis -ate -as sulfate solkas -ine -iyn iodine ilkiyn -ane -ayn methane ahelkayn -ene -eyn benzene ehelkeyn -one -oyn ketone ketoyn -ine --iyn alanine alaniyn -ic -a ferric feelka -ous aya ferrous feelkaya
- Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in -n. : The numeral prefixes 5 and 6 end in -on instead of -n so as to distinguish them from the words yan....together and yon....apart.
- The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes:
Numeric Prefixes NUMBER PREFIX EXAMPLE a....mono- an anolkiz....monoxide (O) e....bi-/di- en encalkas....bicarbonate (C2) i....tri- in inolkiz-....trioxide (O3) u....tetr(a)- un unolkiz-....tetroxide (O4) yo....pent(a)- yoon yoonolkiz-....pentoxide (O5) ya....hex(a)- yaon yaonolkiz....hexoxide (O6) ye....hept(a)- yen yenolkiz....heptoxide (O7) yi....oct(o)- yin yinolkiz-....octoxide (O8) yu....non(a)- yun yunolkix-....nonoxide (O9) alo....dec(a)- alon alonolkas-....decoxidate (O10)
- Examples:
- carbon dioxide (C2O)....calk enolkiz
- sodium bicarbonate (Na2C)....nialk encalkas
- calcium dihydrogen phosphate....caalk enhelk polkas
- glucose (C6H12O6)....yaoncaalanheyaonolk (or: levelos)
- methanol (C3HOH)....cainheohelk
- Note: the -lk is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings -iz, -is, and -as, etc.
Names of Atomic Parts[edit | edit source]
- The word for atom in Mirad is gwomul, which literally is least matter.
- The main particles in an atom are:
- vamul....proton
- vemul....neutron
- vomul....electron
- Every atom contains mulesi (subatomic particles).
The Standard Model classification of particles - The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See wikipedia:Subatomic_particle ).
- agalfa mules....higgs particle
- agkappa mules....kaon
- aglambda mules....lambda baryon
- agwu mules....W boson
- agzu mules....Z boson
- alfa mules'....alpha particle
- ba mules....bottom quark
- ca mules....charm quark
- da mules....down quark
- egob mules....electron
- gamma mules....photon
- ge mules....gluon
- goryumules....nanoparticle
- kyibix mules....graviton
- lambda mules....lambda baryon
- li mules....lepton
- man mules....photon
- mu mules....muon
- ov mules....antiparticle, antiquark
- penta mules....pentaquark
- pi mules....pion
- pi mules....proton
- qo mules....quark
- so mules....strange quark
- tau mules....tau
- tetra mules....tetra quark
- to mules....top quark
- u mules....up quark
- vue mules....electron neutrino
- vumu mules....muon neutrino
- vutau mules....tau neutrino
- The nucleus of an atom is called zemul. Therefore, zemula means nuclear.
Musical Nomenclature[edit | edit source]
Musical Instruments[edit | edit source]
- The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument (duzar < duz (music) + -ar (instrument). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played.
Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music Musical Instruments MIRAD ENGLISH BOWED-STRING aduzar violin eduzar violin alto iduzar cello uduzar bass yoduzar viola yaduzar fiddle yeduzar viol WOODWIND faduzar flute feduzar oboe fiduzar clarinet fuduzar bassoon fyoduzar French harp, harmonica fyaduzar recorder fyeduzar bagpipe fyiduzar didgeridoo fyuduzar piccolo faloduzar fife, hornpipe faladuzar ocarina, ocarine BRASS voduzar horn vaduzar trumpet veduzar trombone vuduzar
-- avuduzar
-- evuduzar
--ivuduzarsaxophone
-- tenor saxophone
-- alto saxophone
-- bass saxophonevyoduzar tuba vyaduzar bugle vyeduzar French horn vyiduzar cornet vyuduzar euphonium valoduzar flugelhorn valaduzar sousaphone valeduzar clarion validuzar mellophone PERCUSSION kaduzar
-- akaduzar
-- ekaduzar
-- ikaduzar
-- ukaduzar
-- yokaduzar
-- yakaduzar
-- yekaduzardrum
-- snare drum
-- bass drum
-- tenor drum
-- steel drum
-- bongo drum
-- timbrel
-- kettledrumkeduzar glockenspiel kiduzar vibraphone kuduzar marimba kyoduzar tubular bell gaduzar triangle geduzar gong giduzar castanet guduzar rattle gyoduzar xylophone gyaduzar maraca gyeduzar cajón gyiduzar cymbal gyuduzar tambourine galoduzar steelpan galaduzar wind chime galeduzar chime bar galiduzar celeste galuduzar clapper galyoduzar Jew's harp galyaduzar bazooka KEYBOARD raduzar
-- utekea raduzar
-- agala raduzar
-- sem raduzarpiano
-- player piano
-- grand piano
-- keyboardreduzar clavichord riduzar harpsichord ruduzar
-- mufyeg ruduzar
-- maka ruduzarorgan
-- pipe organ
-- electric organryoduzar accordion ryaduzar dulcimer ryeduzar calliope ryiduzar melodica ryuduzar concertina GUITAR baduzar
-- seuxa baduzar
-- maka baduzar
-- yoba baduzarguitar
-- accoustic guitar
-- electric guitar
-- bass guitarbeduzar banjo biduzar lute buduzar harp byoduzar mandolin byaduzar ukelele byeduzar zither byiduzar lyre byuduzar cithara, kithara baloduzar sitar Voice Ranges[edit | edit source]
Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) MIRAD ENGLISH MEANING WOMEN yabdeuzuyt soprano "high-voice-female" yaybdeuzuyt mezzo-soprano "high-ish-voice-female" yobdeuzuyt alto, contralto "low-voice-female" MEN yabdeuzwut tenor "high-voice-male" yoybdeuzwut baritone "high-ish-voice-male" yobdeuzwut bass "low-voice-male" vyoyabdeuzwut falsetto "false-high-voice-male" BOYS twobet yabdeuzwut treble "boy high-voice-male" - Suffix these nouns with -a to make them adjectives, eg.:
- His se yabdeuzwuta duznod.....This is a tenor note.
Solmization Syllables[edit | edit source]
- The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world:
Solmization Syllables do re mi fa sol la ti do
Musical Score Elements[edit | edit source]
- The semitone or accidental symbols are:
Accidentals ENGLISH NAME SYMBOL MIRAD NAME ENGLISH EXAMPLE MIRAD EXAMPLE MIRAD PRONUNCIATION flat 𝄬 yobwa (=lowered) B flat B yobwa ba YOBwa sharp 𝄰 yabwa (=raised) C sharp C yabwa ca YABwa natural 𝄮 egxwa (=normalized) F natural F egxwa fe EGxwa
- Some staff notation:
Staff Notation ENGLISH NAME SYMBOL MIRAD NAME staff 𝄙 nuidyan treble clef, G clef 𝄞 G yijar C clef 𝄡 C yijar base clef, F clef 𝄢 F yijar note nod half note 𝅗𝅥 eyna nod quarter note 𝅘𝅥 uyna nod whole note 𝅝 ayna nod quarter rest 𝄽 uyna poys eighth note 𝅘𝅥𝅮 yiyna nod bar, measure 𝄀 mufebem ligature yanxus
Characteristic Features of Music[edit | edit source]
Characteristic Features of Music MIRAD ENGLISH deup beat seupan cadence jes duration zoyteuz echo yanseuz harmony ijduzneg key druz lyric agala duzmus major scale duznag measure duznad melody nak meter ogala duzmus minor scale duz music yinig octave duzneg pitch byexes pulse zoyseuzen resonance deupyan rhythm duzmus scale duzdreyn score seux sound duzigan tempo seuzvolz timbre seuz tone deuzunog tune deuz voice seuxnid volume Dynamics[edit | edit source]
- Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left as is in Mirad.
- These include:
- a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo, and others.
Types of Arrangements[edit | edit source]
Musical Arrangements ENGLISH MIRAD a capella song a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari anthem fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun antiphon dudeuzun aria arya, awat deuzun arrangement napbeyn art song tuz deuz ballad daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun battle hymn dropek deuzun bird song pat deuzun broadway song Broadway deuzun campfire song tamoftem deuzun cantata kantata canticle efyadeuzun carol ivdeuzun chant yagdeuzun choral arrangement deuzutyan napxeyn Christmas carol Kristtaj ivdeuzun classical song visauna deuzun composition duzdrun concerto koncerto country song odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun dance song daz deuzun dirge uvdeuzun ditty deuzog doggerel verse dizdeuzun drinking song tilien deuzun duet ewat (deuzun) folksong tyoyd deuzun glee Gebama deuzun gospel song fyadin deuzun hip hop song hip hop deuzun hit song agakus deuzun hymn fyadeuzun instrumental duzarun jingle nundeuzunog karaoke song karaoke deuzun love song ifon deuzun lullaby tudet deuzun lute song riduzar deuzun madrigal duzuka deuzun marching song doptyopen deuzun medley ebmulxwa deuzyan metal song mug deuzun musical number duzun old standard ajdeuzun opera dyuz, dyuzun oratorio oratoryo paean akrun deuzun partsong gon deuzun patter song deuzig pop song tyoda deuzun psalm afyadeuzun rock song rok deuzun round zoydea deuzun sea shanty mim deuz show tune duez deuzun signature song ujak deuzun slow jam bluz deuzun soliloquy awat, awat deuzun solo awat (duzun), awat (deuzun) song deuzun spiritual, negro spiritual topa deuzun sporting song tapifek deuzun symphony viduzunyag theme song texzena deuz torch song ifonok uvdeuzun vaudeville song Vaudeville deuzun Wienerlied Viena deuzun Musicians[edit | edit source]
Musicians ENGLISH MIRAD musician duzut, duzuyt, duzwut instrumentalist duzarut violinist aduzarut conductor duzdeb, duzutyaneb soloist anduzut singer, vocalist deuzut danseur dyazwut ballerina dyazuyt dancer dazut, dazuyt, dazwut opera singer dyuzut, dyuzuyt, dyuzwut operatist, librettist dyuzdrut composer duzdrut lyricist, songwriter deuzdrut dance conductor dazeb (symphony) orchestra duzarutyan philharmonic orchestra duzarutyanag chorus, chorale deuzutyan dance troupe dazutyan Song Parts[edit | edit source]
Song Parts MIRAD ENGLISH uj coda ij intro ebek interlude ijek finale gaijen reprise gadwas refrain zoyduznad theme nadyan verse zeymep bridge gadwas chorus ujnadyan outro Music Genres[edit | edit source]
- Some genres and styles of music:
Genres of Music MIRAD ENGLISH a kapella, boy duz a capella yugtaxea duz ambiant Usoma tyoyduz American folk Usoma egona duz American standard yizejna avant garde Baroka Baroque yolza vab bluegrass bluz blues Bolliwud Bollywood bossa nova bossa nova kalipso calypso Kelta yagdeuz Celtic chant Canima tyoyduz Chinese folk Canima ajutbyena dyuz Chinese traditional opera jejoba deupyan ay bluz contemporary R&B maima bluz country blues maima duz country music maima pop country pop maima rap country rap maima rok country rock dazam pop dancehall pop disko disco du-wop doo-wop maka dauz electronic dance music (EDM) yugtaxea duz elevator music Euma disko Euro-disco jwayeka experimental flamenko flamenco funk funk Gregoria yagdeuz Gregorian chant hip-hop hip-hop honki-tonk honky-tonk hyusuna rok Indie rock jaz jazz makjaz jazztronica juju juju fyaxela duz liturgical music majika majika mamo mambo merengwe merengue mesitzo mesitzo mug metal Mixuma duz Mexican seuz bi Naxvil Nashville sound Ejna Orleans bluz New Orleans blues dyuz opera rancera ranchera rap rap rege reggae deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba rhythm & blues rok-ay-rol rock & roll salsa salsa samba samba ska ska galoduzaruta duz steel band music swing swing Tehano Tejano eyntuj duz trance music Umera visauna Western classical Umeryena Western zideko zydeco Geographic Placenames[edit | edit source]
- As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants.
Countries of the World[edit | edit source]
- The Mirad names of the countries of the world are based on the ISO 316601 Alpha-2 codes. The codes, which consist of two capital letters, can be converted into Mirad country names by reducing the letters to miniscules and then changing them into the pronounced syllables (see Mirad Alphabet), then suffixing an m for place. Country names, their adjectives, and inhabitants, are capitalized for the initial letter.
- Example 1:
- The ISO 3166-1 Alpha 2 code for Afghanistan is "AF".
- The letter A, being a vowel in initial position is left as capitalized A.
- The letter F is lowercased and rendered in pronunciation as fe.
- The letter m is added at the end, indicating a placename, thus Afem.
- Example 2:
- The ISO code for Bahrein is "BH".
- The lowercase value for "B" is pronounced ba in the Mirad alphabet.
- Being in first position of a proper noun placename, ba is realized as Ba.
- The H of the ISO code is lowercased to h, which is pronounced he in the Mirad alphabet.
- The letter m is added at the end, yielding Bahem.
Mirad Country Names Based on ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 Codes ENGLISH CODE MIRAD COUNTRY NAME Afghanistan AF Afem Åland Islands AX Axum Albania AL Alim Algeria DZ Dazum American Samoa AS Asom Andorra AD Adam Angola AO Aom Anguilla AI Aim Antarctica AQ Akom Antigua and Barbuda AG Agem Argentina AR Arom Armenia AM Amim Aruba AW Awum Australia AU Aum Austria AT Atom Azerbaijan AZ Azum Bahamas BS Basom Bahrain BH Bahem Bangladesh BD Badam Barbados BB Babam Belarus BY Bayum Belgium BE Baem Belize BZ Bazum Benin BJ Bajim Bermuda BM Bamim Bhutan BT Batom Bolivia BO Baom Caribbean Netherlands BQ Bakom Bosnia and Herzegovina BA Baam Botswana BW Bawum Bouvet Island BV Bavum Brazil BR Barom British Indian Ocean Territory IO Iom Brunei Darussalam BN Banim Bulgaria BG Bagem Burkina Faso BF Bafem Burundi BI Baim Cabo Verde CV Cavum Cambodia KH Kihem Cameroon CM Camim Canada CA Caam Cayman Islands KY Kiyum Central African Republic CF Cafem Chad TD Todam Chile CL Calim China CN Canim Christmas Island CX Caxum Cocos (Keeling) Islands CC Cacam Colombia CO Caom Comoros KM Kimim Republic of the Congo CG Cagem Democratic Republic of the Congo CD Cadam Cook Islands CK Cakim Costa Rica CR Carom Ivory Coast CI Caim Croatia HR Herom Cuba CU Caum Curaçao CW Cawum Cyprus CY Cayum Czechia CZ Cazum Denmark DK Dakim Djibouti DJ Dajim Dominica DM Damim Dominican Republic DO Daom Ecuador EC Ecam Egypt EG Egem El Salvador SV Sovum Equatorial Guinea GQ Gekom Eritrea ER Erom Estonia EE Eem Eswatini SZ Sozum Ethiopia ET Etom Falkland Islands FK Fekim Faroe Islands FO Feom Fiji FJ Fejim Finland FI Feim France FR Ferom French Guiana GF Gefem French Polynesia PF Pofem French Southern Territories TF Tofem Gabon GA Geam Gambia GM Gemim Georgia GE Geem Germany DE Daem Ghana GH Gehem Gibraltar GI Geim Greece GR Gerom Greenland GL Gelim Grenada GD Gedam Guadeloupe GP Gepom Guam GU Geum Guatemala GT Getom Guernsey GG Gegem Guinea GN Genim Guinea-Bissau GW Gewum Guyana GY Geyum Haiti HT Hetom Heard Island and McDonald Islands HM Hemim Holy See VA Vuam Honduras HN Henim Hong Kong HK Hekim Hungary HU Heum Iceland IS Isom India IN Inim Indonesia ID Idam Iran IR Irom Iraq IQ Ikom Republic of Ireland IE Iem Isle of Man IM Imim Israel IL Ilim Italy IT Itom Jamaica JM Jimim Japan JP Jipom Jersey JE Jiem Jordan JO Jiom Kazakhstan KZ Kizum Kenya KE Kiem Kiribati KI Kiim North Korea KP Kipom South Korea KR Kirom Kuwait KW Kiwum Kyrgyzstan KG Kigem Laos LA Liam Latvia LV Livum Lebanon LB Libam Lesotho LS Lisom Liberia LR Lirom Libya LY Liyum Liechtenstein LI Liim Lithuania LT Litom Luxembourg LU Lium Macao MO Miom Madagascar MG Migem Malawi MW Miwum Malaysia MY Miyum Maldives MV Mivum Mali ML Milim Malta MT Mitom Marshall Islands MH Mihem Martinique MQ Mikom Mauritania MR Mirom Mauritius MU Mium Mayotte YT Yutom Mexico MX Mixum Micronesia FM Femim Moldova MD Midam Monaco MC Micam Mongolia MN Minim Montenegro ME Miem Montserrat MS Misom Morocco MA Miam Mozambique MZ Mizum Myanmar MM Mimim Namibia NA Niam Nauru NR Nirom Nepal NP Nipom Netherlands NL Nilim New Caledonia NC Nicam New Zealand NZ Nizum Nicaragua NI Niim Niger NE Niem Nigeria NG Nigem Niue NU Nium Norfolk Island NF Nifem North Macedonia MK Mikim Northern Mariana Islands MP Mipom Norway NO Niom Oman OM Omim Pakistan PK Pokim Palau PW Powum State of Palestine PS Posom Panama PA Poam Papua New Guinea PG Pogem Paraguay PY Poyum Peru PE Poem Philippines PH Pohem Pitcairn Islands PN Ponim Poland PL Polim Portugal PT Potom Puerto Rico PR Porom Qatar QA Koam Réunion RE Roem Romania RO Room Russia RU Roum Rwanda RW Rowum Saint Barthélemy BL Balim Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha SH Sohem Saint Kitts and Nevis KN Kinim Saint Lucia LC Licam Saint Martin MF Mifem Saint Pierre and Miquelon PM Pomim Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VC Vucam Samoa WS Wusom San Marino SM Somim São Tomé and Príncipe ST Sotom Saudi Arabia SA Soam Senegal SN Sonim Serbia RS Rosom Seychelles SC Socam Sierra Leone SL Solim Singapore SG Sogem Sint Maarten SX Soxum Slovakia SK Sokim Slovenia SI Soim Solomon Islands SB Sobam Somalia SO Soom South Africa ZA Zuam South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands GS Gesom South Sudan SS Sosom Spain ES Esom Sri Lanka LK Likim Sudan SD Sodam Suriname SR Sorom Svalbard and Jan Mayen SJ Sojim Sweden SE Soem Switzerland CH Cahem Syria SY Soyum Taiwan TW Towum Tajikistan TJ Tojim Tanzania TZ Tozum Thailand TH Tohem East Timor TL Tolim Togo TG Togem Tokelau TK Tokim Tonga TO Toom Trinidad and Tobago TT Totom Tunisia TN Tonim Turkey TR Torom Turkmenistan TM Tomim Turks and Caicos Islands TC Tocam Tuvalu TV Tovum Uganda UG Ugem Ukraine UA Uam United Arab Emirates AE Aem United Kingdom GB Gebam United States US Usom United States Minor Outlying Islands UM Umim Uruguay UY Uyum Uzbekistan UZ Uzum Vanuatu VU Vuum Venezuela VE Vuem Vietnam VN Vunim British Virgin Islands VG Vugem United States Virgin Islands VI Vuim Wallis and Futuna WF Wufem Western Sahara EH Ehem Yemen YE Yuem Zambia ZM Zumim Zimbabwe ZW Zuwum
- The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker a, eg:
- Ferom....France ==> Feroma....French
- Usom....United States ==> Usoma....American
- Geem....Germany ==> Geema....German
- The inhabitant of a country is formed by adding the person marker t to the adjective form, eg:
- Feroma....French ==> Feromat....a French person
- The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg:
- Feromat....a French person ==> ha Feromati....the French
- Etomat....an Ehtiopian ==> Etomwat....an Ethiopian male
- Feimat....a Finn ==> Feimayt....a Finnish woman
Continents[edit | edit source]
- The word for continent in Mirad is yanmel (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word yanmel with vectorial prefixes.
Continent Names MIRAD ENGLISH Ayanmal North America Oyanmel South America Iyanmel Asia Uyanmel Europe Eyanmel Africa Yoyanmel Oceania
- The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing -a:
- Iyanmela....Asian
- Uyanmela....European
- By appending -t(i) to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants:
- Eyanmelat....an African
- Ayanmelati....North Americans
- Note:
- The Americas is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word Aoyanmel (a combination of North and South America).
- Central America is expressed in Mirad by Ebaoyanmel (Inter-America)
- The word Usom means United States or USA. The word America by itself is not used in Mirad; only North America or South America. United States of America is expressed by Usom bi Ayanmel (United States of North America), abbreviated as UA.
- The word Usomati is used for Americans when referring to inhabitants of the U.S.
- The word Eyanmel-Usomat, or more briefly, Eusomat is used for African American.
- Latin America is expressed as Liada Oyanmel.
- A Latino is Liadut.
- A latinx in the U.S. is called Usoma Liadut.
- In some geographic systems, Ausom....Australia is considered a continent.
- The word for island is yonmel (= separate land).
Oceans[edit | edit source]
- The Mirad word for ocean is mimag. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word mimag:
Ocean Names MIRAD ENGLISH Amimag Arctic Ocean Omimag Southern Ocean Imimag Pacific Ocean Umimag Atlantic Ocean Emimag Indian Ocean
Compass Directions and Poles[edit | edit source]
- The compass directions (merizoni) and poles (mernodi) are as follows:
- amer....north / amera....northern / amernod....north pole
- omer....south / omera....southern / omernod....south pole
- imer....east / imera....eastern
- umer....west / umera....western
- The words Yibamer....Arctic and Yibomer...Antarctic(a) both use the prefix yib....far.
- Prefixing the directions with iz-....due- yields:
- izamer....due north
- izomer....due south, etc.
- Directional words can be combined, eg:
- aomera....north-south
- uimera....east-west
- aumera....north-west etc.
Earth Grid Lines[edit | edit source]
- The earth grid lines (mernadi) are as follows:
- amernad....Arctic Circle
- omernad....Antarctic Circle
- aomernad....longitude
- uimernad....latitude
- emernad....equator
- abemernad....Tropic of Capricorn
- obemernad....tropic, Tropic of Cancer
- yizobemernad....subtropic
- eymernad....meridian
- mamnad....horizon
- aonada....vertical
- uinada....horizontal
- zyenada....perpendicular
Languages of the Worlds[edit | edit source]
- Much as the countries of the world, the Mirad names of languages are based on the ISO 639-1 two-letter code. The Mirad name of the language is formed by producing the pronunciation value of the lowercase letters of the ISO code, followed by the letter d (communication, speaking, etc.), eg:
Mirad Language Names ISO LANGUAGE NAME ISO CODE MIRAD LANGUAGE NAME Abkhazian ab Abad Afar aa Aad Afrikaans af Afed Akan ak Akid Albanian sq Sokod Amharic am Amid Arabic ar Arod Aragonese an Anid Armenian hy Heyud Assamese as Asod Avaric av Avud Avestan ae Aed Aymara ay Ayud Azerbaijani az Azud Bambara bm Bamid Bashkir ba Baad Basque eu Eud Belarusian be Baed Bengali bn Banid Bislama bi Baid Bosnian bs Basod Breton br Barod Bulgarian bg Baged Burmese my Miyud Catalan, Valencian ca Caad Chamorro ch Cahed Chechen ce Caed Chichewa, Chewa, Nyanja ny Niyud Chinese zh Zuhed Old Church Slavonic cu Caud Chuvash cv Cavud Cornish kw Kiwud Corsican co Caod Cree cr Carod Croatian hr Herod Czech cs Casod Danish da Daad Divehi, Dhivehi, Maldivian dv Davud Dutch, Flemish nl Nilid Dzongkha dz Dazud English en Enid Esperanto eo Eod Estonian et Etod Ewe ee Eed Faroese fo Feod Fijian fj Fejid Finnish fi Feid French fr Ferod Western Frisian fy Feyud Fulah ff Fefed Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic gd Gedad Galician gl Gelid Ganda lg Liged Georgian ka Kiad German de Daed Greek, Modern el Elid Kalaallisut, Greenlandic kl Kilid Guarani gn Genid Gujarati gu Geud Haitian, Haitian Creole ht Hetod Hausa ha Head Hebrew he Heed Herero hz Hezud Hindi hi Heid Hiri Motu ho Heod Hungarian hu Heud Icelandic is Isod Ido io Iod Igbo ig Iged Indonesian id Idad Interlingua ia Iad Interlingue, Occidental ie Ied Inuktitut iu Iud Inupiaq ik Ikid Irish ga Gead Italian it Itod Japanese ja Jiad Javanese jv Jivud Kannada kn Kinid Kanuri kr Kirod Kashmiri ks Kisod Kazakh kk Kikid Central Khmer km Kimid Kikuyu, Gikuyu ki Kiid Kinyarwanda rw Rowud Kirghiz, Kyrgyz ky Kiyud Komi kv Kivud Kongo kg Kiged Korean ko Kiod Kuanyama, Kwanyama kj Kijid Kurdish ku Kiud Lao lo Liod Latin la Liad Latvian lv Livud Limburgan, Limburger, Limburgish li Liid Lingala ln Linid Lithuanian lt Litod Luba-Katanga lu Liud Luxembourgish, Letzeburgesch lb Libad Macedonian mk Mikid Malagasy mg Miged Malay ms Misod Malayalam ml Milid Maltese mt Mitod Manx gv Gevud Maori mi Miid Marathi mr Mirod Marshallese mh Mihed Mongolian mn Minid Nauru na Niad Navajo, Navaho nv Nivud North Ndebele nd Nidad South Ndebele nr Nirod Ndonga ng Niged Nepali ne Nied Norwegian no Niod Norwegian Bokmål nb Nibad Norwegian Nynorsk nn Ninid Sichuan Yi, Nuosu ii Iid Occitan oc Ocad Ojibwa oj Ojid Oriya or Orod Oromo om Omid Ossetian, Ossetic os Osod Pali pi Poid Pashto, Pushto ps Posod Persian fa Fead Polish pl Polid Portuguese pt Potod Punjabi, Panjabi pa Poad Quechua qu Koud Romanian, Moldovan ro Rood Romansh rm Romid Rundi rn Ronid Russian ru Roud Northern Sami se Soed Samoan sm Somid Sango sg Soged Sanskrit sa Soad Sardinian sc Socad Serbian sr Sorod Shona sn Sonid Sindhi sd Sodad Sinhala, Sinhalese si Soid Slovak sk Sokid Slovenian sl Solid Somali so Sood Southern Sotho st Sotod Spanish, Castilian es Esod Sundanese su Soud Swahili sw Sowud Swati ss Sosod Swedish sv Sovud Tagalog tl Tolid Tahitian ty Toyud Tajik tg Toged Tamil ta Toad Tatar tt Totod Telugu te Toed Thai th Tohed Tibetan bo Baod Tigrinya ti Toid Tonga (Tonga Islands) to Tood Tsonga ts Tosod Tswana tn Tonid Turkish tr Torod Turkmen tk Tokid Twi tw Towud Uighur, Uyghur ug Uged Ukrainian uk Ukid Urdu ur Urod Uzbek uz Uzud Venda ve Vued Vietnamese vi Vuid Volapuk vo Vuod Walloon wa Wuad Welsh cy Cayud Wolof wo Wuod Xhosa xh Xuhed Yiddish yi Yuid Yoruba yo Yuod Zhuang, Chuang za Zuad Zulu zu Zuud
- The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing -a, eg:
- Arod....(the) Arabic (language) ==> Aroda....(in the) Arabic (language)
- Hia Enida dreun se testiyofwa.....This English language document is incomprehensible.
- The language names can be verbalized with the addition of -der....to say, -daler....to speak, and -xer....to translate into, eg:
- Ferod....French ==> Feroder....to say in French
- Sopod....Spanish ==> Sopodaler....to speak Spanish
- Arod....Arabic ==> Arodxer ==> to Arabicize/translate into Arabic
- Ferod Yebee gla Enidxwasi.....French has many Anglicizations.
- The speaker of a language is created by adding -ut or -alut, eg:
- Enid....English ==> Enidut (or) Enidalut....English speaker
- Duven et Enidale?....Do you speak English?
- Arodu hia dun.....Say this word in Arabic.
- At se Itodut/Itodalut.....I am a speaker of Italian.
- Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows:
Language Variants VARIATION CATEGORY EXAMPLE Ajna....Old/Ancient Ajna Enid....Old English, Anglo-Saxon Ejoba....Modern Ejoba Fead....Modern Persian, Farsi Visauna....Classical Visauna Elid....Classical Greek Vyisauna....Puristic Vyisauna Elid....Katharevousa (Puristic Greek) Tyoda....Vulgar/Popular/Demotic Tyoda Liad....Vulgar Latin
Tyoda Elid....Demotic GreekFyaxela....Liturgical Fyaxela Heed....Liturgical Hebrew Fyadyesa....Biblical Fyadyesa Heed....Biblical Hebrew Egona....Standard Ejoba Egona Arod....Modern Standard Arabic Egema....Egyptian Egema Arod....Egyptian Arabic Usoma....American Usoma Enid....American English
- There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself.
- Mirad....Mirad (Mir....world)
- Meurad....Martian (Meur...Mars)
- Klingonad....Klingon (the constructed language)
- If a language is not listed in the ISO 639.1 chart above, the name may be formed from an ISO 639.2 trigraph found at the Internet Site [[3]]. For example:
- Akkadian has the code "akk" and is therefore assigned the Mirad name Akikid.
- Celtic, which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called Caelid in Mirad.
- Indo-European, with the code "ine", translates to Inied in Mirad.
Cities and Their Residents[edit | edit source]
- Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in -a or -yena.
Cities and Their Residents CITY ADJECTIVE INHABITANT Paris....Paris Parisyena....Parisian Parisat....Parisian Ejna York....New York Ejna Yorka....of New York Ejna Yorkat....New Yorker Rom....Rome Roma....Roman Romat....Roman Beijing....Beijing Beijinga....of Beijing Beijingat....resident of Beijing Berlin....Berlin Berlina....from Berlin Berlinat....Berliner
- Examples:
- Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.....Berlin citizens are called Berliners.
- Bostonati ayse Bostonyena deus.....Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.
Playing Cards Notation[edit | edit source]
- The playing card suits and prime denominations are:
Playing Card Suits MIRAD ENGLISH IMAGE tiib heart ♥ melukar spade ♠ amez diamond ♦ infayeb club ♣ High Cards plus the Joker MIRAD ENGLISH IMAGE Awa bi tiibi ace of hearts Edweb bi melukari king of spades Edeyb bi amezi queen of diamonds Yuxtwobet bi infayebi jack of clubs hihiduut joker - Some useful terms:
- eker drafi....to play cards
- zyabuer ha drafi....to deal the card
- ebnapxer ha drafi....to shuffle the cards
- goler ha nyan....to cut the deck
- ujber....to fold
- durer....to bid
- lokoxer draf....to turn over a card
- lokoxer ota tuyab....to show one's hand
- abnabxer....to trump
- ekdrafnyan....deck of cards
- nab....suit
- joper nab...to follow suit
- kyesdraft....wild card
- abnaba draf....trump card
- ha yannas....the pot
- ha nax....the ante
- yaber ha nax....to up/raise the ante
Chess Piece Nomenclature[edit | edit source]
- The chess pieces (xahifek gouni) are called as in this chart:
Chess Piece Names MIRAD ENGLISH IMAGE edweb king edeyb queen efyaxeb bishop fizapetaput knight tamaz rook melyexut pawn
- Some chess terms:
- to checkmate....xahtojber
- Check!....Xah!
- Checkmate!....xahtoj!
- chess board....xahifek seym
- to move a piece....paxer goun
Botanical Nomenclature[edit | edit source]
- The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This world in Mirad is classified in two ways, depending on whether the organism is common or rare.
Common Nomenclature[edit | edit source]
- So, in Mirad, common botanical organisms are given names with scalar prefixes and ordinal infixes based on the follow templates:
- _f_b....vegetation and fruits
- _v_b....cereals
- _v_l....legumes
- _v_s....flowers
- The above names without a prefix designate general categories and parts, such as tree, fruit, or stem.
- Those with prefixed elements designate specific entities, such as apple, lily, or peanut.
Basic Names[edit | edit source]
Basic Botanical Names fob....plant vob....crop vol....vegetable vos....flower fab....tree
fayeb....leaf
faob....wood
fayob....barkvab....grass
vayob....peelfeb....fruit veb....ear/tuft
veeb....seed
veeyb....grainveel....legume fib....trunk vib....stem fub....branch vub....blade
vulob....thornfyob....root vyob....tuber Trees and Fruits[edit | edit source]
- The stems for individual elements of this taxonomy are:
- fab....tree
- fayb....bush/vine/plant
- feb....nut/fruit
- feyb....berry/bean
- fayeb....leaf
- -fel....juice
- -feel....-ade
- -feyl....bean juice
- -fil....alcoholic drink
- -fyel....oil/jam/syrup
- -fyeyl....jelly
- -fol....grounds/powder
- The scalar syllable prefixed to these stems indicates the groupings and general taxonomic relationships.
Trees and their fruits TREE/VINE FRUIT/NUT EDIBLE/DRINKABLE PRODUCT fab....tree feb....fruit fel/fyel/fol/fil....drink/jam/oil/powder/alcohol
fabyel....sapFRUIT TREES afab....apple tree afeb....apple afel....apple juice
afil....ciderefab....pear tree efeb....pear efel....pear juice ifab....cherry tree ifeb....cherry ifel....cherry juice
ifil....kirschufab....prune tree ufeb....prune ufel....prune juice yofab....apricot tree yofeb....apricot yofyel....apricot jam
yofil....apricot brandyyafab....peach tree yafeb....peach yafel....peach juice yefab....quince tree yefab....quince bafab....palm tree bafeb....plantain bafyel....palm oil befab....date tree befeb....date bifab....banana tree bifeb....banana bufab....coconut tree bufeb....coconut bufyel....coconut oil byofab....pomegranate tree byofeb....pomegranate byofel....grenadine byafab....fig tree byafeb....fig byefab....olive tree byefeb....olive byefyel....olive oil byifab....plum tree byifeb....plum byifel....plum juice byufab....cinnamomon byufayol....cinnamon lofab....citrus tree lofeb....citrus lofel....citrus drink lafab....orange tree lafeb....orange lafel....orange juice
lafeel....orangeadelefab....mandarin tree lefeb....mandarin lefel...mandarin juice lifab....lemon tree lifeb....lemon lifel....lemon juice
lifeel....lemonadelufab....grapefruit tree lufeb....grapefruit lufel....grapefruit juice lyofab....linden tree lyofeb....lime lyofel....lime juice
lyofeel....limeadelyafab....mango tree lyafeb....mango lyafel....mango juice CONIFERS dofab....conifer dofeb....cone dafab....fir tree dafeb....fir cone defab....pine defeb....pine cone difab....yew tree difeb....yew berry dufab....cypress tree dufeb....cypress cone dyofab....cacao tree dyofeb....cocoa bean dyofel....cocoa
dyofyel....chocolatedyafab....cedar tree dyafeb....vanilla bean dyafel....vanilla extract dyefab....juniper tree dyefeb...juniper berry dyefil....gin dyifab....nutmeg tree dyifeb....nutmeg fruit
dyifeeb....nutmeg seeddyifol....nutmeg spice
fyifeel....macedyufab....sequoia tree, redwood dalofab....eucalyptus tree dalafab....spruce tree dalefab....hemlock tree, tsuga dalifab....holly tree dalifeb....holly drupe dalufab....magnolia tree dalufeb....magnolia fruit dalyofab....larch tree rafab....plane tree rafeb....dandelion refab....poplar tree rifab....birch tree rifeb....catkin rufab....acacia tree ryofab....willow tree, sallow ryafab....elm tree ryefab....sycamore tree ryefeb....sycamore fig ryifab....maple tree ryifyel....maple syrup NUT-PRODUCING TREES mofab....nut tree mofeb....nut mofayob....nutshell
mofaob....nut meatmafab....oak tree mafeb....acorn mefab....beech tree mefeb....beechnut mifab....chestnut tree mifeb....chestnut mufab....sweet chestnut tree mufeb....sweet chestnut myofab....almond tree myofeb....almond myafab....cashew tree myafeb....cashew myefab....brazil nut tree myefeb....brazil nut myifab....macadamia tree myifeb....macadamia nut nafab....pecan tree nafeb....pecan nefab....pistachio tree nefeb....pistachio nifab....marcona tree nifeb....marcona almond nufab....ginkgo tree nufeb....ginkgo nut nyofab....kukui tree nyofeb....candlenut nyafab....pili tree nyafeb....pili nut nyefab....kola tree nyefeb....kola nut nyefel....cola nyifab....hickory tree nyifeb....hickory nut nyufab....walnut tree nyufeb....walnut nyufyel....walnut oil nyofab....hazel tree nyofeb....hazelnut BUSH/PLANT/VINE LEAF/BEAN/BERRY DRINK fayb....bush/plant/vine feyb....berry/bean
fayeb....leaffeyl/fol...drink/powder safayb....tea plant safayeb....tea leaf safeyl....tea
safol....tea groundssefayb....blackberry vine sefeyb....blackberry sefyel....blackberry jam sifayb....pepper plant sifeyb....peppercorn sifol....pepper sufayb....strawberry bush sufeyb....strawberry sufel....strawberry juice syofayb....red current bush syofeyb....red current syafayb....black current bush syafeyb....black current kafayb....coffee plant kafeyb....coffee bean kafeyl....coffee
kafol....coffee groundsvafayb....grape vine vafeyb....grape vafeyl....grape juice
vafil....wineCrops[edit | edit source]
- Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base vob with taxonomic syllables.
Crops CEREALS ovob....cereal avob....wheat evob....rye ivob....barley uvob....buckwheat yovob....millet yavob....hop yevob....rapeseed yivob....rice yuvob....oat CROPS USED FOR FABRIC favob....cotton fevob....flax, linseed fivob....hemp fuvob....canvas, jute GRASSES gavob....cornflower gevob....corn, maize givob....tobacco guvob....brome grass lavob....bamboo levob....sugarcane livob....lemongrass luvob....reed, thatch pavob....sorghum sovob....fungus savob....mushroom sevob....thistle sivob....nettle suvob....alfalfa CROPS USED FOR SPICE zavob....parsley zevob....basil zivob....thyme zuvob....rosemary - From the above words are derived these products, among others:
- level....sugar
- ovol....bread
- gevyel....corn syrup, corn oil
- gevil....whiskey, bourbon
- evil....rye whiskey
- yavil....beer
- oyavil....ale
- uvil....IPA, pale ale
- yuvob mekil....oatmeal
- yivob zyiglal....rice cake
Vegetables and Legumes[edit | edit source]
- Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base vol (vegetable) or veel (legume) with a classifier syllable. Vegetables can be categorized as bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, or stalks.
Vegetables LEGUMES/EDIBLE SEEDS veel....legume, edible seed aveel....pea, sweet pea, English pea, garden pea eveel....snow pea iveel....sugar snap pea uveel....peanut, goober kaveel....bean, dried bean, common bean keveel....string bean, green bean kiveel....broad bean, fava bean kuveel....lima bean, butter bean, runner bean kyoveel....lentil kyaveel....chickpea kyeveel....kidney bean kyiveel....soybean kyuveel....black bean gaveel....navy bean geveel....pinto bean giveel....red bean guveel....cannelloni bean gyoveel....edamame gyaveel....cranberry bean gyeveel....mung bean gyiveel....black-eyed pea VEGETABLES: BERRIES/FRUITS bavol....tomato bevol....eggplant bivol....avocado buvol....cucumber byovol....gherkin byavol....artichoke byevol....chili pepper byivol....okra BULBS savol....leek sevol....onion sivol....shallot suvol....garlic syovol....ginger syavol....chive syevol....fennel syivol....spring onion MELONS/GOURDS gavol....pumpkin gevol....melon givol....watermelon guvol....honeydew, muskmelon gyovol....cantaloupe gyavol....chayote, choko gyevol....squash, crookneck pumpkin gyivol....gourd, squash gyuvol....zucchini courgette TUBERS/ROOT VEGETABLES lavol....potato
---alavol....purple potato
---elavol....sweet potatolevol....beet, beetroot
---alevol....beet topslivol....radish luvol....carrot lyovol....turnip lyavol....artichoke
---alyavol....Jerusalem artichockelyevol....rutabaga lyivol....parsnip lyuvol....taro kavol....yam kevol....celeriac LEAFY/FLOWERING VEGETABLES pavol....cabbage, cole
---apavol....savoy cabbage
---epavol....kohlrabi
---ipavol....red cabbage
---upavol....collard greens, kalepevol....cauliflower pivol....Brussels sprouts puvol....corn salad, lamb's lettuce vavol....lettuce vevol....spinach
---avevol....New Zealand spinachvivol....sorrel vuvol....mustard greens vyovol....broccoli vyavol....fresh herb vyevol....salad greens vyovol....okra zavol....parsley zevol....basil zivol....thyme zuvol....chicory zyovol....endive zyavol....watercress zyevol....coriander STALKS ravol....asparagus revol....celery rivol....rhubarb ruvol....turmeric ryovol....Swiss chard, white beet ryavol....garlic scape ryevol....heart of palm, swamp cabbage ryivol....bamboo shoot ryuvol....fiddleheads, ferns ralavol....lemongrass Common Flower Names[edit | edit source]
Flower Parts[edit | edit source]
- Flower names are built on the base name vos, meaning flower. First, here is a list of flower parts:
Flower Parts Flower Parts vos....flower vosayob....sepal vosayeb....petal vosib....receptacle veeybpexus....stigma vosij....bud, flower bud tooygon....pistil veeybyan....pollen twoogon....stamen twoogonyif....filament veeybyem....anther vosyob....peduncle Common Flower Names[edit | edit source]
- Common flower names are generated by prefixing a classifying syllable to the base vos, as in the list below:
60 Common Flower Names vos....flower avos....poppy evos....dahlia ivos....narcissus uvos....chrysanthemum yovos....cornflower, blueberry yavos....iris yevos....violet yivos....lily yuvos....carnation alovos....daisy alavos....rose alevos....forget-me-not alivos....hyacinth aluvos....hydrangea alyovos....lily of the valley alyavos....jonquil alyevos....tulip alyivos....primrose alyuvos....lilac elovos....geranium elavos....pansy elevos....primrose elivos....laurel eluvos....geranium elyovos....orchid elyavos....hibiscus elyevos....lotus elyivos....jasmine elyuvos....sunflower
ilovos....magnolia ilavos....lavender ilevos....balsam ilivos....flax iluvos....yellow marigold ilyovos....yellow oleander ilyavos....periwinkle ilyevos....chamomile ilyivos....narcissus ilyuvos....purple passion ulovos....indigo flower ulavos....bluebell flower ulevos....daffodil ulivos....saffron uluvos....snapdragon ulyovos....mimosa ulyavos....peony ulyevos....waterlily ulyivos....coriander ulyuvos....columbine yolovos....honeysuckle yolavos....acanthus yolevos....angelica yolivos....aspen yoluvos....blackthorn yolyovos....clianthus yolyavos....dittany yolyenos....everlasting yolyinos....fieldrush yolyunos....goosefoot
Less Common Botanical Names[edit | edit source]
- No Mirad dictionary can reasonably list all flora by name. The less common glosses not given above are derived from the ICN world standard Latin taxonomic names, which can be found at Wikipedia:International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants. For example, the Magnolia grandiflora or the Tulipa suaveolens, pictured in the above section. The name are pronounced as they are in Latin, not in Mirad. For example, an x is pronounced ks or gs as in Latin, not sh as in Mirad.
Computer Terminology[edit | edit source]
- This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges.
Computerese MIRAD ENGLISH aagsaibyan syaagir mainframe computer absem syaagir desktop computer agbanak byte ajnexer to archive amloagbanak megabyte anay dyewa tax read-only memory, ROM aota syaagir personal computer aottuunyan profile aoyebmeyp port apaxler to swipe aroagbanak kilobyte baler buxnuf to press/hit a key banak bit besu ag buxnuf caps lock key buxnuf key buxnufsemes keyboard buxnufseym keypad byemsines cursor byuxseym touchpad datier to friend dodrer ebdras to post a message dota zeyn social medium dreniver to text dreun document dreuzyufer to scroll, pan droer naab to delete a file drou buxnuf delete key drur printer drurer naab to print out a file drurer to print out druru buxnuf print screen key drurun a printout dunexlar word processor dyezier to take a movie ebdayler to chat ebdaylim chatroom emojin emoji ex buxnuf function key exen vyaab operating system extuundras program, application extuundrasog app extuundrasyan software extuundrer to program fuk bug fukaya buggy fukoyxer to debug garalyoagbanak petabyte gelxer naab to copy a file googler to google gyia kyos yebiar solid state drive, SSD gyia zyiun yebiar cd drive haydren dyun login name haydrer bay tuyubbal to log in with one's fingerprint haydrer to log in hoydrer to log out huisteaxar browser huisteaxer to browse hyux buxnuf alt key iber naab to receive a file ila mez sinuar, IMS liquid crystal display, LDC izbex buxnuf control key izbexdrof motherboard kliker ab click on kodun password kyadyunxer naab to rename a file kyax buxnuf shift key kyea yempuen tax random access memory, RAM kyiunier naab to download a file kyiunuer naab to upload a file kyiunxar charger kyiunxer to charge lodatier to unfriend makebdren email makedrer to email man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES LED mansin dyes photo album mis window naab file naedzyun trackball nagonxar modem neaf mansiniar web camera nexer naab to save a file num yibdalir cellphone obzatib syaagir laptop computer oglagos microchip oglateexar microphone omijber to boot up paxer naab to move a file paxyafwa yibdalir mobile phone poxu zyumuf buxnuf scroll lock key sagbexu buxnuf numlock key sagseym number pad sam console saunapxer naab to sort a file semes syaagir tablet computer sindren semes graphics tablet sindrenyan exlen aun graphics processing unit, GPU sines icon sinuar screen, display, monitor syaager to compute syaagir computer syaagirdal computerese syaagirtun computer science syaagnyed spreadsheet taam mays home screen tampu buxnuf home key tapul hardware, physical matter taxdrer to record taxmuf memory stick teataxdrer to video teataxdrun video tuunnabyan database tuyab izdar mouse tyepul software, brain matter uber naab to send a file uijber to reboot uinig buxnuf tab key utmansin selfie yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD) HTML yeber to enter, insert yebu buxnuf enter key, return key yebu buxnuf insert key yig zyiun yebiar hard disk drive, HDD yijber naab to open a file yujber naab to close a file yuzpumdrof circuitboard zea exlen aun central processing unit, CPU zoynigxu buxnuf backspace key zyiun yebiar disk drive Onomatopoeia[edit | edit source]
- Every language has words based on sounds as perceived by the speakers. For example, boom is one of the ways English speakers hear the sound of an explosion. This type of word is called onomatopoetic. Noubar Agapoff, the originator of Mirad (which he called Unilingua), did not treat the subject of noise words except for animal sounds, so I, as the legacy perpetuator of his language, had to come up with a system. Animal sounds are based on animal names and can be studied in the section on Animal Sounds. For other sound words, this is the section to read.
- Onomatopoeia can be divided into the following categories (other than animal noises):
- Human vocal sounds
- Sounds made by devices or other objects
- Music groups or terms
- The Mirad equivalents sometimes include the letters c and q, which c is pronounced ch and q is pronounced like a ch in the German word ach.
Human vocal sounds[edit | edit source]
Human vocal sounds ENGLISH MIRAD achoo acuu barf blaaq cough qaq-qaq hiccup hiq-huq hum hum-hum slurp lap-lap chomp cap-cap brrr bru-bru goo-goo guu-guu wah-wah waa-waa pssss psii-psii mmmm fii-fii ha ha 'hihi boo hoo 'huhu
- Any of the above sound words can be made into verbs, suffixing -xer to do or -der to say:
- acuu-xer....to go achoo"
- hum-hum-xer....to hum
- hiq-hiq-xer....to hiccup
- hihider....to laugh
- huhuder....to boo-hoo, cry
Sounds made by devices or other objects[edit | edit source]
Human vocal sounds ENGLISH DESCRIPTION MIRAD bang gunshot paw, paw-paw beep high-pitched signal biip, biip-biip boom explosion buum, buum-buum bong heavy bell boom-boom bonk hit on the head boq ching metal on metal ciiq choo-choo steam locomotive cu-cu clang loud vibration caaq, caaq-caaq clatter bumping dishes cek-cek clink glass on glass klink-klink crackle wood burning kraq-kraq crash heavy object collision qraaq creak door opening riik-riik ding dong ringing bell din-don fizz effervescence fizi-fizi flutter rapid motion caused by air falaa-falaa honk car horn oonk-oonk kaboom loud explosion kabuum knock-knock rapping top-top oom-pah deep brass instrument uum-paa ping small signal piing plop heavy object dropping into water plop-plop pop balloon bursting pop-pop pow gunshot pao rumble rolling noise ruum-buum sizzle frying noise siz-siz slosh back-and-forth water movement slox-slox snap quick breaking sound rep-rep splash water hitting a surface splax-splax splat tomato hitting a hard surface splat-splat squish juicy object being crushed skwiix swish water movement swiix tap hitting a surface lightly tip-tap thump heavy object landing drump-drump tick tock sound of a clock tik-tok toot small horn sound tuut-tuut vroom engine revving up vruum-vruum whirr rotating object hurru-wurru whoosh gust of wind wuux woo-woo train whistle wuu-wuu zap electrostatic discharge zep-zep zoom go past fast zuum-zuum
- Any of the above Mirad sound words can be a single word or double word.
- The Mirad sound words can be made into verbs by suffixing -xer.
- Ha tilzyebi klink-klink-xa.....The glasses clinked.
- A variation of this is also possible:
- Ha tilzyebi xa klink-klink.....The glasses went clink clink.
Music groups or terms[edit | edit source]
- Words like bebop are treated in the section Music Nomenclature.
Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology[edit | edit source]
- This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages.
Medical Diseases[edit | edit source]
- Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg.
- balyoganbok....asthma (lit: shortness of breath illness)
- tiebbok....pneumonia (lit: lung illness)
- teibbok....rhinitis (lit: nose illness)
- tayibblok....neuropathy (lit: nerve suffering)
- tebbyoyk....headache (lit: head ache)
- teibzyegikanbok....osteoporosis (lit: bone porosity illness)
Pharmaceuticals[edit | edit source]
- Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized.
- aspirin....aspirin
- Ibupropen....Ibupropen
- Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose:
- bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol....analgesic, painkiller (Lit: pain reliever)
- tikebilokxol....emetic (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance)
- Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see Nonproprietary Names). For example, phenobarbital. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad:
INN names pronunciation GRECO-ROMAN
SPELLINGMIRAD
PRONUNCIATIONch k ph f x ks y i qu kw rh r th t ae e oe e c before i, e, or y s c otherwise k final e silent double consonant single consonant
- Examples:
- acetaminophen....a-se-ta-mi-no-FEN
- amphetamine....am-fe-ta-MIN
- trimethroprim....tri-me-tro-PRIM
- sulfamethoxazole....sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL
- oxacillin....o-ksa-si-LIN
Mineral Nomenclature[edit | edit source]
Common Crystals[edit | edit source]
- The common crystals end in -mez and are listed here:
Names of Common Crystals MIRAD ENGLISH mez crystal amez diamond emez topaz imez ruby umez emerald yomez sapphire yamez lapis lazuli yemez amethyst yimez amber yumez topaz alomez opal alamez tourmaline alemez garnet alimez zirconia alumez jasper alyomez jade alyamez marganite alyemez quartz
Other Minerals[edit | edit source]
- All other minerals end in -muk with a prefix related to the 3-letter IMA symbol name (see Wikipedia:List_of_minerals_recognized_by_the_International_Mineralogical_Association). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. A list of IMA symbols can be found at Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine 85 (3): 291–320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. Bibcode: 2021MinM...85..291W. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A.. For example:
Some Mineral Names ENGLISH IMA SYMBOL MIRAD SPELLINGS MIRAD NAME argyrodyte Agy a-ge-yu ageyumuk brochantyte Bct ba-ca-to bacatomuk chromite Chr ca-he-ro caheromuk
- There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.:
- Lemmleinite-K (Lem-k) is liemikomuk in Mirad.
Rock Classification[edit | edit source]
- The naming of individual rock types is based on the BGS Rock Classification Scheme.
- All rocks end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type:
- ameg....sedimentary rock
- emeg....igneous rock
- imag....metamorphic rock
This page was last edited on 26 January 2023, and is still under heavy construction.
Content that is added is likely to be moved/deleted/edited significantly in a short amount of time. All Wikibookians with knowledge in this subject are welcome to help out.
You can remove this tag when the book has become more mature.Measurements[edit | edit source]
- Mirad uses the International System of Units|International System of Units (SI) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word ag- (big). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Mirad name preceded by hel (eg. alpha, beta, gamma, etc. and if the latter are majuscules, they are similarly preceded with the word ag-. The Mirad pronunciation of the SI symbol for ohm (Ω) is aghelo. All metric units end in the word nak.
SI Base Units[edit | edit source]
SI base units ENGLISH
UNIT
NAMESYMBOLIC
ABBREVIATIONQUANTITY
UNITMIRAD
PRONUNCIATIONsecond s time sonak meter m length minak kilogram kg mass kigenak ampere A electric current aganak kelvin K thermodynamic temperature agkinak Mole mol amount of substance miolinak candela cd luminous intensity cadanak
- The hyphen in the above "spelled out" words ensure that each syllable gets even stress.
SI Derived Units[edit | edit source]
- Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols:
SI derived units with special names and symbols ENGLISH
NAMESYMBOLIC
WRITTEN
ABBREVIATIONQUANTITY
UNITMIRAD
PRONUNCIATIONradian rad plane angle roadanak steradian sr solid angle soronak hertz Hz frequency aghezunak newton N force, weight agninak pascal Pa pressure, stress agpoanak joule J energy agjinak watt W power agwunak coulomb C electric charge agcanak volt V electrical potential difference agvunak farad F capacitance agfenak ohm Ω electrical resistance aghelonak Siemens S electrical conductance agsonak Weber Wb magnetic flux agwubanak tesla T magnetic flux density agtonak henry H inductance aghenak degree Celsius °C temperature nogagcanak lumen lm luminous flux liminak lux lx illuminance lixunak becquerel Bq radioactivity agbakonak gray Gy absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) aggeyunak sievert Sv equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) agsovunak katal kat catalytic activity kiatonak byte B 8 bits of information agbanak bit b one bit of information banak
- Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:
Convenient Non-SI Units[edit | edit source]
Convenient non-SI units ENGLISH
NAMESYMBOLIC
WRITTEN
ABBREVIATIONQUANTITY
UNITMIRAD
PRONUNCIATIONlitre L volume aglonak hectare ha area heabak ton t area tonak decibel dB loudness daagbanak
Metrical Formulae[edit | edit source]
- The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means per or divided by and is pronounced gol. The symbol x means times and is pronounced gal. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced gar plus the number (with -wa, if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced gor plus the number (again, with -wa if a unit number). See Arithmetical Expressions for further information on these terms.
Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units NAME SYMBOLIC
FORMULADERIVED
QUANTITYTYPICAL
SYMBOLMIRAD
PRONUNCIATIONsquare meter m2 area A mi-gar-ewa cubic meter m3 volume V mi-gar-iwa meter per second m/s speed, velocity v mi-gol-so meter per second squared m/s2 acceleration a mi-gol-so-gar-ewa reciprocal meter m−1 wavenumber σ, ṽ mi-gor-awa vergence (optics) V, 1/f kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 density ρ kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa kilogram per square meter kg/m2 surface density ρA kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg specific volume v mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige ampere per square meter A/m2 current density j aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa ampere per meter A/m magnetic field strength H aga-gol-mi mole per cubic meter mol/m3 concentration c mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 mass concentration ρ, γ kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa candela per square meter cd/m2 luminance Lv cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa
Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes[edit | edit source]
- The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for b (byte) is pronounced ba in Mirad. A terabyte ( Tb) is therefore pronounced ag-to-ba, which This amounts 1012 bytes. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes:
Scalar Metrics MACRO MICRO BASE
10US/UK NAME MIRAD PREFIX
SI PREFIX
MIRAD PRON.SI SYMBOL BASE
10(US/UK NAME) MIRAD PREFIX
SI PREFIXSI SYMBOL
MIRAD PRON.1 one an- ... mono-, uni- 1/1 whole ayn-
holo-, uni-2 two en-
bi-1/2 half eyn-
demi-, di-3 three in-
tri-1/3 third iyn-
terci-4 four un-
tetra-1/4 fourth uyn-
quadri-5 five yoon-
penta-1/5 fifth yoyn
quinti-6 six yaon-
hexa-1/6 sixth yayn
sexti-7 seven yeon-
hepta-1/7 seventh yeyn
septi-8 eight yion
octo-1/8 eighth yiyn
octi-9 nine yuon
nona-1/9 ninth yuyn
novi-10 ten alo-
deca-da
da-a-1/10 tenth aloy-
deci-d
da-102 hundred aso-
hexa-h
hi-10-2 hundredth asoy-
centi-c
ca-103 thousand amso-
kilo-k
ki-10-3 thousandth) amsoy-
milli-m
mi-106 million amlo-
mega-M
agmi-10-6 millionth amloy-
micro-r
ro-109 billion /milliard amro-
giga-G
agge-10-9 billionth/ milliardth amroy-
nano-n
ni-1012 trillion /billion garale-
tera-T
agto-10-12 trillionth / billionth) gorale-
pico-p
po-1015 quadrillion)/ billiard garalyo-
peta-P
agpo-10-15 quadrillionth) / billiardth goralyo-
femto-f
fe-1018 quintillion / trillion garalyu-
exa-E
age-10-18 quintillionth)/ trillionth goralyu
atto-a
a-1021 sextillion)/ trilliard garela-
zetta-Z
agzu-10-21 sextillionth / trilliardth gorela
zepto-z
zu-1024 septillion)/ quadrillion garelu-
yotta-Y
agyu10-27 septillionth / quadrillionth gorelu
yocto-y
yu-
- *Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (109) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6. The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12.
Abbreviated Symbols[edit | edit source]
The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with ag-. Here is a table showing grams:
Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols MACRO MICRO SYMBOL (EXPANSION) MIRAD PRONUNCIATION SYMBOL (EXPANSION) MIRAD PRONUNCIATION dag (decagram) daage (decigram) dage hg (hexagram) hege cg (centigram) cage kg (kilogram) koge mg (milligram) mige Mg (megagram) agmige rg or μg (microgram) roge or helmuge Gg (gigagram) aggege ng (nanogram) nige Tg (teragram) agtoge pg (picagram) poge Pg ( petagram) agpoge fg (femtogram) fege Eg (exagram) agege ag (attogram) age Zg (zettagram) ag-ze-ge zg (zeptogram) zege Yg (yottagram) ag-yu-ge yg (yoctogram) yuge
- The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar ewa (squared) and gar iwa (cubed), respectively:
- 10 kg2....(pronounced as:) alo koge gar ewa
- 12 mm3....(pronounced as:) ale mimi gar iwa
Forming Adjectives[edit | edit source]
- You can form an adjective by adding the suffix a to a substantive, adverb, or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized.
- Examples:
Deriving Adjectives NOUN ADJECTIVE taam....home taama....domestic doob....nation dooba....national tej....life teja....vital tyoyapyaf....ability to walk tyoyapyafa....ambulatory martun....astronomy martuna....astronomical PRONOUN ADJECTIVE at....I, me ata....my eut....yourself euta....your own hiyen....this kind hiyena....this kind of duhat?....who? duhata?....whose? GERUND ADJECTIVE ifeken....recreation ifekena....recreational VERB FORM ADJECTIVE (= PARTICIPLE) teje....(he) lives tejea....living tojo....will die tojoa....moribund, about to die tojbu....would kill tojbua....lethal twa....was known twaa....known (usu. shortened to twa)
Adjectival Suffixes[edit | edit source]
- Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just a.
- Examples:
Deriving Other Adjectives SUFFIX MEANING NOUN ADJECTIVE -aya full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly volz
colorvolzaya
colorfulfutax
resentmentfutaxaya
resentfultiibil
bloodtiibilaya
bloodyyiflan
courageyiflanaya
courageous-oya bereft of, -less, un- volz
colorvolzoya
colorless, paletajyaf
talenttajyafoya
untalented-ika full of, -ous, -ful, -y map
windmapika
windy-uka bereft of, without, -less nas
moneynasuka
broke, penniless-yena -like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al tudet
childtudetyena
childish, infantiletot
godtotyena
divine, godlypit
fishpityena
fish-like, fishy-wa or -awa -ed, past passive participle
(added to verb stem)VERB STEM PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE t-
knowtwa
knowndal-
speakdalwa
spoken, oralnixbu-
sellnixbuwa
solddr-
writedrawa
written-ea -ing
(added to verb stem)VERB STEM PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE ot-
not knowotea
ignoranttej-
livetejea
living, alivetuj-
dietujea
dying-yea -ive, prone to Xing, given to X
(added to verb stem)VERB STEM PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE tujb-
killtujbyea
murderoustex-
thinktexyea
pensive, thoughtfultox-
forgettoxyea
forgetfulaxl-
actaxlyea
active-uwa -able, apt to be Xed
(added to verb stem)VERB STEM POTENTIAL PASSIVE PARTICIPLE ex-
operateexuwa
operabletos
feeltosuwa
palpabletex-
thinktexuwa
conceivabletel-
eatteluwa
edible-yafa -able, capable of Xing
(added to verb stem)VERB STEM POTENTIAL SUBJECT-ORIENTED teat-
seeteatyafa
sightful, able to seedyed-
readdyedyafa
literate-yafwa -able, possible to be Xed
(added to verb stem)VERB STEM POTENTIAL OBJECT-ORIENTED teat-
seeteatyafwa
visibletax-
remembertaxyafwa
memorableteet-
hearteetyafwa
audibletel-
eattelyafwa
edible-yofa incapable of Xing
(added to verb stem)VERB STEM NEGATIVE POTENTIAL SUBJECT-ORIENTED teat-
seeteatyofa
blindtyoyap-
walktyoyapyofa
lameteet-
hearteetyofa
deafdal-
speakdalyofa
dumb, incapable of speaking-yofwa un-X-able
(added to verb stem)VERB STEM NEGATIVE POTENTIAL OBJECT-ORIENTED teat-
seeteatyofwa
invisibleteet-
hearteetyofa
inaudibletox-
forgettoxyofa
unforgetabledal-
speakdalyofa
unspeakable-ifa fond of, -phile NOUN STEM ADJECTIVE pot
animalpotifa
pet-friendlyhyitoob-
same-genderhyitoobifa
homophiletobot
childtobotifa
pedophilefitel
foodfitelifa
gourmanddoob
nationdoobifa
patriotic-ufa adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic NOUN STEM ADJECTIVE tob
humantobufa
misanthropichyut-
other personhyutufa
xenophobictoyb-
womantoybufa
misogynist-ef(w)a needful of,
(necessary to be X-ed)NOUN OR VERB STEM ADJECTIVE til
drinktilefa
thirstytel
foodtelefa
hungrynas
moneynasefa
poor, needyyelb-
to oilyelbefwa
squeaky, in need of oil-yef(w)a worthy of,
due to be (deserving of being X-ed)NOUN OR VERB STEM ADJECTIVE fid
praisefidyefa
praiseworthydud
answerdudyefa
responsibletax-
remembertaxyefwa
memorable-yuk(w)a easy to, (easily X-ed) VERB STEM ADJECTIVE vatex-
believevatexyuka
gulliblevatex-
believevatexyukwa
incredible, hard to believe-yik(w)a hard to,
(hard of X-ing)VERB STEM ADJECTIVE teat-
seeteatyikwa
opaqueteet-
hearteetyika
hard of hearing
Adjectival Prefixes[edit | edit source]
Negating the Meaning of Adjectives[edit | edit source]
- The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix o-.
- Examples:
- vlea....probable → ovlea....improbable
- fika....perfect → ofika....imperfect
- twa....known → otwa....unknown
- bosa....quiet → obosa....upset, unquiet
- Note: Occasionally, the prefix lo- is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case:
- fwa....wanted
- → ofwa....prohibited < ofer....to prohibit
- → yofwa....impossible < yofer....to be unable
- → lofwa....unwanted < fer....to want (disambiguated)
- The prefixes lyo- and ov are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective:
- data....friendly
- odata....unfriendly
- ovdata....hostile
- lyodata....inimical
- dota....social
- odota....unsocial
- ovdota....antisocial
- lyodota....savage
Table of Adjective Prefixes[edit | edit source]
- As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones:
Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes
Click on double arrow to alphabetize the columnMIRAD PREFIX ENGLISH PREFIX ALTERED ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES o- un-, a(n)-, in-, non- obaka....unhealthy
oyezyebeya....incontinent, oyelpea....non-invasive
ototina....atheistov- anti-, counter- ovzuina....anti-leftist
oviztida....counter-intuitiveav- pro- avhyitoosifa....pro-gay kovyo- pseudo- kovyotepina....pseudo-intellectual hya(s)- all-, pan-, omni- hyastea....all-knowing, omniscient voy-, gal- re- voyupya....returned
gaabwa....reappliedvyo- mis- vyoseudwa....mispronounced eyn- semi-, half- eynlevelaya....semi-sweet
eyntija....half-awakeyiz- ultra-, super- yizdoobina....ultra-nationalist
yizmola....supernaturalgro- under-, hypo- grojaga....under-aged gra- over-, hyper-, uber- graagxwa....overgrown
gratoseya....hypersensitivegla- multi-, many-, poly- glakuma....multilateral
glatadaya....polygamousfu- mal-, ill- futeyenxwa....ill-conceived
fusanxwa....malformedfi- well- fitofabwa....well-dressed yuyb- quasi-, almost yuybdaba....quasi-governmental ja- pre-, (a)fore-, pro- jateyenxwa....pre-conceived
jaigdawa....aformentionedjo- post- jodropeka....post-war oyeb- extra-, exo-, oyebtada....extra-marital yeb- endo- yebtayoba....endo-dermal agl(a)- macro- aglamora....macrocosmic ogl(a)- micro- oglamora....microcosmic ut- auto-, self-, sui- utpana....automatic
uttojbua....suicidalhyaewa- ambi- hyaewatesea....ambivalent en- bi- entoobifa....bisexual yuz- circum- yuzteaxea....circumspect gel- homo- gelsauna....homogeneous ogel- hetero- ogelsauna....heterogeneous oyb- infra-, sub- oybivoza....infrared ge- iso-, equi- gevoza....isochromatic agr(a)- mega- agratipa....megamaniacal ku- para- kuega....paranormal yuyb- quasi-, almost, pen- yuybdobyena....quasi-official yib- tele-, far- yibpyuxea....far-reaching zey- trans-, cross- zeymimaga....transoceanic aaj- paleo- aajtoba....paleoloanthropic eej- neo- eejvisauna....neoclassical yibaj- arch(a)eo-, ancient yibajtuna....archaeological yeb- endo-, inner, intro- yebzena....endocentric
yebuzbwa....introvertedoyeb- exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)- oyebzena....exocentric
oyebuzbwa....extrovertedyab(an)- high-, up yabnoga....upscale
yabnayxa....high-pricedyaban- acro- yabanyufa....acrophobic yob- low-, down- yobnoga....low-grade, down-scale
English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison[edit | edit source]
- Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts:
English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared ENGLISH SUFFIX MEANING MIRAD SUFFIX ALTERED ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES -ful full of -aya
-ikavozaya....colorful
tuzika....skillful-ous full of -aya
-ikanazika....precious
milaya....aqueous-filled full of -aya
-ikamovika / movaya....smoke-filled -y full of -aya
-ikamovika / movaya....smoky
-ous of
like-a totina....religious
vyosa....erroneous-ly like -yena totyena....godly
toybyena....womanly-like like -yena patyena....bird-like -ish like -yena tobotyena....childish -y like -yena fyabyena....fruity -ic like -yena tuzyena....artistic
silyena....acidic-ic of
related to-a tuna....scientific
beka....therapeutic-ical of
related to-a zyunida....spherical
iztexa....logical-ological pertaining to the study of -tuna tejtuna....biological -ist(ic) pertaining to the doctrine of -ina doparina....militarist(ic)
nasyanina....capitalist(ic)-ophobic (and miso- prefix) hating
fearful of-ufa yudatufa....xenophonic
tobyanufa....misanthropic-ophilic (and philo- prefix) loving -ifa tobotifa....pedophilic
tobifa....philanthropic-al like -yena pyotyena....bestial -al of
pertaining to-a teja....vital
amana....thermal-less without
empty of-oya
-ukatejuka....lifeless
tobotoya....childless-free without
empty of-oya
-ukayomuka....ice-free
vyosoya....error-free-safe
-prooffree
not subject to-vaka milvaka....waterproof
Forming Adverbs[edit | edit source]
- Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix a, in other words, by adding a y to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
- Examples:
Deriving Adverbs ADJECTIVE ADVERB fia....good fiay....well vyaa....true vyaay....truly gyua....easy gyuay....easily iga....quick igay....quickly auta....personal autay....personally
- For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example:
- It tyoyape ig.....He walks fast.
- Yit xa has fi.....They did it well.
Special Adverbs[edit | edit source]
- Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in -ay.
- Here are the principal such adverbs:
Special Adverbs MIRAD ENGLISH vay indeed, really, certainly, do (cf. va....yes) vey possibly, may, might (cf. ve....maybe) voy not (cf. vo....no) ga more (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) gay also, moreover, further, still ge as, equally (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) gey even go less (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) goy no longer, no more gla very glay quite, rather, so gle so glo not very, not so gra too gre enough, sufficiently, over- gro not...enough, inadequately, under- gwa most, super- gwe average gwo least, sub- zay ahead, forward zey across zoy back zye through zya throughout
- The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow:
- AFFIRMATIVE: Va, at vay se taduwa.....Yes, I am indeed married.
- DUBITIVE: Iyta dud se vey vyosa.....Her response is possibly wrong.
- NEGATIVE: At voy se eta yuxrut.....I am not your slave.
- The adverbs above beginning with g are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb:
- Et se gla via.....You are very beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].
- Et peya gra ig.....You were going too fast [=ADVERB].
- It gra dale.....He talks [=VERB] too much.
- Other special adverbs, which do not end in -ay, include the following, which can all be used in multi-word prepositions:
Adverbs Used in Prepositional Phrases SPECIAL ADVERB EXAMPLES yab....up Ha pat papa yab bu ha mam.....The bird flew up to the sky. yob....down Teaxu yob bu ha mel.....Look down to the ground. yub....near Besu yub bi ha mas.....Stay near the wall. yib....far Ha tobi igpia yib bi ha yovbyokam.....The people ran far from the prison. yeb....in, inward, inside Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa yeb buha tam!....Guess who just walked into the house! oyeb....out, outside It tyoyapa oyeb zye bi ha zames.....He walked out through the front door. yuz....around Yit daza yuz bi yat.....They danced around us. yiz....beyond Et yefe teaxer yiz bi hia tistam av yux.....You must look beyond this school for help. iz....directly, straight Pu iz bu hat.....Go right up to him. zi....right Uzpu zi ub yat!....Turn right toward us! zu....left Hat uzpa zu ib at.....He turned left away from me. zay....forward Pu zay bu ha uj.....Go on to the end. zoy....back Upu zoy bi hua nem.....Come back from that place. zye....through Yat buxo ha muyv zye bi ha dref.....We will push the pin through the paper. yan....together Van yat tyopu yan.....Let's walk together. yon....apart Ha meri kyapeye yon.....The planets are drifting apart.
Pro-adverbs[edit | edit source]
- There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as pro-adverbs. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like duhom? (where?), duhoyen? (how?), duhoj? (when?), duhogla (to what extent?), and their answers, such as hum (there), heyen (somehow), and hyoj (never), hugla (so, to that extent). These words are discussed under the chapter on Deictic Determiners.
Forming Verbs[edit | edit source]
- Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech:
- Noun stems
- Adjective stems
- Verb stems
Forming Verbs from Nouns[edit | edit source]
- Verbs can often be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix er:
Denominal Verb Derivation NOUN VERB syag....count syager....to count af....permission afer....may, be allowed teud....cry, shout teuder....to cry, shout, exclaim taj....birth tajer....to be born tej....life tejer....to live toj....death tojer....to die ej....present ejer....to continue ij....beginning ijer....to begin uj....end ijer....to end yuj....sleep tujer....to sleep
Verb Formants[edit | edit source]
- More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such verb formants are in this chart:
- -ser....to be/become usually intransitive and stative (unite = become one)
- -xer....to do/make usually transitive and dynamic (unite = make one)
- -per....to go usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (mount = get onto)
- -ber....to put usually transitive and a verb of gesture (apply = put onto)
- -ier a stub from the verb to take, usually an action verb benefiting the agent (eat = take food)
- -uer a stub from the verb to give, usually an action verb benefiting the patient (feed = give food)
- -der....to say, a verb of communication (affirm = say yes)
- -ter....to know, verbs of the perception and knowledge (teater = see)
- Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids l or r, eg.-sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer.
Verb Derivation with Verb Formants NOUN AUXILIARY VERB OR VERB STUB FORMANT VERB yav....innocence der....to say yavder....to acquit yov....shame, guilt aber....to apply, put on yovaber....to shame, accuse yov....shame, guilt ober....to remove, take off yovober....to excuse, exculpate tof....clothes aber....to apply, put on tofaber....to dress, don tof....clothes ober....to remove, take off tofober....to undress, strip det....associate ser....to be, become detser....to associate dat....friend xer....to do, make datxer....to befriend san....form ser....to be, become sanser....to form (intransitive) san....form xer....to do, make sanxer....to form (transitive) tel....food (b)ier....to take telier....to eat, consume tel....food (b)uer....to give teluer....to feed, nourish if....pleasure (b)ier....to take ifier....to enjoy if....pleasure (b)uer....to give ifuer....to please taj....birth ber....to put tajber....to give birth tej....life per....to go tejper....to come alive tej....life ber....to put tejber....to bring to life toj....death per....to go tojper....to drop dead toj....death ber....to put tojber....to kill tij....wakefulness per....to go tijper....to wake up tij....wakefulness ber....to put tijber....to awaken tuj....sleep per....to go tujper....to fall asleep tuj....sleep ber....to put tujber....to put to sleep tax....memory (b)ier....to take taxier....to recall tax....memory (b)uer....to give taxuer....to remind yev....justice der....to say, tell yevder....to judge vyan....truth der....to say, tell vyander....to tell the truth vyon....falsehood der....to say, tell vyonder....to tell a lie il....liquid aker....to gain ilaker....to take on liquid il....liquid oker....to lose iloker....to leak, lose liquid il....liquid (b)ier....to take ilier....to soak up il....liquid (b)uer....to give iluer....to pour, water il....liquid ikser....to get full ilikser....to be soaked (intransitive) il....liquid ikxer....to fill up ilikxer....to flood, soak (transitive) il....liquid ukser....to become empty ilukser....to drain (intransitive) il....liquid ukxer....to empty ilukxer....to flush (transitive) il....liquid ser....to be, become ilser....to liquify, melt (intransitive) il....liquid xer....to do, make ilxer....to liquify, melt (transitive) il....liquid aber....to apply, put on ilaber....to wash (transitive) il....liquid aper....to get on ilaper....to float (intransitive) il....liquid per....to go ilper....to flow (intransitive) il....liquid zyaber....to spread ilzyaber....to spray, shower (transitive) il....liquid zyober....to squeeze ilzyober....to squirt (transitive) il....liquid pyexer....to strike ilpyexer....to splash (with liquid) il....liquid yujer....to close ilyujer....to plug
- Note that verbs ending in -ser and -ier are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in -xer and -uer are transitive. Also, -ier verbs are inchoative, while -uer verbs are benefactive or causative (making someone do something).
Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser[edit | edit source]
- The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with -xer....to do, make, cause, and the intransitive group with -ser....to be, become.
- The following chart shows how these verbs are formed:
Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser ADJECTIVE TRANSITIVE VERB INTRANSITIVE VERB aza....strong azaxer....fortify, strengthen, make strong azaser....get strong oza....week ozaxer....weaken ozaser....grow weaker kyia....heavy kyiaxer....weigh down kyiaser....grow heavy kyua....light kyuaxer....lighten, make lighter kyiaser....get lighter yana....together yanaxer....bring together yanaser....get together
- The final adjective ending a is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the a makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart:
Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation ADJECTIVE TRANSITIVE VERB INTRANSITIVE VERB aga....big agaxer....magnify agaser....get big agxer....grow agxer....grow up, mature iga....fast igaxer....accelerate igaser....speed up igxer....rush igser....hurry up baka....healthy bakaxer....make healthy bakaser....get healthy bakxer....heal bakser....heal sana....formal sanaxer....formalize sanaser....become formal sanxer....form, shape sanser....form, take shape
Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per[edit | edit source]
- Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb ber....to put, while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb per....to go. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in b, the b is dropped. Here are some examples:
Verb Derivation with Ber and Per PREPOSITON
BASETRANSITIVE GESTURE VERB INTRANSITIVE MOTION VERB ab....on aber....apply, put on aper....mount, get on eb....between eber....block eper....intervene ob....off ober....remove, take off oper....dismount, get off ib....away iber....receive iper....leave ub....toward uber....send uper....come yab....up yaber....raise yaper....rise yeb....in
oyeb....outyeber....insert
oyeber....take outyeper....enter
oyeper....exityob....down yober....lower yoper....descend yib....far yiber....take away yiper....move away yub....near yuber....bring yuper....approach za....front zaber....put up front zaper....take the lead zay....forward zayber....advance zayper....advance, go forward ze....middle zeber....balance zeper....balance zey....across zeyber....take across, transfer zeyper....cross, go over, transit zo....behind zober....hinder zoper....trail, lag zoy....back zoyber....set back, return zoyper....retreat, go back, return iz....straight izber....guide izper....aim for uz....crooked uzber....divert uzper....turn, diverge zu....left zuber....set to the left zuper.... go left yiz....beyond yizber....take beyond yizper....pass by yuz....around yuzber....take around yuzper....go around
- More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of ser and xer, plus the intensifiers y, l and r. In this more complex world, the last letter of the stem determines the transitivity: s for intransitive and x for transitive. Prepositions can also be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions.
Creating More Elaborate Verbs GESTURE VERB MOTION VERB INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE -- ber....put
beer....have
beler....carry
bexer....hold
bexler....keepper....go -- baer....lean on baler....press
yanbaler....compress
yobaler....depress, suppress
yuzbaler....hug
zoybaler....repress
barer....crushbaser....gesticulate baxer....make a gesture
abaxer....caress, patpaser....move paxer....move byaser....stand up byaxer....set up, erect pyaser....jump up pyaxer....shoot, launch basler....budge baxler....rouse
abaxler....strokepaaser....get excited paaxer....excite
apaxler....sweepbasrer....shake baxrer....shake
abaxrer....rubapaxrer....scrub beser....stay bexer....hold
zoybexer....restrain
yobexer....detain, hold downpeser....wait pexer....trap
pexler....capture
pexrer....abductbyeser....behave byexer....hit pyeser....run into, bump into pyexer....strike, knock
yonpyexer....break
yopyexer....knock down
epyexer....fight
apyexer....attack
ovpyexer....offend
kunpyexer....sideswipe
tuyapyexer....slapbesler....adhere bexler....retain pyexler....pound, beat
apyexler....assault
yonpexler....shatter, burstyanpyesrer....implode
yonpyesler....explodepyexler....blast, bomb boser....calm down
boyser....restboxer....quieten, quell poser....stop
poyser....pausepoxer....stop byoser....hang byoxer....hang pyoser....fall
yonpyoser....decaypyoxer....drop, throw down
yopyoxer....topple
biser....originate bixer....pull
yanbixer....contract
yonbixer....distract
yubixer....attract
yibixer....distract
oyebixer....extract
yebixer....push inpixer....catch bisler....spring bixler....yank
bixrer....ravagepixler....snatch
pixrer....rapebuser....be destined buxer....push, drive
zyobuxer....squeeze
yebuxer....expel
abuxer....imposeapuser....assault puxer....throw, thrust byuser....bump into byuxer....touch
yanbyuxer....contactpyuser....run into pyuxer....crash busler....swoop buxler....shove pusler....lunge, pounce puxler....thrust
zyapuxler....splatter
- Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb baxer (and its intransitive partner baser) as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart:
Baxer Verbs PREFIX VERB baxer....gesture, make a bodily motion ab....on abaxer....caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub iz....straight izbaxer....point teb....head tebaxer....nod va....yes vatebaxer....nod yes vo....no votebaxer....nod no ve....maybe vetebaxer....shrug tuyab....hand tuyabaxer....wave tub....arm tubaxer....flail, swing teubab....tongue teubabaxer....lick teab....eye teubaxer....wink patub....wing patubaxer....flap tiyub....tail tiyubaxer....wag baser....gesticulate ig-....fast igbaser....jerk zay....forward igzaybaser....lurch zoy....back zoybaser....recoil yob....down yobaser....bow, bend down ku-....side kubaser....slide ig-....fast igkubaser....slip iz....straight + uz....curved uizbaser....sway, swagger, swish zi....right + zu....left zuibaser....wiggle, wobble, totter
Forming Frequentative Verbs[edit | edit source]
- A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by infixing the syllable eg- between the verb stem and verb ending. Here are some examples:
The -eg- Frequentative Infix REGULAR VERB FREQUENTATIVE VERB paser....move paseger....shake, shudder pyaser....jump pyaseger....bounce paper....fly papeger....flutter, flit braser....shake braseger....shudder, quiver, vibrate teupixer....bite teupixeger....nibble ilzyaber....spray ilzyabeger....sprinkle pyexer....beat pyexeger....batter, whip
Forming Hybrid Words with Alternating Components[edit | edit source]
- Expressions with alternating components like back-and-forth, up-and-down, etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs:
Hybrid Words ALTERNATING COMPONENTS HYBRID EXPRESSION EXAMPLES yab....up +
yob....downyao(b)-....up-and-down yaoper....fluctuate, yaopuser....bounce a-....up, north, skyward +
o-....down, southao-....vertical aonada....vertical, aomera....north-south za(y)....forth +
zo(y)....backzao(b)-....front-back/north-to-south zaobaser....rock bu....to +
bi....frombui-....to-and-from buipar....shuttle, buipop....round-trip ab....on +
ob....offao(b)-....on-and-off aoper....get on and off yuj-....closed +
yij-....openyuij-....open-and-shut yuijbar....switch, igyuijer....blink uj-....stop +
ij-....startuij-....stop-and-start uijparpan....stop-and-go traffic (a)yeb....in +
oyeb....outaoye(b)-....in-and-out igaoyeper....run in-and-out yub....near +
yib....faryui(b)-....near-and-far yuipoper....travel near-and-far ub....toward +
ib....awayui(b)-....toward-and-away uipen....coming and going hum....there +
him....herehuim....here-and-there huimkexer....search high-and-low (here-and-there) hus....that +
his....thishuis....this-and-that huisyexer....do odd jobs, work at this-or-that hyut....other person +
hyit....same personhyuit....one another hyuitifer....love one another, hyuita....mutual, reciprocal
- Here are some more examples:
More Hybrids HYBRID WORD ENGLISH GLOSS ALTERNATING COMPONENTS aogsen fluctuation (in size) ag- (big) + og- (little) + s- (become) + -en (-ing) aonada vertical a- (up/north) + o- (down/south) + nad (line) + -a (adj.) aopuys hop-on-hop-off a(p)- (on) + o(p)- (off) + puys- (hop) buien trading, swapping bu- (give) + bi- (trake) + -en (-ing) buip traffic bu- (to) + bi- (from) + p- (go) buixar spring bux- (push) + bix (pull) + -ar (instrument) buixek tug-o-war bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + ek (play) buixnyem drawer bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + nyem (box) byaosen teetering, stumbling byas- (stand) + byos- (fall) + -en (-ing) diep marine force dip (sea force) + dep (land force) duid q&a, interview dud (answer) + did (question) eigpyexer batter, whip eg- (again) + ig- (fast) + pyexer (to hit) gao more-or-less ga (more) + go (less) glaojo sooner or later gla (very) + glo (slightly) + jo (after) huimkexer search here and there hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -m (place) + kex (search) + -er (inf.) huis this-and-that hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -s (thing) hyuit one another hyu- (other) + hyi- (same) + -t (person) kyaopen fluctuation kya- (mobile) + kyo (static) + -pen (going) maluier breathe mal- (air) + u- (let out) + i- (take in) -er (inf.) maojyex double-shift work maj (day) + moj (night) + yex (work) maonig flicker man (light) + mon (dark) + ig- (fast) maolza black&white/gray malza (white) + molza (black) meil mud mel (soil) + mil (water) memuiben import-exports mem (country) + ub- (send) + ib- (receive) + -en (-ing) mial vapor mil (water) + mal (air) mieg reef mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -g (stone) miek sand mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -k (rocky substance) miem swamp mim (sea) + mem (land) mimpuin dock mim (sea) + pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place) mimpyaos surf mim (sea) + pyas- (surge) + pyos- (sink) mimuip tide mim (sea) + up- (come) + ip- (go) peit amphibian pet (land animal) + pit (sea creature) puim kiss-and-ride zone pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place) puixek baseball pux- (pitch) + pix- (catch) + ek (play) pyaos wave pyas- (surge) + pyos- (crest) teabyuij blink teab (eye) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open) tuijea nodding off tuj- (sleep) + tij (wake) -ea (-ing) uijdal stutter uj- (finish) + ij- (start) + dal (speech) uipeni comings & goings up- (come) + ip (go) + -en (-ing) + -i (pl.) uiza serpentine, snaky uza (crooked) + iza (straight) vao? yes or no? va (yes) + vo (no) vaod decision va (yes) + vo (no) + d- (say) yaobar elevator yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + -ar (instrument) yaobyuijar piston yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open ) + -ar (instrument) yaoplas oscillation yap- (up) + yop- (down) + plas (shake) yaopsim seesaw yap- (ascend) + yop- (descend) + sim (seat) yaopus bounce ya(b)- (up) + yo(b)- (down) + pus (jump) yaovdut juror yav- (innocent) + yov- (guilty) + d- (say) + -ut (agent) yaoza uneven, bumpy, serrated yaza (convex) + yoza (concave) yaozgoblar saw yaz (protrusion ) + yoz (indentation) + gobl- (cut) + -ar (instrument) yaozil wave yaz (swell) + yoz (trough) + -il (liquid) yuibteabar bifocals yub (near) + yib (far) + teab (eye) + -ar (instrument) yuijar valve, switch yuj- (close) + yij- (open) + -ar (instrument) zaobelur ferry za- (forth) + zo (back) + bel- (carry) + -ur (vehicle) zaobyexar swatter, bat za (forth) + zo (back) + byex- (strike) + -ar (instrument) zaodal dialog za- (forth) + zo (back) + dal (speech) zaogoblar saw za (forth) + zo (back) + gobl (cut) + -ar (instrument) zaokyax alternation za (forth) + zo (back) + kyax (change) zaopasen swinging za- (forth) + zo- (back) + pasen (moving) zaopsim swing or rocker zap- (go forth) + zap (go back) + sim (seat) zuibasen wiggling zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bas- (move bodily) + -en (-ing) zuibayx wag zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bayx- (slight body move) zuibyoxea dangling zu (left) + zi (right) + byox- (hang down) + -ea (-ing) zuiyafa ambidextrous zu- (left) + zi- (right) + yafa (capable) zyaobas throb zya- (wide) + zyo- (narrow) + bas (bodily movement)