Mirad Grammar/Word Families

Word Families

The core words serve as nuclei for the word families. The nuclei represent an idea, an element, a type, a gesture, a movement that can be categorized or classified. Thus, the word families formed according to word-building rules represent large word groups that have meaningful relationships among them.

This is a language where phonetics is used to present mnemonic relationships and analogy among words as in the following example, based on the word teub....mouth:

"Mnemonic Family"

seux....sound

xeus....noise

xeuz....tune

teuz....voice

deuz....song

seuz....tone

deus....accent

Here are some other examples where analogy and mnemonics are used to the maximum:

Analogy and Mnemonics

teb....head	deb....leader	xeb....boss	feb....treetop
tub....limb	dub....minister	xub....subsidiary	fub....branch	vub....twig	patub....wing	petub....paw	pitub....fin
teub....mouth	pateub....beak	peteub....muzzle
tayeb....hair	patayeb....feather	pitayeb....scale	fayeb....leaf	vosayeb....petal	potayeb....mane
tayob....skin	tayof....leather	petayob....hide	fayob....bark	vayob....peel
tyob....leg	fyob....root	vyob....plant root
tib....trunk	fib....tree trunk	vib....stem
tulob....nail	petulob....claw	fulob....thorn	defulob....needle	mulob....pin, prick
tiibuf....artery	fuf....pipe	muf....stick, rod	movuf....cheminee	fauf....log	manuf....candle
til....drink	teabil....tear	teubil....saliva	dril....ink	mil....water	mamil....rain	tayobil....sweat	bil....milk

The xer (Do) Family

The verb xer means to do. Many words are built from this base word using the postional/directional vowel coding rule. Words ending in xer contrast with those ending in ser, in that the former are transitive (taking an object), as opposed to intransitive (taking no object).

Core Words

This chart shows the core verbs in the xer family:

Xer Family Core Words

axer....act	exer....function	oxer....abstain	ixer....effect	uxer....cause
axler....perform	exler....operate	oxler....fail	ixler....react	uxler....influence
axrer....execute				uxrer....provoke
	axner....behave
xaer....execute	xeer....exercise	xoer....undergo, submit	xier....result	xuer....affect
xaler....accomplish	xeler....practice	xoler....fail	xiler....undertake	xuler....achieve
	yexer....work	yoxer....be idle	yixer....use	yuxer....help
	yexler....labor	yoxler....resign yoxluer....fire	yixler....hire, employ	yuxler....serve
	yexrer....toil		yixrer....exploit	yuxrer....slave yuxruer....enslave

Creating Derived xer Words with Prefixes

Using prefixation, many other words can be built from these core words:

Keep in mind that xer can mean do, make, or cause in the following derived terms:

Prefixing Xer Words

PREFIX  +  BASE	DERIVATION
ana....single  +  xer....make	anaxer....unify
an-....one-  +  xer....make	anxer....unite
yan....together  +  exer....operate	yanexer....cooperate
yan....together  +  yexer....work	yanyexer....collaborate
yon....apart  +  xer....make	yonxer....split
ge....equal  +  xer....make	gexer....copy
ja....before  +  xer....make	jaxer....prepare
je....while  +  xer....do	jexer....continue
ig-....fast  +  xer....do	igxer....rush
ug-....slow  +  xer....do	ugxer....delay
oj....future  +  xer....do	ojxer....plan
eg-....re-  +  xer....do	egxer....redo
sa(n)....shape  +  xer....make	saxer....create
se(n)....being  +  xer....make	sexer....build
lo-....un-  +  sexer....build	losexer....destroy
mel....soil  +  yexer....work	melyexer....plough
tea(b)....eye  +  xer....do	teaxer....look
o-....un-  +  yirxer....hire	oyirxer....fire
mag....fire  +  xer....cause	magxer....burn
yuf....fear  +  xer....cause	yufxer....frighten
dofun....crime  +  xer....do	dofunxer....commit a crime
gra....too much  +  xer....do	graxer....exaggerate
eg-....re-  +  axer....act	egaxer....react
fu-....bad  +  axner....behave	fuaxner....misbehave

Using xer to Build Verbs from Adjectives

Unlimited transitive verbs can be created with adjectives and xer as a suffix like -ify, -ate, -ize in English.

Building Verbs from Adjectives

ADJECTIVE	VERB
aga....big	agaxer....magnify
goa....lesser	goaxer....diminish
fia....good	fiaxer....improve
jwoa....late	jwoaxer....retard
uva....sad	uvaxer....sadden
via....beautiful	viaxer....beautify
ebdooba....international	ebdoobaxer....internationalize

Note: Sometimes, the adjectival ending -a is dropped. This often produces a difference nuance. For example, agaxer means to magnify, make bigger, but agxer is more idiomatic and means to grow.

The passive of xer, xwer....to be done can be used to mean to happen or to become. For example:

• Hoj hus xwa?....When did that happen?
• At uvaxwa haj hu at teata ha tobud.....I became sad (=was saddened) when I saw the child.

Using xer for All-Purpose Idioms

The verb xer can be used as an all-purpose verb for actions which in English are expressed with a variety of idiomatic verbs, for example:

• xer deuz....to perform a song
• xer ifpop....to take a cruise
• xer ebdid....to conduct an interview
• xer yagigpek....to run a marathon
• xer dazun....to do a dance number
• xer dezekgon....to play a role
• xer dovyabdras....to enact a piece of legislation

The ser (Be) Family

Core Words

The core verb ser means to be and is the base for many verbs having to do with being, becoming, and creating. Verbs ending in ser are intransitive (taking no object) and contrast with those ending in xer, which are transitive (taking an object). Verbs in ser often are stative, i.e. linking verbs.

Summary:

Core Ser Verbs

aser....become

eser....exist, there to be

oser....cease to be

iser....start out

user....end up

Creating Stative Verbs from Adjectives

The core verb ser can be postfixed to adjectives to form a class of verbs called stative, which have the meaning become X, and which contrast with parallel transitive verbs in xer. If the adjectival ending a is dropped, then the resulting stative verb has a more idiomatic sense.

Stative Verbs

ADJECTIVE	STATIVE VERB
aga....big	agaser....get big
aga....big	agser....grow
uza....curved	uzaser....curve, bend, bow
kyaa....mobile	kyaser....change, vary
mayna....clear	maynaser....clear up
iga....fast	igaser....become fast, accelerate
iga....fast	igser....rush, hurry

Stative verbs in -ser are most often intransitive and contrast with dynamic, transitive verbs in -xer. Here are some comparative examples:

• It agxe vafyabi.....He grows grapes. (TRANSITIVE/DYNAMIC)
• Vafyabi voy agse fiay him.....Grapes do not grow well here. (INTRANSITIVE/STATIVE)

• His kyaxa yata teji.....This changed our lives.
• Yata teji kyasa hujub.....Our lives changed on that day.

• Ha mapi uzaxa ha fabi.....The winds bent the trees.
• Ha fabi uzasa je ha mapilag.....The trees bowed during the storm.

• Von igxu at.....Don't rush me. (TRANSITIVE/DYNAMIC)
• Igsu!....Hurry up! (INTRANSITIVE/STATIVE)

Creating Stative Verbs from Nouns

The above stative verbs were created from adjectives, but such verbs can also be formed from nouns and have the meaning to become X

Creating Stative Verbs from Adjectives

NOUN	STATIVE VERB
meg....stone	megser....petrify, become rock
abnod....peak	abnodser....peak, climax
mus....scale, stair	musser....escalate
yom....ice	yomser....freeze
maf....cloud	mafser....cloud over
il....liquid	ilser....liquefy, melt

The ber (Put) and per (Go) Families

The base words ber....to put and per....to go, combined with positional/directional prefixes and various nuance-creating consonants, form many words having to do with positions, bodily gestures, and directional motions. Those ending in ber are transitive verbs, while those ending in per are mostly intransitive.

Common ber/per Verbs Built from Postional/Directional Prefixes and Vowels

Building Verbs with Positional/Directional Prefixes and Vowels

PREFIX	TRANSITIVE GESTURE	INTRANSITIVE MOTION		PREFIX	TRANSITIVE GESTURE	INTRANSITIVE MOTION
ab....on	aber....put on	aper....get on			baer....lean	paer....stand
yab....up	yaber....raise	yaper....rise			byaer....lift	pyaer....jump
ob....off	ober....remove	oper....dismount			boer....hold up	poer....hang
yob....down	yober....lower	yoper....descend			byoer....hang	pyoer....fall
ub....toward	uber....send	uper....come		bu....to	buer....give	puer....arrive
ib....away	iber....receive	iper....go away		bi....from	bier....take	pier....leave
yub....near	yuber....bring	yuper....approach		byu....up to	byuer....touch	pyuer....reach
yib....far	yiber....take away	yiper....move far away		byi....since	byier....emanate	pyier....originate
eb....between	eber....block	eper....intervene		yeb....in oyeb....out	yeber....inject oyeber....eject	yeper....enter oyeper....exit
za....front	zaber....advance	zaper....advance		zay....forward	zayber....promote	zayper....proceed
zo....behind	zober....put behind	zoper....follow		zoy....back	zoyber....put back	zayper....return
ze....middle	zeber....balance	zeper....mediate		zey....across	zeyber....transfer	zeyper....cross
zu....left	zuber....put to the left	zuper....go left		uz....curve	uzber....deviate	uzper....turn
zi....right	ziber....put to the right	ziper....go right		iz....straight	ziber....guide	izper....head
zya....all over	zyaber....spread	zyaper....tour		zye....through	zyeber....pass through	zyeper....pass through
zyu....round	zyuber....rotate	zyuper....roll		yuz....around	yuzber....turn	yuzper....circulate
yiz....beyond	yizber....take beyond	yizper....surpass		zyag....stretched out	zyagber....stretch	zyagper....stretch out
ja....before	jaber....prepare	japer....precede		aj....past	ajber....pass	ajper....pass
jo....after	jober....delay	joper....follow		oj....future	ojber....postpone	ojper....wait?
je....during	jeber....continue	jeper....continue		ej....present	ejber....present	ejper....present oneself
yan....together	yanber....assemble	yanper....join		bay....with	bayber....impart	bayper....accompany
yon....apart	yonber....take apart	yonper....separate		boy....without	boyber....deprive	boyper....go without
kia....oblique	kiber....bend	kiper....slant		ika....full	ikber....fill	ikper....become full
kua....lateral	kuber....set aside	kuper....avoid		uka....empty	ukber....empty	ukper....become empty

Using Ber and Per to Form Dynamic Verbs

Some verbs with stems ending in -j are inherently stative. Their dynamic counterparts end in -ber for transitive verbs and in -per for intransitive verbs. There is a table showing this:

Using Ber and Per with J Verbs

STATIVE-INTRANSITIVE	DYNAMIC-TRANSITIVE	DYNAMIC-INTRANSITIVE
tojer....die	tojber....kill	tojper....drop dead
tajer....be born	tajber....give birth (to), bear	tajper....spring up
tejer....live	tejber....bring to life	tejper....come to life
tijer....be awake	tijber....awaken	tijper....wake up
tujer....sleep	tujber....put to sleep	tujper....fall asleep
ijer....begin	ijber....begin (something)	ijper....start up
ujer....end	ujber....finish, put an end to	ujper....come to an end
yijer....open up	yijber....open up (something)	yijper....come open
yujer....close	yujber....close, bring to a close	yujper....come to a close

The der (Say) Family

Core Words

Words ending in der have to do with communicating, thus saying, talking, writing, reading.

Der Core Words

daler....speak dar....language dares....dialect	der....say deler....state	doler....be silent	dier....ask dider....question diler....request direr....demand	duer....suggest duder....answer duler....urge durer....instigate
	drer....write drar....pencil drir....typewriter drur....printer dodrur....press	droer....erase
	dyeer....read dyes....book dyeder....dictate
	deser....pronounce		din....story	dun....word dyun....name dyan....sentence
draf....card drav....notebook	dref....paper drev....page	drof....board drov....cardboard		dyuf....sheet dyuv....page
daz....dance	dez....theater dyez....cinema drez....poetry		diz....comedy	duz....music deuz....song

Verbs of Communication

Many verbs of communication are created by prefixing elements to der (to say, tell) as in the following chart:

Building Verbs of Communication with Der

va....yes	vader....affirm
vo....no	voder....deny
ve....maybe	veder....guess
vyaa....true	vyader....swear
vyoa....false	vyoder....lie
fyaa....holy	fyader....bless
fyoa....profane	fyoder....curse
oza....weak	ozder....hint
eg....re-	egder....repeat
ve....maybe + yova....guilty	veyovder....indict
va....yes + yova....guility	vayovder....convict
ja....before	jader....predict
vao....yes/no	vaoder....decide
yev....justice	yevder....judge
fia....good	fider....praise
fua....bad	fuder....disparage
af....permission	afder....authorize
of....prohibition	ofder....ban
naz....value	nazder....evaluate
yov....guilt	yovder....blame
zyaa....wide	zyader....broadcast
yaga....long	yagder....elaborate
vyoa....wrong + via....beautiful	vyovider....flatter
vyea....relative	vyeder....relate
va....yes + oj....future	vaojder....promise
ut....self + fia....good	utfider....boast
uv....sorrow + tax....memory	uvtaxder....regret
tes....meaning	tesder....mean
ov....against	ovder....object
kyia....heavy	kyider....emphasize
jwa....early	jwader....warn
ja....before + vo....no	javoder....preclude
yuj....close	yujder....conclude
ja....before + nap....order	janapder....preordain
hyay....hurrah	hyayder....congratulate
hyey....thanks	hyeyder....thank
gra....too much	grader....exaggerate
diz....comedy	dizder....joke
dre-....write	dreder....spell
eb....between	ebder....communicate
eb....between + di-....ask	ebdider....interview
eb....between + tes....meaning	ebtesder....interpret
eb....between + tex....thought	ebtexder....decide
ek-....play	ekder....pretend

Animal Sounds

Animal noise verbs are created by replacing the final -t of an animal name with der:

Building Animal Sound Verbs

yepet....dog	yepeder....bark
yipet....cat	yipeder....mew
epeyt....cow	epeyder....moo
epat....duck	epader....quack
ipat....turkey	ipader....gobble

Speaking in Languages

Names of languages can be formed by replacing the final -m of the country name with -d. Then, the verb meaning to say in x language or speak in x language can be formed by adding -der or -daler, eg:

Language Speaking Verbs

Anglam....England	Anglad English	Anglader....say in English	Angladaler....speak in English
Fransam....France	Fransad....French (language)	Fransader....say in French	Fransadaler....speak French

The name of the language discussed in this book is Mirad, which comes from mira, meaning global, world. Thus, say in Mirad is Mirader and speak Mirad is Miradaler. A speaker of Mirad is a Miradut or Miradalut. Duven et Mirade?....Do you speak Mirad?. Hey Miraduti, ansu!....Hey, speakers of Mirad, unite!

Examples:

• Duven et Miradale?....Do you speak Mirad?
• Diwe Engladu has.....Please say it in English.
• Voy ese gaj gla Latinaduti.....There are no longer many Latin-speakers.

Note: Latinadalut can be shortened to Latinadut.

Similarly, to write in Mirad and to read in Mirad would be Miradrer and Miradyeer, respectively.

Communication Arts

Words for various communication art forms begin d- and end in -z, eg:

Communications Art Words with D-Z

daz....dance vidaz....ballet	dazun....a dance	dazut....dancer vidazuyt....ballerina dazutyan....dance troupe	dazim....ballroom vidazim....ballet studio
dez....theater	dezun....a play	dezut....stage actor dezutyan....cast	dezam....theater dezyem....stage dezmisof....curtain
diz....comedy	dizun....a sketch	dizut....comedian dizutyan....comedy cast	dizam....comedy club dizyem....stage
drez....poetry	drezun....a poem	drezut....poet	drezim....poetry salon
duz....music duzdinag....opera duzdinog....operetta, musical	duzun....a musical piece	duzut....musician duzutyan....orchestra	duzam....music arena duzdinagam....opera house duzar....musical instrument
dyez....cinema	dyezun....a movie	dyezut....screen actor dyezutyan....cast	dyezam....movie theater dyezim....movie salon
deuz....song	deuzun....a song	deuzut....singer	deuzam....auditorium dyezmis....screen

The ter (Know) Family

The stems of the words in this family begin with t, meaning human and mental states and activities like knowing, thinking, feeling, etc.:

Core Words

	tep....mind, intellect teptija....conscious teptuja....unconscious tepaza....smart tepoza....stupid tepiga....witty tepsin....imagination	top....soul toptun....psychology	tip....sentiment tipaga....generous tigoga....stingy tipifa....kind tipufa....mean tipyija....tolerant tipyiva....liberal tipyiga....stern tipyuga....lenient
taxer....remember taxier....memorize taxuer....remind	texer....think vatexer....believe vatexuer....persuade vetexer....suspect votexer....doubt votexuer....dissuade vyatex....reason ter....know oter....ignore ten....knowledge twas....datum trer1....recognize tyier....get acquainted tyuer....acquaint tez....culture tyez....magic ten....knowledge tyen....technique tyenyan....technology trenier....train (oneself) trenuer....train teyen....idea teyentun....philosophy teyenyan....ideology teyenier....conceptualize	toxer....forget	tixer....study	tuxer....teach
tayoter....feel	teser....mean tesier....infer tesuer....imply tester....understand tesder....explain testier....realize testun....semantics	toser....feel	tier....learn tin....doctrine iztis....intuition vyatis....wisdom	tuer....inform tun....science tuin....theory tuz....art

1. Note that trer....recognize, know, be familiar with is used instead of ter....know when referring to a person, much like Fr. connaître....be familiar with (a person) vs. savoir....know (a fact, how to), eg. It voy te van at tre it.....He doesn't know that I know him.

Ologies

Suffixing -tun....science to words forms many -ology terms. An -ologist is rendered with -tut, eg:

Ologies

tep....mind	teptun....psychology	teptut....psychologist
tieb....lung	tiebtun....pneumology	tiebtut....pneumologist
toj....death	tejtun....thanatology	tejtut....thanatologist
pat....bird	pattun....ornithology	pattut....ornithologist
pit....fish	pittun....ichthyology	pittut....ichthyologist
pot....animal	pottun....zoology	pottut....zoologist
mul....matter	multun....chemistry ("materiology?")	multut....chemist
ko-....hidden, dren....writing	kodrentun....cryptology	kodrentut....cryptologist

Some -ology words in English refer to theories or pseudo-science and are translated into Mirad with the ending -tuin:

-Tuin Suffix Words

mar....star	martuin....astrology (cf. martun....astronomy)	martuit....astrologist
sag....number	sagtuin....numerology (cf. sagtun....mathematics)	sagtuit....numerologist
nif....string	niftuin....string theory	niftuit....string theoretician

Ism's

Words in English referring to doctrines, dogmas, or -isms are translated into Mirad with the ending -tin, eg:

Ism Words

dot....society	dotin....socialism
Buda....Buddha	Budatin....Bhuddism
gwa....most, fis....good thing	gwafistin....optimism
vyaa....true	vyatin....orthodoxy, truism
an-....one, fyaat....god	anfyaatin....monotheism

Schools

The general word for school is tistam (house of learning). The various levels of schools are translated with this word scalarized numerically.

Schools

atistam	primary school
etistam	secondary school, high school, lycee
itistam	college
utistam	university

The word pre-school, kindergarten is represented with jatitam (lit. pre-school), while post-graduate school is rendered with joutitam (lit. pre-university).

Some other, related terms:

• enjab itistam....two-year college
• dovyap tistam....law school
• yexyen tistam....trade school, vocational school
• zetistam....middle school
• tutam....academy
• tiut....pupil
• tixut....student
• tixutyan....student body
• tuxut....teacher
• tuut....educator
• tuen....education
• tut....professor, scholar
• tit....disciple, learner
• titameb....principal
• ititameb....dean
• tuxutyan....faculty
• tuxim....lecture hall, classroom
• tixim....study hall
• tityan....class
• tisun....lesson
• tisundyes....lesson book
• aa tinag....first grade
• ea tinag....second grade

The job (Time) Family

Here are the most important words derived from job....time. Bear in mind that, in English, there are two meanings for time. One refers to time as it passes, which is translated by job in Mirad, and the other refers to a point in time, an instance or occasion, i.e. a countable noun concerning frequency, translated by jod in Mirad.

Calendar Time Units

Calendar Time Units

TIME	SEASONS	MONTHS	DAYS OF THE WEEK
job....time	jeab....spring	jiab....January	juab....Monday
jab....year	jeeb....summer	jieb....February	jueb....Tuesday
jeb....season	jeib....autumn	jiib....March	juib....Wednesday
jib....month	jeub....winter	jiub....April	juub....Thursday
jub....day		jiyob....May	juyob....Friday
jwob* hour		jiyab....June	yuyab....Saturday
jwab* minute jwap....moment		jiyeb....July	juyeb....Sunday
jweb* second jwep....instant		jiyib....August
		jiyub....September
		jilob....October
		jilab....November
		jileb....December
OTHER
yejub....week	sojab....century	rojab....millennium

* These would normally be jyob, jyab, and jyeb, but there are hard to pronounce and difficult to hear, so the y is replaced by a w.

Times of Day

Times of Day

DAY / NIGHT	PERIODS
maj....daytime	majij....dawn
	jwamaj....morning
	zemaj....noon
	jazemaj (JaZ.)....ante-meridian, AM
	jozemaj (JoZ.)....afternoon, postmeridian, PM
	jwomaj....late day
	majuj....dusk, twilight
moj....night	jwamoj....evening
	jwomoj....late night
	zemoj....midnight
	jozemoj....after midnight

Note: jub day is a general word referring to the whole 24-hour cycle without reference to morning or night. Maj refers to the daylight hours and moj to the darkness hours.

Examples of usage:

• At teato et zajub jwamaj.....I will see you tomorrow morning.
• Yat teapa iyt zojub jozemaj.....We visited her yesterday afternoon.
• Ha maar yope be majuj.....The sun sets at dusk.
• Mamila zojub jwamoj.....It rained yesterday evening.
• At tijpe be majij.....I wake up at dawn.

Clock Time

The following examples show how to express clock time:

• Se hojab?....What time is it?
• Se alo jwabi JaZ (=jazemaj).....It is ten o'clock A.M.
• Se uwa jwabi JoZ (=jozemaj).....It is four o'clock P.M.
• Se yawa jwabi gab ilo.....It is six thirty. (= plus thirty)
• Se alo (jwebi) ji yiwa.....It is ten (minutes) til eight. (or:)
• Se yiwa (jwabi) gab alo..... " " "
• Se uyn ji awa.....It is a quarter past ( = since) one.
• Se uyn ju ewa.....It is a quarter til ( = until) two.
• Se go jo ewa.....It is a little past ( = after) two.
• Se jubay uwa jwabi.....It is almost 4 o'clock.
• Se gwe zemaj.....It is exactly (= just) noon.
• Se go yiz zemoj.....It was slightly past (= beyond) midnight.
• At so hum ojo ale jwebi.....I'll be there in (= not-after) twelve minutes.
• Su him jwa / jwe!....Be here early / on time!
• Von su jwo!....Don't be late!

General Time Words

General Time Words

GENERAL TIME WORDS	EXAMPLES
job....time	job bi uvan....a time of sadness Job pape.....Time flies.
jod....time, instance, occasion	awa jod....once ewa jodi....two times gajod...again, another time
xag....frequency	Hoxag?....How often? glaxag....very often hyoxag....never
jud....date	Be hoa jud?....On what date? be ga jwoa jud....at a later date
jag....age	Et se hojaga?....How old are you? At se ulo jaga.....I am forty years old.

Scalar Time Periods

Scalar Time Periods

SCALAR TIME PERIODS
joob....eon
joab....era
joeb....period
joib....epoch
joub....age
joyob....chron
joyab....term

Some Parallel Time Terms

Parallel Time Words

taj....birth	aj....past	ajna....former, old	ajoba....ancient	ja....before	jay....already	jana....previous	jaga....old	jwa....early	jwana....pre-mature
tej....life	ej....present	ejna....new	ejoba....modern	je....during	jey....meanwhile	jena....current		jwe....on time	jwena....mature, ripe
toj....death	oj....future	ojna....imminent	ojoba....futuristic	jo....after	joy....afterwards	jona....next	joga....young	jwo....late	jwona....stale
tij....wakefulness	ij....beginning	ijna....initial	ijob....early times	ji....since			jiga....fresh, vibrant
tuj....sleep	uj....end	ujna....final	ujob....latter days	ju....until			juga....tired, jaded

Time, Frequency, and Age Questions

Time, Frequency, and Age Questions

WHEN	HOW OFTEN	HOW OLD
hoj?....when?	hoxag....how often?	hojaga?....how old?
haj hu....when	haxag hu....as often as	hajaga hu....as old as
hej....sometime	hexag....sometimes	hejaga....of a certain age
hij....now	hixag....this often	hijaga....this old
huj....then	huxag....that often	hujaga....that old
huuj....at such a time	huuxag....so often	huujaga....so old
hyoj....never	hyoxag....not once	glejaga....rather old
hyaj....always	hyaxag....at all times	grajaga....too old
hyej....anytime	hyexag....however often	grojaga....under-aged
hyij (vyel)....at the same time (as)	gexag (vyel)....as often (as)	gejaga (vyel)....of the same age (as)
hyuj (vyel)....some other time (than)	ogexag (vyel)....not as often (as)	ogejaga (vyel)....not as old (as)
be jodi....at times	awa jod....once	awa (jab) jaga....one year old
be hujobi....in those times	ewa jodi....twice	ewa (jabi) jaga....two years old
byu jobuj....forever	gla jodi....many time	alo (jabi) jaga....ten years old
byi huj....since then	aloni bi jodi....hundreds of times	gajaga (vyel)....older (than)

How old are you? is expressed as Hojaga se et?. A typical response is At se ali (jabi) jaga.....I am thirteen (years old). If the quantity of time is months, than the answer would be like the following: Iyt sa ewa jibi (jaga).....She was two months (old).

Age Classes

Age Classes

GENDER-NONSPECIFIC (MALE)	FEMALE
awajag(w)at....one-year-old (boy)	awajagayt....one-year-old girl
alojag(w)at....ten-year-old (boy)	alojagayt....ten-year-old girl
jog(w)at....youngster, youth, (boy)	jogayt....girl, damsel
gwajog(w)at....youngest person/(boy)	gwajogayt....youngest girl
gojag(w)at....younger person/(boy), cadet	gojagayt....younger girl
aloyjag(w)at....teenager, (teenaged boy)	aloyjagayt....teenaged girl
grajog(w)at....minor, (under-aged boy)	grajogayt....minor female, girl too young
grojag(w)at / jwot....minor, immature person/(boy)	grojagayt / jwoyt....minor girl
grejagseat / jwet....adolescent (boy)	grejagseayt / jweyt....adolescent (girl)
grejag(w)at / jwat....adult male, (boy of age)	grejagayt / jwayt....adult female, girl of age
zejag(w)at....middle-aged person/(man)	zejagayt....middle-aged female/woman
gajag(w)at....older person/(man), elder, superior	gajagayt....older female/woman, elder, superior
grajag(w)at....over-aged person/(man), person/(man too old)	grajagayt....over-aged female/woman, woman too old
jayg(w)at....youngish individual, youngish (man)	jaygayt....youngish female, youngish woman
yilojag(w)at....octogenarian	yilojagayt....octogenarian woman, woman in her eighties
yulojag(w)at....nonagenarian	yulojagayt....nonagenarian woman, woman in her nineties
asojag(w)at....centenarian	asojagayt....centenarian woman, 100-year-old woman
jag(w)at....oldster, veteran, old person, (old man), elder	jagayt....old woman, old lady
jayg(w)at....oldish person	jaygayt....oldish woman
gwajag(w)at....oldest/senior-most/eldest person/(man)	gwajagayt....oldest/senior-most/eldest woman
gwojag(w)at....the least young person/(man)	gwojagayt....the least young woman

The sag (Number), xag (Frequency), nog (Measure), nod (Point) Families

The words in this family have to do with numbers, measurements, degrees, points, lines, etc.

Core Words

Core Words

...AG WORDS	N...[BPD] WORDS
ag....size	nod....point
sag....number	nad....line
syag....count	ned....plane
syaag....calculation	nid....volume
nog....degree	nab....rank
nag....measure	nap....order
neg....level	naab....organization
nig....space	naap....system
jag....age	nyap....rule
xag....frequency	nyed....grid
yag....length

Shapes

Summary:

Shapes

zyus....circle

zyuys....oval

zyunid....sphere

zyuk....wheel

unizgun....rectangle

ungekun....square

ungun....quadrangle

unoizgun....rhombus

ingun....triangle

yoongun....pentagon

ginid....cone

yagunid....cube

inguginid....pyramid

fufnid....cylinder

amezsan....diamond

tosan....cross

uznad....arc

ilpsan....wave

gunsan....wedge

maarsan....star shape

The tom (Building), em (Place) Families

The stems in this family end mostly in -m, meaning place. The family includes areas, places, locations, buildings, houses, rooms, spaces, and containers.

Core Words

Place Words

FULL WORDS	STUBS
tom....building, nem....place	-em....general (usu. open) place
tam....house, nam....store	-am....indoor place, building
tem....hall, nyem....box	-yem....enclosed space
tim....room	-im....room
tum....cell	-um....cell, booth, stall
nyeb....container syeb....can zyeb....bottle	-yeb....container

Common Spaces with -(e)m

The words in the following table refer to spaces or open places:

-EM Words

PLACE	ROOT
abem....top	ab....on
obem....bottom	ob....base
ebem....interval	eb....between
oyebem....outdoors	oyeb....out
yebem....indoors	yeb....in
yubem....vicinity	yub....'near
yibem....distance	yib....far
yabem....upstairs	yab....up
yobem....downstairs	yob....down
hom?....where?	ho-....which
zem....middle	ze-....middle
zam....front	za....before
zom....back	zo....after
kum....side	kua....lateral
kim....slope	kia....diagonal
byim....source	byi....since
byum....destination	byu....up to
bem....position	be....at
dem....park	d(o)-....social
dopekem....battleground	dopek....battle
melyexem....farm	mel....soil + yex....work
goynem....sector	goyn....cut
ijem....origin	ij....start
kosem....hideout	kos-....hide
kyosem....settlement	kyos-....stay
mem....country	m-....natural things
mimpuem....dock	mim....sea + pu-....arrive
obdobem....colony	ob....off + dob....regime
apem....wharf	ap-....embark
sexem....construction site	sex....construction
tojmelukem....cemetery	toj....death + mel....soil + uk....vacuum
tom....building	to-....human
ujem....terminus	uj....end
vobem....planation	vob....plant
xem....office	x-....do
yomkiparem....ice skating rink	yom....ice + kipar +skate

Common Places with -am

These words refer to houses and buildings:

-AM Words

BUILDING	ROOT
nam....shop	n-....commercial
aajasnam....antique store	aajas....antique
apelatam....beehive	apelat....bee
apetigpekam....(horse) racetrack	apet....horse + ig-....fast + pek....competition
tam....house	t-....human
bektam....hospice	bek....treatment
bextam....castle	bex-....keep
bekilnam....pharmacy	bekil....medecine + nam....store
saxam....factory	sax-....make
bilunsaxam....dairy	bil....milk + -un....product + sax-....make
datibam....hotel	dat....friend + ib-....receive
tistam....school	tis....learn
doyevam....court	do-....public + yev....justice
doptam....barracks	dop....military
dresam....bureau	dres-....write
bokam....hospital	bok....sickness
mamparam....hangar	mam....sky + par....vehicle
mogxam....crematorium	mog....ash + x-....make
posam....station	pos-....stop
taolgoblam....butcher shop	taol....meat + gobl-....cleave
tilam....bar	til-....drink
yibdubam....embassy	yib....far + dub....minister

Common Containers and Enclosed Spaces with -yem

-YEM Words

CONTAINER	ROOT
apetyem....corral	apet....horse
nyem....box	n-....commercial
syem....institution	s-....exist
milpyem....swimming pool	milp-....swim
nunyem....package	nun....merchandise
ponyem....suitcase	po-....travel
tebnyem....skull	teb....head
tuyabyem....pocket	tuyab....hand
vabijyem....pod	vabij....seed
tyem....residence	t-....human
tobijyem....ovary	tobij....embryo
tojnyem....casket	toj....death
ukyem....slot	uk-....empty
myem....plot of ground	m-....natural things
magilyem....fuel tank	magil....fuel
koyem....shelter	ko-....hide

Common Rooms with -(t)im

These words describe type of rooms (tim):

-IM Words

ROOM	ROOT
tim....room	t-....human
aybmostim....attic	ayb-....upper + mos....floor
oybmostim....basement	oyb-....lower + mos....floor
ebmostim....mezzanine	eb....between + mos....floor
avoliim....pantry	avol....bread
apetim....stall	apet....horse
beaxim....ward	beax-....watch
azla bikim....intensive care unit	azla....intensive + bik....care
belunim....cargo bay	belun....cargo
biktim....clinic	bik....care
datibim....lobby	dat....friend + ib-....receive
dyezim....screening room	dyez....cinema
doebdalim....conference room	do-....public + eb....between + dal-....speak
ebtim....corridor	eb....between
fyadilim....chapel	fya-....holy + dil....request
dokebidim....voting booth	do-....public + kebi-....choice
fyatim....sanctuary	fya-....holy
milufim....toilet	mil....water + -uf....pipe
movim....smoking den	mov....smoke
novim....linen closet	nov....linen
saxim....studio	sax-....create
sumtim....bedroom	sum....bed
teexutim....auditorium	teexut....listener
tulim....dining room	tul....cuisine
vaobim....hayloft	vaob....hay
vyakexim....laboratory	vyakex....test
zatim....antechamber	za....front
zyutim....rotunda	zyu-....round
yexim....office	yex-....work

Locative Deictic Adverbs

The locative deictic adverbs (or pro-adverbs) use the -m suffix of place, eg:

Locative Deictic Adverbs

hom?....where?

ham hu....the place where, where

hem....somewhere

him....here

hiim....the following place

hum....there

huum....such a place

hyom....nowhere

hyam....everywhere

hyem....anywhere, wherever

hyim1....(at) the same place

hyum1....elsewhere, somewhere else

Note 1: Also gem.

Note 2: Also ogem.

The a (One) yan (Together) Families

The stems in this family are based on a....one, and yan....together and their opposites, o....zero and yon....apart.

Core Words

A-O Contrasts

SINGLE	NULL
a-....one	o-....zero, un-
awa....one	owa....zero
an-....uni-, mono-	on-....non-
yan-....together, con-	yon-....apart, dis-
hya-....all	hyo-....none
-aya....-ful	-oya....-less
ay....and	oy....but

Collective Nouns

The suffix -yan is used to form collective nouns. Here are some examples:

Collective Nouns with -YAN

SINGLETON	COLLECTION
fab....tree	fabyan....forest
vyab....rule	vyabyan....regimen, system
vos....flower	vosyan....bouquet
uzun....ring	uzunyan....chain
ut....person	utyan....group
toom....apartment	toomyan....apartment complex
teyen....idea	teyenyan....ideology
tyen....technique	tyenyan....technology
tixut....student	tixutyan....student body
tit....pupil	tityan....class
telar....eating utensil	telaryan....cutlery
sir....machine	siryan....machinery
pat....bird	patyan....flock

An extension of yan is nyan, meaning stack, pile, accumulation, crowd, and so is a bit more intensive:

Collective Nouns with -NYAN

SINGLETON	COLLECTION
pet....land animal	petnyan....herd
ut....person	utnyan....crowd
dit....citizen	ditnyan....populace
taib....bone	taibnyan....skeleton
yaut....public persona	yautnyan....commune
dun....word	dunnyan....list
vaob....hay	vaobnyan....haystack

The following confusing terms should be kept distinct:

Collective Words

NOUN	VERB
aud....individual, person	auda....personal
aut....myself	auta....my own
anut....private individual	anuta....private
utyan....group	utyana....collective
audyan....people	audyana....popular
audyanin....populism	audyanina....populist
audyandab....republic, democracy	audyandaba....republican, democratic
yaut....ourselves	yauta'....our own
yaud....constituent, commoner	yauda....common, collective, public
yaudyan....community, constituency, public	yaudyana....communitarian
yaudnyan....commune, collective	yaudnyana....communal, collective
yaudin....communism	yaudina....communist
dityan....citizenry, population	dityana....of the citizenry, populational
ditnyan....populace	ditnyana....popular
ditnyanin....populism	ditnyanina....populist
yanav....party (political)	yanava....partisan
yaniv....party (fun)	yaniva....festive
yanut....associate	yanuta....general, public
yanutyan....association	yanutyana....associational

The tob (Human) Family

The stem of words in this family begin with the consonant t, designating human, and end in b, meaning organism, body, or organ or p, having to do with the non-corporeal aspects of man, such as mind and emotion.

Core Words

T-B Core Words

-B	-P
tob....human, man	top....soul, psyche
tab....body	tap....physique
teb....head	tep....mind
tib....trunk	tip....sentiment, emotion
tub....arm	tup....limb
tyob....leg

All the names of the parts of the body are derived from these core words in a hiearchical fashion using stem vowel scalarization, as can be seen from the sample chart below of the body parts relating to arm and leg (not the parallelism):

Parts of the Body

tub arm	tuab shoulder	tueb upper arm	tuib elbow	tuub forearm	tuyob wrist	tuyab hand	tuyeb fist	tuyib palm	tuyub finger	tulob fingernail
tyob leg	tyoab hip	tyoeb thigh	tyoib knee	tyoub tibia	tyoyob ankle	tyoyab foot	tyoyeb heel	tyoyib sole	tyoyub toe	tyolob toenail

Bodily Functions and Gestures

The following chart shows how gestural and bodily movements and functions are derived from body parts:

ORGANISM	GESTURES, MOVEMENTS, FUNCTIONS
tob....human twob....man toyb....woman	tobser....become human, tobxer....humanize, tobtojber....murder
tobij....embryo	tobijier....conceive, tobijuer....impregnate, tobijer....ovulate, tobijbeler....gestate
tab....body	tabazaxer....work out, tabmelukxer....entomb, tabteaxer....autopsy
tayeb....hair	tayebarer....comb, tayeboker....go bald, tayefarer....brush, tayeborber....shave, tayelber....shampoo, tayevarer....mop
tayob....skin	tayobiler....sweat, tayobober....flay, tayoboser....itch, tayoser....feel like, tayoter....feel, tayoxer....palpate, tayobdriler....tattoo, tayotyofxer....numb
teb....head tebabun....scalp tebzan....face	tebabunober....scalp, tebbaxer....nod, tebober....decapitate, tebzaner....face
teab....eye teababun....eyelid teabyeb....eyelash teabil....tear	teaser....seem, teater....see, teatyofxer....blind, teaxer....look, teaxuer....show, teazuer....amaze, teabizer....aim, teaper....visit, teabyujiger....blink teababuner....blink teababyexer....bat an eyelash teabiler....tear up
teeb....ear	teeter....hear, teeser....sound like, teeper....attend, teeder....rumor, teeyofxer....deafen, teexer....listen
teib....nose	teiter....smell, teiser....smell like, teitier....take a whiff of, teituer....reek, teixer....smell, teseuxer....snore, teizber....perfume, teipulxer....sneeze, teibalier....sniff, teibalegier....sniffle, teibiler....run at the nose, teibukxer....blow the nose
teub....mouth teubil....saliva teubsin....expression deuz....song seux....sound seuz....tone teuz....voice toleuz....taste teuv....mask teuf....muzzle	teubier....swallow, yijteuber....yawn, teuser....taste like, teuter....taste, teutier....sample, teutuer....offer a taste, teuxer....taste, teuder....shout, ivteuder....laugh, uvteuder....groan, ivteuber....smile, uvteuber....frown,vyoivteuder....mock, ufteuber....scowl, uvseuxer....grumble teubiler....salivate, teubiloker....drool, teubilokeger....dribble, teubiloyeber....expectorate, teubilpuxer....spew, teubiluer....spit, teubilier....slurp teubsiner....grimace deuzer....sing, yandeuzer....harmonize, yagdeuzer....chant seuxer....ring seuxder pronounce, voyseuxder....mispronounce zoyteuzer....echo, uvseuzer....sigh teuzuer....vote, teuzier....poll, teuzibarer....telephone toleuser....taste like, toleuter....taste, toleuxer....savor, fitoleuser....taste good, futoleuser....taste bad teuvuer....mask teufuer....muzzle
teubab....tongue	teubaxer....wag the tongue, teubabaxer....lick
teubib....gum	teubixer....chew, teubixeger....ruminate
teupib....tooth	teupixer....bite, teupixeger....nibble, yebteupixer....crunch
teubob....lip	teuboxer....kiss, teuboxeger....smooch, teubobaxer....smack the lips
teyob....neck	teyobabaxer....neck, teyopixer....collar, teyozyober....choke , teyopyoxer....hang
tib....trunk	tibuzer....bow
tibuj....tail tibuf....train	tibujbarxer....wag tibufer....trail
tieb....lung tiebal....breath tiebbok....cold	tiexer....breath, tiebyujber....suffocate, teibukxer....cough tiebalier....inhale, tiebaluer....exhale, tiebaloker....belch tiebbokier....catch a cold
tiib....heart tiibil....blood	tiibiler....bleed tiibiloker bleed out, tiibilglalser....clot, tiibilier....suck blood, tiibiluer....let blood
tikeb....stomach tikebil....chyme	tikebier....digest, tikebukxer....vomit
tikyeb....anus tikyebal....flatulence tikyebil....feces	tikyebaler....fart tikyebiler....defecate
tikyob....bowels	tikyobier....ingest, tikyobober....disembowel
tub....arm	yantubier....embrace, tubbaxer....wave
tuyab....hand	tuyaxer....handle, tuyaber....handle, tuyabalxer....shake hand, tuyabexer....manipulate, tuyabier....grab, tuyabirer....wrestle, tuyasiuner....wave, tuyabuer....hand out, tuyadrer....write out longhand, tuyapixer....clasp tuyapyexer clap
tuyeb....fist	tuyepeker....fistfight, tuyebalxer....shake one's....fist, tuyepyelxuer....pound, tuyepyexer....box
tuyib....palm	tuyibabaxer....pat, tuyibaber....palm, tuyibuer....palm off, tuyipyexer....slap
tuyob....wrist	tuyoxer....wave
tuyub....finger	tuyubarxer....wag one's....finger, tuyubifeker....fiddle, tuyubizder....point out, tuyuibeaxer....indicate, tuyugiber....poke, tuyupyexer....tap, tuyuxer....palpate
tulob....fingernail paltulob....claw	tuloxer....scratch, tuloxefer....itch patuloxer....claw, patulober....grip
tyoib....knee	tyoixer....kneel, tyoiper....crawl
tyoyab....foot	tyoyabarer....stomp, tyoyakyeper....hobble, tyoyapyexer....kick
tyoyeb....heel	tyoyeber....spurn
tyoyib....sole	tyoyiber....supplant
tyoyub....toe	tyoyubaxeger....wiggle one's....toe, tyoyuzyuper....pirouette

The bak (Health) Family

Here are the main words in Mirad dealing with health, illness, and medecine:

Core Words

B-K Words

NOUNS	VERBS
bak....health baak....hygiene	bakser....heal (intr.), bakxer....heal (tr.)
bek....treatment byek....cure	bekier....get treated, bekuer....treat, byekser....be cured, byekxer....cure
bok....illness book....fatigue	bokser....get sick, bokxer....sicken bookser....grow tired, bokxer....tire out
bik....care	bikier....take care, bikuer....care for
buk....injury bruk....mutilation	bukser....be injured, bukxer....injure brukser....be mutilated, brukxer....mutilate
byok....pain blok....suffering brok....torture	byoker....ache, byokuer....inflict pain bloker....suffer, blokuer....inflict suffering broker....agonize, brokuer....torture

The tod (Family) Family

Stems in this family begin with t for human and end in d for society and have to do with families and family relationships.

Core Words

Notice that kinship terms are gender-neutral unless there is a w before the root syllable vowel (indicating male-specific) or a y following the root syllable vowel (indicating female-specific).

T-D Words

tod....family	MALE	FEMALE
tad....spouse	twad....husband	tayd....wife
ted....parent	twed....father	teyd....mother
tid....sibling	twid....brother	tiyd....sister
tud....child	twud....son	tuyd....daughter

Genealogical Prefixes

Prefixes or word elements used to modify the above core words:

Genealogical Prefixes

to-....god- (as in godson)

ta-....-in-law, through marriage

te-....father's

ti-....sibling's

tu-....child's

taj-....birth-, real

otaj-, ifbi-....foster, adopted

ij-....first, original

aj-....ex-, former

ej-....current, step-, half-

oj-....future, -to-be

aa....first

ea....second

yiba....distant

aa yiba....first-removed

ea yiba....second-removed

ota-....out-of-wedlock, bastard

oyted-....orphan(ed), without parents

oytad-....unmarried, without spouse

oytud-....childless, without child, barren

tiibil-....blood-

Kinship Terms

Kinship Terms Formed from the Above Core Words and Prefixed Elements

Kinship Terms

GENDER-NEUTRAL	MALE	FEMALE
tad....spouse ajtad....ex-spouse ijtad....first spouse ejtad....current spouse, step spouse ojtad....spouse-to-be, fiance oytadat....bachelor	twad....husband ajtwad....ex-husband ijtwad....first husband ejtwad....current husband, step husband ojtwad....husband-to-be, fiance oytwadat....bachelor	tayd....wife ajtayd....ex-wife ijtayd....first wife ejtayd....current wife, step-wife ojtayd....wife-to-be, fiancee oytadayt....spinster
ted....parent tajted....birth parent ejted....step parent, foster parent ojted....parent-to-be teted....grand-parent teteted....great-grandparent tated....parent-in-law toted....godparent oytedat....orphan	twed....father tajtwed....birth father ejtwed....step-father, foster father ojtwed....father-to-be tetwed....grand-father tetetwed....great-grandfather tatwed....father-in-law totwed....godfather oytwedat....male orphan	teyd....mother tajteyd....birth mother ejteyd....stepmother, foster mother ojted....mother-to-be teteyd....grandmother teteteyd....great-grandmother tateyd....mother-in-law toteyd....godmother oytedayt....female orphan
tid....sibling ejtid....step-sibling tatid....sibling-in-law tetid....parent's sibling tetetid....great parent's sibling	twid....brother ejtwid....step-brother tatwid....brother-in-law tetwid....uncle tetetwid....great uncle	tiyd....sister ejtiyd....stepsister tatiyd....sister-in-law tetiyd....aunt tetetiyd....great aunt
tud....child tatud....child-in-law ijtud....first-born child ejtud....stepchild otada tud....bastard child titud....sibling's child totud....godchild tutud....grandchild titutud....sibling's grandchild tetitud....cousin aa tetitud....first cousin ea tetitud....second cousin aa yiba tetitud....cousin first removed	twud....son tatwud....son-in-law ijtwud....first-born son ejtwud....stepson otada twud....bastard son titud....nephew totwud....godson tutwud....grandson titutwud....grandnewphew tetitwud....cousin aa tetitwud....first male cousin ea tetitwud....second male cousin aa yiba tetitwud....male cousin first removed	tuyd....daughter tatuyd....daughter-in-law ijtuyd....first-born-daughter ejtuyd....stepdaughter otada tuyd....bastard daughter tituyd....niece totuyd....goddaughter tutuyd....granddaughter titutuyd....grandniece tetituyd....(female) cousin aa tetituyd....first female cousin ea tetituyd....second female cousin aa yiba tetituyd....female cousin first removed

Suffixed -if gives you affectionate equivalents:

• twadif....hubby
• taydif....darling wife, wifey-poo
• twedif....daddy, papa
• teydif....mommy, mama
• twidif....bro
• tiydif....sis
• twudif....sonny, kid
• tuydif....darling daughter

Other terms:

• todat....relative, sib
• tiibil todat....blood relative
• todatan....kinship
• todatyan....kinfolk, clan
• todeb....pater familias
• todeyb....mater familias
• otatud....bastard, bastard son, bastard child
• otatuyd....bastard daughter
• oytetwud....orphan, orphan son
• oytetuyd....orphan daughter
• oytwadat....bachelor, unmarried man'
• oytadayt....spinster, unmarried woman, bachelorette
• oytudayt....childless woman
• glatidat....person with many siblings
• oytidat....person with no siblings
• tadat....in-law
• otajted, ifbited....foster parent, adopting parent
• otajtud, ifbitud....foster child, adopted child
• otajteder, ifbiteder....foster, adopt
• otajtedwa, ifbitedwa....adopted
• teder....parent, raise
• tadier....get married, take on a spouse
• taduer....marry, preside over a marriage
• todtun....genealogy
• tood....ethnos, tribe, clan, race
• toodtun....folklore
• tooddin....folk story
• toos....gender, sex
• hyitoosifa....homosexual
• hyutoosifa....heterosexual
• entoosifa....bisexual
• hyatoosifa....pansexual
• hyotoosifa....asexual
• hyitoosa tadan....same-sex marriage
• tadyan....married couple
• jwaa tadien....shotgun wedding
• tyod....people, folk

The dot (Society) Family

The stems of the words in this family begin with d for society and end in t for human.

Core Words

D-T Core Words

dot....society

dat....friend dwat....male friend dayt....female friend

det....comrade, mate dwet....boyfriend deyt....girlfriend

dit....citizen

dut....gentleperson dwut....gentleman, sir, lord duyt....lady, madame

dout....bourgeois

The prefix do- can be used to form words that are public in nature, eg:

The Do- prefix

COMBINED FORM	SUFFIX
dovyab....law	vyab....rule
doyev....justice	yev-....just
doyov....crime	yov....shame
doyiv....(civil) right	yiv....license
dobien....coup d'etat	bien....taking
dodres....bulletin	dres....document
dokex....(public) inquiry	kex....search
doval....public safety	val....safety
dovaldib....police	dib....administration
dotojben....execution	tojben....putting to death
dosyag....census	syag....count
dodrur....press	drur....printer

The tof (Clothes) and nof (Textile)

The stems in this family of words begin with t for human and end in f or v, which are reminiscent of nof....cloth and nov....lingerie. The words have to do with clothing. Post-y-gliding the semantic stem vowel produces something that relates to women. Pre-w-gliding the semantic stem vowel produces something that relates specifically to men.

Summary:

Forming Words for Clothes

BODY PART	CLOTHING ITEM	FOR WOMEN
tob....man	tof....clothing	toyf....female outfit
tab....body	taf....suit	tayf....dress
teb....head	tef....hat	teyf....woman's hat
teyob....neck	teyof....necktie
tuab....shoulder	tuaf....shawl
tib....trunk	tif....vest
zetib....waist	zetif....belt
tiab....chest	tiav....shirt	tiayv....blouse
tilab....breast		tilayv....bra
tiub....belly	tiuv....undershorts	tiuyv....panties
tuyab....hand	tuyaf....glove
tyob....leg	tyof....pants	tyoyf....skirt

The nof family words begin with n meaning commercial and end in f meaning textile. Here is a summary:

BASIC WORD	DERIVATIVES
nof textile, tissue nov....linen	nofir....loom, nofxer....weave nofyank....stitch, nofyanker....sew, nofyankut....seamster nofyonk....rip, nofyonker....rip, nofyonkar....scissors, shears nofyuj....pleat, nofyujber....fold nofzyiar....iron, nofzyiarer....iron novyan....lingerie, novim....linen closet misof curtain, obmasof carpet yebof sack favof....cotton, favoyf....cotton wool fevof....flax fivof....hemp fuvof....jute tayof....leather
naf....material, cloth, fabric naaf....drape naef....canvas naif....velvet nauf....veil nayaf....cordoroy
nef....knit neof....stitch neaf....net, mesh, web neef....lace neif....braid neuf....wicker neyof....loop neyaf....wale neyef....strip, band neyif....plait nayuf....lattice	nefxer....knit, neofxer....stitch, neifxer....braid neyofxer....loop nefar....knitting needle nefiaf....sweater vinef....embroidery yotayef....goat's hair, wool tayef....bristle utayef....wool zyef....pane of glass, zyev....glass nyef bag, sack yebeaf....mesh bag yebeuf....wicker basket
nif....yarn, fiber niv....thread niyf....filament, string niif....twine	nifur....spinner, nifxer....spin, nifun....spider's web nifar....needle nivar....pin mugnif....wire apeyetif....silk
nuf button	nufyujber button nufyijber unbutton nufzyeg buttonhole nufag....knob
nyaf....knot	nyafer....tie, onyafer....untie, unravel mugnyaf....clasp, buckle
nyef....bag, sack	zotibnyef....backpack tolnyef....grocery bag yignyef....basket
nyif....rope	mugnyif....cable nyifog....lace, cord
nyuf....package	nyufag....crate

The mos (Floor) Family

The stems in this family begin with m, meaning place and end in s, meaning thing. The words all have something to do with parts of a building or house, i.e. masonry.

Summary:

M-S Core Words

MASONRY BASE WORD	DERIVATIVES
mos....floor	omos....ground floor amos....first floor abmos....attic ebmos....mezzanine obmos....basement
mas....wall	abmas....roof aybmas....ceiling obmas....foundation oybmas....floor masof ....carpet abzamas....balcony obzamas....porch ebmas....partition
mes....door	zames....front door zomes....back door mesnufag....door knob mesyuznad....door frame mestuyar....door handle
mis....window	miszyef....window pane eymis....shutter misof....curtain
mus....stairs	musnog....step, stair rung musim....starwell magmus....fire escape musabnod ....climax muys....ladder pasmus....escalator

The som (Furniture) Family

The stems in this family begin with s, meaning thing, and end in m, meaning place. The words all have to do with furniture.

Summary:

S-M Core Words

FURNITURE BASE WORD	DERIVATIVES
som....furniture	somber....furnish somxut....carpenter milsom....sink milufsom ....toilet maksom....appliance mansom....light fixture somyan....furnishings milamsom....water heater malomsom....air-conditioner
sam....armoire, chest	telarsam....china cabinet telsam....cupboard tovsam....chest of drawers samnyem....drawer avolsom....pantry
sem....table	semof....table cloth tilsem....bar yagsem....countertop yuzsem....round table dresem....desk dalsem....pulpit tabsem....bier fyasem....altar tularsem....buffet dyedsem....lectern syagsem....counter (cashier stand)
sim....chair	zaopsim....rocking chair yagyugsim....couch zyupsim....swivel chair eynsim....stool edebsim....throne yagyigsim....bench tobotsim....high chair apetsim....saddle fyadilsim....pew maksim.....electric chair teadutsim....witness box tujyagsim....sleep sofa zopsim....recliner yigsim....hard chair agsim....arm chair simber....to seat simper....to sit
sum....bed	suam....cushion suaym....pillow suav....pillow case suem....mattress suev....sheet suef....blanket absuef....bedspread obsuev....liner suim....box spring summuf....bedpost eonsum....twin bed eynsum....day bed igsum....cot suym ....couch nyanxwa sum....bunk bed milsum....waterbed tabsum....sleeping bag pyoxwa sum....hammock malsum....airbed summanar....bed lamp sumber....put to bed sumper....go to bed

The sar (Tool) and par (Vehicle) Family

The base words having to do with tools, devices, and machines all begin in s for thing and end in r for tool. Vehicles are mobile machines, and therefore their stems begin with p for mobile. Specific tools and machines are created by appending one of the stub suffixes to the stem of the word that describes what the tool or machine does. For example, makijar, meaning electrical switch, starter is composed of mak (electricity) and ij- (start).

Summary:

Stub Suffixes for Tools and Machines

STANDALONE WORD	STUB SUFFIX	MEANING
sar	-ar	instrument, tool, device (default)
sir	-ir	apparatus, hand-driven machine
sor	-or	machine, powered machine
sur	-ur	motor, engine

Note: the stub suffixes other than -ar (the default) are used only to distinguish words like bicycle and motorcycle or needle and loom, etc.

Vehicles

Vehicle words end in par, where the initial p signifies going and the final ar indicates instrument, unless there is a need for further distinction, in which case, the ending may be -ir, -or, or -ur.

Vehicles

VEHICLES
par....cart pir....carriage pur....car
mampur....airplane
mempur....automobile, car
mimpar....boat mimpir....motorboat mimpur....ship
mumpur....subway
mompur....spaceship
kyinpar....dolly kyinpir....cart, wagon anzyukyinpir....wheelbarrow kyinpur....truck
naadpur....train
yaudpur....bus
enzyukpar....bicycle enzyukpir....scooter enzyukpor....motorcycle
inzyukpar....tricycle
kipar....skate kipir....sled kipur....sleigh

Tools and Machines

Tools and Machines

TOOLS AND MACHINES
drar....pencil drir....typewriter drur....printer dodrur....press
syagar....calculator syagir....computer
vyixar....brush vyixir....sweeper vyixur....vacuum cleaner

The tol (Food) Family

The stems of the words in this family begin with t for human and l for liquid or in this case, drinkable or edible substances. The words have to do with food, food preparation, eating and drinking.

Summary:

T-L Core Words

WORD	DERIVATIVES
tol....nutrition	tolnam....grocery store toltun....dietetics tolvyaab....diet toluer....feed toyl....nutrition toyles....nutrient toyluer....nourish tolsam....food buffet toleus....taste toleusgab....relish tolmek....spice tolsyeb....casserole
tel....food	telier....eat teluer....feed telam....restaurant telar....fork telyeb....plate telefa....hungry telifut....gourmet gratelut....glutton teltun....gastronomy oteliwas....leftover
til-....drink	tilsem....bar tilier....drink tilef....thirst tilgronag....drought gratilut....drunk tilyeb....glass tilar....spoon tilarog....teaspoon tilarag....ladle tilsyeb....cup teilsyeb....soup bowl kyitilsyeb....mug, stein
tul....dish	jatul....appetizer jotul....dessert agtul....main dish, entree ogtul....tapa igtul....snack atulyan....first course etulyan....second course tular....dish tularsam....china cabinet tularvyixar....dishwasher tuler....dine tamtuler....dine at home tulur....stove tultuna....culinary tulxeb....chef tulxim....kitchen tulim....dining room tulagim....banquet hall vitultun....gastronomy tuldras....menu tulyuxut....waiter tulyeb....platter
tyal....meal	atyal....breakfast etyal....lunch ityal....dinner utyal....supper etyalier....have lunch etyaluer....serve lunch tyalag....banquet vabemtyal....picnic yomxwa tyal....frozen dinner

Drink, Food, Liquids

STUB	EXAMPLES
-il....liquid, drink	teil....soup til....beverage bil....milk mil....water gyalevil....syrup aybil....cream bilyig....cheese bilyug....butter mekil....gruel gyalevabil....pudding taobiil....gravy tuil....sauce tuilyeb....saucer fil....alcohol vafil....wine vafiltun....oenology grafiliut....alcoholic filxer....ferment filvyunober....distill levafil....liquour teabil....tear teubil....saliva ilyeb....bottle yavil....beer magiler....boil dril....ink ilneyeb....tank, reservoir ilsyeb....carafe, beaker, flask apelatil....honey bavuil....ketchup
-yal....juice	sefyal....coffee safyal....tea vafyal....grape juice
-el....food	level....sugar yapel....pork vipel....venison eopel....beef mageler....cook movelwa....smoked ummagelar....oven elsyeb....pot, pan
-yel....gel, oil	dofyel....chocolate megyel....cement myel....plastic tayel....shampoo tulyel....cooking oil magyel....fuel yugyel....rubber fyel....wax magyeler....fry magyelsyeb....frying pan leveyel....jam, confiture yiglevyel....candy kafyel....olive oil gevyel....corn oil tulyel....cooking oil gavyel....sunflower oil
-eil....soup	teil....soup yagteil....stew
-ol....food	avol....bread taol....meat umleavol....biscuit sifyol....pepper mimol....salt ovol....bran zyuavol....roll zyiavol....flatbread, pita yuzavol....wrap, gyro, taco uzavol....twist, croissant ebavol....sandwich toleusgabol....condiment leavol....pasta
-ul....substance	mul....matter bekul....medecine bukul....poison zemul....yolk vemul....neutron vamul....proton vomul....electron gwomul....atom vyul....slime zemul....nucleus

The mor (universe) and mom (outer space) Family

The stems of the words in this family are characterized by the letter m....nature. The words, thus, have to do with nature, the sky, ground, water, planets, etc. The stem vowel indicates whether the term applies to the sky, ground, water, etc.

Summary:

M-R Core Words

mor....universe	mom....cosmos	mol....nature	mop....orbit	moj....evening mon....darkness	mof....nebula mov....smoke	mok....dark matter mog....ash	mob....abyss
mar....star maar....sun	mam....sky	mal....air	map....wind	maj....day man....light	maf....cloud mav....flame	mak....electricty mag....fire
mer....planet meir....earth	mem....land	mel....soil	mep....road		mef....brick mev....porcelain	mek....dust meg....rock mez....gem	meb....mountain
mir....world	mim....sea	mil....water	mip....river
mur....satellite muar....moon	mum....underground	mul....matter	mup....tunnel			muk....mineral mug....metal	mub....cave, pit

A few important derivations:

• maar....sun  ("number one star")

• maarnaap....solar system  (the "sun system")
• maaryap....sunrise  ("sun rise")
• maaryop....sunset  ("sun descent")
• maarnad....sunbeam  ("sun line")
• maarmap....solar wind  ("sun wind")
• maarman....sunlight  ("sun light")

• muar....moon   ("number one satellite)

• muarned....lunar surface   ("moon surface")
• muarmoyb....lunar crater   ("moon depression")

• Meir....Earth   ("third planet from the sun"

• meirtun....geology   ("earthscience"
• meirzyunad....earth's axis   ("earth turn line"
• meirmop....earth's orbit   ("earth's orbit"

• marmaf....galaxy   ("star cloud")

• Amarmaf....Milky Way   ("number one galaxy, i.e. star cloud")

• maryan....constellation   ("collection of stars")
• marmeg....comet   ("star rock")
• mommeg....meteor   ("space rock")
• mammeg....meteorite   ("sky rock")

The following are vehicles and derivatives that are specific to one of the above physical spheres:

Vehicles Specific to Various Spheres

mompur....spaceship	momper....travel through space	momput....cosmonaut, astronaut
mampur....airplane	mamper....fly	mamput....flyer, pilot
mempur....automobile	memper....ride, drive	memput....rider, driver
mimpur....ship obmimpar....submarine	mimper....sail, navigate	mimput....sailor, navigator obmimput....submariner
mumpur....subway	mumper....tunnel, go by metro	mumput....metro rider

Note: marpur = starship and muarpur = lunar module

Names of the Planets

Here are the names of the planets in our solar system. Notice that Earth is the "third planet" from the sun.

Planets

mer....planet
Mear....Mercury
Meer....Venus
Meir....Earth (i = three)
Meur....Mars
Meyor....Jupiter
Meyar....Saturn
Meyer....Uranus
Meyir....Pluto

Polar Directions

Polar Directions

DIRECTIONS	mer....planet
a....up	amer....north	amera....northern
o....down	omer....south	omera....southern
i....right	imer....east	imera....eastern, oriental
u....left	umer....west	umera....western, occidental

Compass points can be hybrids of the above:

• aomera izon....north-south direction
• uimera domep....east-west street
• aumera zyemep....northwest passage
• oimera tez....southeast culture

Related terms:

• amernod....north pole (nod = point)
• omernod....south pole
• aomernad....longitude (ao = north-south, nad = line)
• uimernad....latitude (ui = east-west)
• emernad....equator (e = middle)
• oybemernada....tropical, Torrid (oyb = below)
• merzyun....globe, sphere (planet-ball)
• eymerzyun....hemisphere (half-planet-ball)

The same directional prefixes are used in the following words:

• aonab....column (up-down row, y-axis)
• uinab....row (left-right row, x-axis)
• aonada....vertical ) (nad = line)
• uinada....horiztonal

Types of Clouds

Types of Clouds

maf....cloud
maaf....stratus
maef....nimbostratus
maif....cumulus
mauf....cumulonimbus
mayof....stratocumulus
mayaf....allocumulus
mayef....allostratus
mayif....cirrocumulus
mayuf....cirrostratus
malof....cirrus

Types of Roads and Paths

Types of Roads

mep....way, road, route     zeymep....bridge, crossing     aybmep....overpass, bridge     oybmep....underpass     zyemep....tunnel, throughway, thoroughfare     kumep....side path     zomep....back way     ebmep....aisle     tyoyamep....sidewalk, walkway     omep....impasse     gunmep....dogleg     dinmep....plot     pomep....itinerary     eynmep....half-way     homep?....which way?     yilpmep....escape route     yexmep....career     yuzmep....circuit     tyenmep....career     puxmep....trajectory     vyamep....right way     vyomep....wrong way     musmep....stairway     izmep....direct route, straight path, vector     yebmep....entryway, entrance     oyebmep....exit, way out     mummep....subway     mammep....air route     elyamep....railroad, railway     mimmep....sealane

domep....street     agdomep....highway     aagdomep....main street     zyadomep....broadway     igdomep....expressway     uzmep....byway, detour     yuzdomep....beltway, loop     zyudomep....roundabout, circle, rotary     ebdomep....alley     anizona domep....one-way street

meap....avenue

meep....boulevard

meip....lane     zimeip....right lane     zumeip....left lane     zemeip....median, middle lane     anmeip....single lane     enmeip....double lane

meup....trail     mebmeup....mountain trail

meyp....path     tyoyameyp....footpath

Types of Stones, Gems, etc.

Types of Stones

STONE	GEM	OTHER EARTH SUBSTANCES
meg .... stone	mez .... gem	mek .... dust
meag .... marble	amez .... diamond	miek .... sand
meeg ....slate	emez .... topaz	myek .... powder
meig ....gramote	imez .... ruby	mel .... soil
meug ....clay	vamez .... emerald	meil .... mud
meyag ....chalk	yamez .... amethyst	megil .... cement
meyeg ....limestone	yomez .... sapphire	myel .... plastic
meyig ....alabaster		mil .... water
meyog .... china		mial .... vapor
meyug .... gypsum		miil .... dew
melag .... adobe		mimol .... salt
meleg .... terra cotta		mamil .... rain
melig .... marl		mal .... air
melug .... kaolin		mayl .... gas
melyag .... feldspar		magil .... petroleum
melyeg .... petunse		mug .... metal
melyig .... silica		muk .... mineral
melyog .... pegmatite		mul .... matter
melyug .... flint		mag .... fire
mieg .... coral		mog .... ash
		mav .... flame
		mov .... smoke

Thermal Conditions

Thermal Conditions

am....heat	ama .... hot	ayma ....warm
om....cold	oma .... cold	oyma ....cool
im....moisture	ima .... wet	iyma ....humid
um....draught	uma .... dry	uyma ....arid
yom....ice	yoma .... frozen	yoyma ....chilly
yam....fire	yama .... burning	yayma....fiery

Note: aoma = lukewarm.

Weather Phenomena

Weather Phenomena

maalbyen ....weather (atmosphere + mood)
mamil ....rain
mamyom ....sleet
mamyoym ....snow
yoym ....frost
yom ....ice
mial ....steam
miil ....dew
maf ....cloud
miaf ....fog
mapil ....storm, windstorm
xeusmapil ....thunderstorm
mapilag ....tempest
mimuzlun ....hurricane
imera mimuzlun ....typhoon
map ....wind maap ....puff maep ....breeze maip ....gust maup ....gale mayop ....typhoon
mapuzlun ....tornado, twister, cyclone
mammanig (or) mammak ....lightning
mamxeus ....thunder
mamiluz ....rainbow
jibim ....monsoon
graim ....flood, deluge

Atmospheric Layers

Atmospheric Layers

mal ....air
maal ....atmosphere
mael ....troposphere
mail ....stratosphere
maul ....ionosphere
mayol ....exosphere

Rivers and Streams

Rivers and Streams

mip ....river
miap ....stream
miep ....brook
miip ....rivulet
miup ....tributary
miyop ....creek
miyap ....rill
mipuj ....estuary
mipkum ....river bank

Bodies of Water

Bodies of Water

mim ....sea
mimag ....ocean
miam ....lake
miem ....lagoon
miim ....pond
mium ....pool, basin
miumog ....puddle
immem ....swamp
ebmim ....strait
zyomip ....canal

Land Features

Land Features

mem ....land
meam ....region meem ....territory meim ....countryside meum ....zone, district meyom ....tract, parcel, acre
meb ....mountain meyb ....mount meab ....hill meeb ....knob meib ....mound meub ....ridge meyob ....bump
mimeib ... cape
yabmimeib ....promontory, headland, bluff
zyimeb ....plateau
magmeb ....volcano
mub ....chasm, precipice, cliff muab ....gulf, gulch mueb ....ravine, valley, dale muib ....cave muyob ....ditch
mimuib ....cove
mimkum ....beach, seaside, coast
uzmimkum ....bay
zyimem ....plain
ummem ....desert
immem ....wetland, swamp
zomem ....hinterland
zyamem ....prairie
memsin ....landscape
yonmel ....island
eynyonmel ....peninsula
yanmel ....continent
zyoebmel ....isthmus
yijmem ....field, meadow

Different Worlds

Different Worlds

mir ....world, realm, domain
jomir....here-after, after-world, metasphere fyajomir....heaven, paradise ebjomir....limbo zejomir....purgatory fyojomir....hell
yizmir....world beyond, spirit world yizmirat....spirit, sprite
fyamir....sacred world, paradise fyamirat....angel
fyomir....wicked world, hell fyomirat....demon
obmir....nether world
komir....secret realms
Totmir....Heaven

The pot (Animal) Family

The stems of the words in this family begin with the letter p, denoting movement, and end in the letter t, denoting a living creature. Thus, the words have to do with animals. The ordinal vowel indicates the terrain: land, air, water, or a combination of these. If the vowel is pre-y-glided, then the animal is wild or predatory.

Summary:

Animal Core Words

AIR	pat....bird pyat....predatory bird piat....aquatic bird
LAND (WILD)	pot....animal pyot....predatory animal piot....semi-aquatic
LAND (DOMESTIC)	pet....land animal pyet....reptile pelt....insect pelat....flying insect piyet....batrachian payet....flying reptile peyet....worm
WATER	pit....fish pyit....predatory fish piit....crustacean pyeit....mollusk peit....marine mammal

Chart of Principal Animals

Chart of Principal Animals

LAND (WILD)	LAND (DOMESTIC)	AIR	WATER
pot....WILD ANIMAL gapot....elephant gepot....rhinoceros gipot....zebra kapot....squirrel kepot....polecat kipot....badger kupot....otter kyapot....beaver kyepot....ermine kyipot....raccoon kyopot....weasel kyupot....ferret klapot....rat sapot....hedgehog sepot....porcupine sipot....mole supot....skunk vapot....hart vepot....reindeer vipot....deer vupot....chamois vyapot....antelope vyepot....gazelle vyipot....elk, moose vyupot....buck yupot....wild rabbit yuapot....hare zapot....tortoise pyot....PREDATORY ANIMAL apyot....lion epyot....tiger ipyot....leopard iapyot....jaguar iepyot....puma iipyot....panther iupyot....lynx upyot....wolf yopyot....fox yapyot....wild boar yepyot....hyena yeapyot....jackal bepyot....bear dapyot....kangaroo fapyot....orangutan, ape fepyot....monkey fipyot....gorilla fupyot....bonobo fyopyot....chimpanzee fyapyot....gibbon fyepyot....lemur piot....semi-aquatic gapiot....hippopotamus zapiot....turtle	pet....DOMESTIC ANIMAL apet....horse epet....bull ipet....ass upet....ram yopet....goat yapet....hog yepet....dog yipet....cat yupet....rabbit fapet....camel fepet....dromedary fipet....giraffe lapet....llama lepet....yak klapet....mouse pyet....REPTILE apyet....lizard epyet....caiman ipyet....crocodile upyet....aligator yopyet....iguana fapyet....grass snake fepyet....slug fipyet....leech kepyet....gecko lopyet....snake lapyet....boa lepyet....cobra lipyet....viper vapyet....snail piyet....BATRACHIAN apiyet....toad epiyet....frog ipiyet....tree frog payet....FLYING REPTILE apayet....bat peyet....WORM apeyet....silkworm epeyet....flatworm ipeyet....tapeworm upeyet....fluke bapeyet....threadworm bepeyet....roundworm bipeyet....hookworm dapeyet....earthworm depeyet....bristle worm pelt....INSECT apelt....spider fapelt....ant fepelt....cockroach fipelt....termite gapelt....weevil gepelt....mite kapelt....louse kepelt....flea kipelt....bug kopelt....vermin kupelt....earwig lapelt....scorpion lepelt....caterpillar lipelt....lice lupelt....bedbug rapelt....centipede repelt....millipede	pat....BIRD apat....cock epat....duck ipat....turkey upat....goose yapat....pigeon bapat....thrush bepat....warbler bipat....sparrow dapat....parrot depat....parakeet fapat....raven fepat....crow gapat....ostrich gepat....peacock gipat....peafowl fipat....magpie kapat....stork vapat....nightingale vepat....yellow canary vipat....canary vupat....chaffinch vyapat....robin vyepat....bluebird vyopat....blackbird zapat....swallow zepat....swift sapat....partridge sepat....quail sipat....woodcock supat....lark syopat....pheasant syapat....black grouse syepat....woodpecker pyat....BIRD OF PREY bird apyat....eagle epyat....vulture ipyat....kite upyat....buzzard yopyat....sparrowhawk yapyat....falcon lapyat....owl lepyat....screech owl pelat....FLYING INSECT apelat....bee epelat....wasp ipelat....horsefly, gadfly upelat....fly yopelat....mosquito yapelat....gnat gapelat....moth gopelat....butterfly lapelat....may bug lepelat....beetle tapelat....cicada tepelat....cricket tipelat....grasshopper topelat....dragonfly tupelat....firefly vapelat....bumble bee vepelat....sweat bee vipelat....hornet piat....AQUATIC BIRD japiat....cormorant jepiat....gull kapiat....heron kepiat....crane kipiat....flamingo sapiat....swan tapiat....penguin	pit....FISH apit....trout epit....perch ipit....pike upit....carp yopit....tench yapit....gudgeon, stud yepit....stickleback yipit....whiting fapit....shad fepit....bluegill fipit....catfish fupit....bass gapit....minnow gepit....perch lapit....ray, skate lepit....turbot lipit....salmon lupit....sole sapit....herring sepit....barbel sipit....anchovy supit....gilt-head, sea bream syopit....sardine syapit....hake vapit....eel vepit....seahorse pyit....PREDATOR SEA CREATURE ipyit....sperm whale yapyit....swordfish yepyit....tuna yipyit....sturgeon yupyit....cod bapyit....jellyfish piit....CRUSTACEAN apiit....lobster epiit....crayfish ipiit....scampi upiit....craw fish yopiit....prawn yapiit....shrimp lapiit....crab lepiit....squid peit....MARINE MAMMAL apeit....whale epeit....seal ipeit....sea lion, otary upeit....manatee yopeit....walrus yapeit....platypus yepeit....dolphin yipeit....vaquita bapeit....shark bepeit....dolphin bipeit....porpoise bupeit....otter pyeit....MOLLUSK apyeit....oyster epyeit....mussel ipyeit....clam upyeit....octopus

Animal Sounds

The animal noise verbs are formed by replacing the final t of the animal's name to der (communicate, utter), as in the chart below. If the noise is particularly "noisy", the verb teuder (scream) can be used instead of der.

Animal Sounds

ANIMAL	SOUND VERB
apet....horse	apeder....neigh, whinny
epet....bull	epeder....bellow
eopetob....veal	eopetoder....bleat
eopet....ox	eopeder....low, moo, bellow
epeyt....cow	epeyder....moo
ipet....ass	ipeder....bray, hehaw
lapet....llama	lapeder....growl
upet....sheep	upeder....bleat
yopet....goat	yopeder....bray
yapet....hog	yapeder....grunt, snort, oink
yepet....dog	yepeder....bark (yepeteuder....yelp)
yepyot....wolf	yepyoder....howl
yopyot....fox	yopyoder....yelp
yipet....cat	yipeder....mew, purr, meow
yipyot....tiger	yipyoder....growl
yupet....rabbit	yupeder....drum
kapet....squirrel	kapeder....squeak
kyipet....raccoon	kyipeder....chitter
klapet....mouse	klapeder....squeak
eplet....koala	epleder....wail
apyot....lion	rapyoder....roar
yepyot....hyena	yepyoder....laugh
yeapyot....jackal	yeapyoder....howl
bapyot....ape	tapyoder....gibber
bepyot....bear	tepyoder....growl
gapot....elephant	gapeder....trumpet
vepot....reindeer	vepoder....bellow
vyipot....moose	vyipoder....bellow
fapet....camel	fapeder....grunt
fipet....giraffe	fipeder....bleat
kepyet....gecko	kepyeder....go to-key, make a gecko noise
lepyet....cobra	lepyeder....hiss
apayet....bat	apayeder....screech
epiyet....frog	epiyeder....rivet, make a frog noise
apelat....bee	apelader....buzz
lepelat....beetle	lepelader....drone
tepelat....cricket	tepelader....chirp
pat....bird	pader....chirp, tweet, coo, sing
apat....rooster	apader....crow, cockadoodle-doo
apayt....hen	apayder....cluck
apatog....chicken	apatoder....cheep
epat....duck	epader....quack
ipat....turkey	ipader....gobble
yapat....pigeon	yapader....coo
apyat....eagle	apyader....squawk
epyat....vulture	epyader....scream
fapat....raven	fapader....croak
fepat....crow	fepader....craw
fipat....chatter	fipader....chatter
fupat....hoot	fupader....hoot
fyipat....jay	fyipader....chatter
gapat....ostrich	gapader....bleep
sapiat....swan	sapiader....cry
zapat....swallow	zapader....squeal
tapat....parrot	tapader....parrot
vapat....nightingale	vapader....pipe
fepat....warbler	fepader....warble
tapiat....penguin	tapiader....honk
yapeit....platypus	yapeider....chitter
yopeit....walrus	yopeider....groan
bipeit....porpoise	bipeider....whistle

Animal Habitats

By suffixing the final t of the animal name with tam....house, you get corresponding animal's living quarters:

Animal Habitats

ANIMAL	LIVING SPACE
apet....horse	apetam....stable
epet....ox	epetam....cowshed
yapet....pig	yapetam....pigpen, pigsty
yepet....dog	yepetam....doghouse
apyot....lion	apyotam....den, lion's den
fapelt....ant	fapeltam....anthill
apelat....bee	apelatam....beehive
pat....bird	patam....nest, bird's nest
apat....hen	apatam....henhouse, chicken coop
bepyot....bear	bepyotam....lair
pyot....wild animal	pyotam....cage

Animal Meats

By changing the final letter of the animal's name to an l, you get the meat eaten from that animal:

Animal Meats

ANIMAL	MEAT
eopet....ox	eopel....beef
vipet....deer	vipel....venison
yapet....hog	yapel....pork
yapetyoab....hog's thigh	yapetyoal....ham
uopet....sheep	uopel....mutton
eopetob....calf	eopetol....veal
vapyet....snail	vapyel....escargot

Animal Groupings

By adding yan....aggregate or nyan....crowd to the name of an animal, you get the animal grouping:

Animal Groupings

ANIMAL	GROUPING
pat....bird	patyan....flock
eopet....ox	eopetyan....cattle
pit....fish	pityan....school
pelt....insect	peltyan....swarm
apat....cock	apatyan....poultry
pot....animal	potnyan....herd
yopet....goat	yopetyan....goatherd

Animals' Babies and Diminutives

The baby of an animal ends in ud, which is a stub suffix for tud....offspring, child:

Animals' Babies

ANIMAL	BABY
apet....horse	apetud....foal
pat....bird	patud....chick
apet....horse	apetud....foal
eopet....ox	eopetud....calf
yepet....dog	yepetud....pup
yipet....cat	yipetud....kitten
apat....cock	apatud....chick
apyat....eagle	apyatud....eaglet
upat....goose	upatud....gosling
upet....ram	upetud....lamb
yopet....goat	yopetud....kid

To create an animal pet name, add the suffix if

Animal Pet Names

ANIMAL	PET
yepet....dog	yepetif....puppy
yipet....cat	yipetif....kitten
apat....cock	apatif....chickadee

Other size suffixes can be appended as well:

Animal Diminutives and Augmentatives

ANIMAL	SIZE-VARIANT
yepet....dog	yepetog....doggy
yepet....dog	yepetayg....cur
yepet....dog	yepetag....hound
upetud....lamb	upetotog....lambkin
yapet....hog	yapetog....piggy

Animal-derived Adjectives

Here is a chart showing the adjectives used to refer to animals:

Animal Adjectives

ANIMAL NOUN	ADJECTIVE
apet....horse	apeta....equine
eopet....ox	eopeta....bovine
upet....ram	upeta....ovine
yapet....hog	yapeta....porcine
yepet....dog	yepeta....canine
yipet....cat	yipeta....feline
upyot....wolf	upyota....lupine
pyet....reptile	pyeta....reptilian
pat....bird	pata....avian

Various Other Words Derived from Animals:

Various Animal Derviations

ANIMAL NAME	DERIVED WORD
apet....horse	apetsim....saddle apetyoyafut....blacksmith apetyoyaper....trot apetpar....carriage apetapekam....hippodrome fizapetaput....knight dopapetaput....mounted trooper
apelat....bee	apelatyel....wax apelatil....honey apelatam....hive apelatyan....swarm
pat....bird	patij....egg patam....nest patijber....hatch patijsana....oval
pit....fish	pitpexar....lure pitgrunen....angling pitpixut....fisherman pittun....ichthyology pitsana....pisciform pituil....fish sauce pitub....fin pitaib....fishbone piteab....fisheye piteob....jowl pitieb....gill pitoyb....mermaid

Animals' Hair

The hair of an animal ends in tayeb....hair:

Animal Hair

ANIMAL	HAIR
pat....bird	patayeb....feather
apet....horse	apetayeb....horsehair, mane
yipet....cat	yipetayeb....fur
fapet....camel	fapetayeb....camelhair
pit....fish	pitayeb....scale
upat....goose	upatayeb....down, goose down
bepyot....bear	bepyotayeb....fuzz
uopet....sheep	uopetayeb....wool, fleece

Gendered Counterparts of Animals

The word for the female counterpart of an animal is created by post-y-glided (i.e. adding a y to) the ordinal (last) vowel of the male animal's adult name:

Female Counterparts of Animals

ANIMAL	FEMALE
epet....ox	epeyt....cow
apet....horse	apeyt....mare
ipet....ass	ipeyt....she-ass
yopet....goat	yopeyt....nanny goat
yapet....hog	yapeyt....sow
yepet....dog	yepeyt....bitch
apyot....lion	apyoyt....lioness
upyot....wolf	upyoyt....wolverine
yopyot....fox	yopyoyt....vixen
gapot....elephant	gapoyt....cow elephant
vipot....buck	vipeyt....deer
apat....cock	apayt....hen
yupet....rabbit	yupeyt....doe rabbit
upet....ram	upeyt....ewe

To form the male-specific gender of an animal, place a w before the ordinal vowel:

Male Counterparts of Animals

ANIMAL	MALE
epet....ox	epwet....bull
apet....horse	apwet....stallion
apet....cock	apwet....rooster
yupet....rabbit	yupwet....buck rabbit
ipet....ass	ipwet....(he-)mule
bepyot....bear	bepyowt*....papa bear

¹ If the animal name ends in -pyot, -pyat, -pyit, or pyet, post-w-glide the final vowel.

To form the gelded or neutered form of an animal, place an o before the p:

Gelded Counterparts of Animals

ANIMAL	MALE
epet....bovine	eopet....steer
apet....horse	aopet....gelding
upet....ram	uopet....sheep

Interesting Parallels in Animal Vocabulary

Parallels in Animal Vocabulary

teub....mouth	pateub....beak, bill	poteub....mug	mimeub....bay
teib....nose	poteib....snout	gapeteib....elephant trunk	meib....promontory	tilabeib....nipple	fapemeib....camel hump	seib....marquee, ledge
tayeb....hair	patayeb....feather	pitayeb....scale	petayeb....fur	fayeb....leaf	vosayeb....petal	uopetayeb....wool, fleece
tulob....nail	patulob....claw	apelatulob....stinger	defulob....pine needle	fulob....prick	vulob....thorn	yomulob....icicle
tyoyab....foot	apetyoyab....hoof	potyoyab....paw	meboyab....foothills	fyoyab....stump	vyoyab....stub
tayob....skin	potayob....hide	piitayob....shell	mayob....crust	fayob....bark	vayob....peel	patijayob....eggshell
tub....arm	patub....wing	pitub....fin	potub....paw	mapatub....fan	zyupatub....propeller

The fob (Vegetation)and vob (Plant) Family

The stems of the words in this family begin with f for vegetation or v for plant and end in b for organism. These words have to do with trees, fruits, nuts, vegetables, plants, grasses, and grains, as shown in this chart:

Summary:

Fob and Vob Core Words

TREES, FRUITS, VEGETABLES	PLANTS, GRAINS, LEGUMES
fob....vegetable	vob....plant
fab....tree	vab....grass
feb....fruit, nut	veb....tuft veeb....seed veeyb....grain
fib....trunk	vib....stem
fub....branch	vub....twig
fayeb....leaf	vayeb....bud
fyob....root	vyob....tendril

The vol (Edible Vegetable), vos (Flower), and voz (Color Family

Summary:

Vo[lsz] Words

vol....edible vegetable

vos....flower

voz....color

Colors (voz)

The names of common colors in Mirad are mnemonically based on flowers and other natural products that have distinctive colors. In the summary chart below, the mnemonic origin is given for each color term.

Summary:

Color Words

COLOR	MNEMONIC ORIGIN
voz....color	vos....flower
ovoza....plain, blank	o....zero
avoza....white	avos....lily
evoza....yellow	evos....narcissus
ivoza....red	ivos....poppy
uvoza....pink	uvos....rose
yovoza....blue	yovos....blueberry
yavoza....mauve	yavos....hydrangea
yevoza....lilac	yevos....lilac
yivoza....violet, purple	yivos....violet
lafeza....orange	lafeb....orange
vaza....green	vab....grass
moza....black	mon....dark
maza....white	man....light
maoza....gray	man + mon
meza....brown	mel....soil

The common colors consist of a mnemonic stub for a flower, plant, fruit, or other natural item exhibiting most vividly the color in question, followed by the suffix -za (reminiscent of voz....color, itself reminiscent of vos....flower), eg. va- (from vab....grass) + z = vaza....green.

The most exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the numerical position in the alphabetized Wikipedia list of colors + -za. For example, the color Alabama Crimson is the tenth color in that list when alphabetized, so it's name is aloza.

A color referring to one's skin or race is suffixed with -ata-, eg. mozata....black-skinned, black, while the person of that skin color ends in -at, eg. mazat....white person, a white. A person of mixed color is a eyvozat ('ey-....half). A non-white is expressed with omazat.

A color referring to one's hair is a combination of toz, preceded by the first vowel of the color, eg. i from ivoza....red + toz yields itoza....auburn, red-headed.

• If the stem vowel of the color term is post-y-glided, then the meaning is the lighter version of the color, eg. ivoyza....light red.
• If the stem vowel of the color term is pre-y-glided, then the meaning is the darker or deeper version of the color, eg. ivyoza....deep red.
• If the stem vowel of the color term is doubled, then the meaning is the brighter version of the color, eg. ivooza....bright red.
• If the syllable yen is inserted between the stem and the adjectival ending a, then the meaning is -ish, eg. avozyena....reddish.
• If the color word is preceded by gwa, it is of maximum intensity, eg. gwaivoza....as red as can be.

The tuz (Art) Family

This family includes words having to do with the arts, such as theater, sculpture, music, poetry, etc. Word stems ending in -z refer to something that is precious or artful. Stems with eu are mnemonic for teub....mouth and refer to sound, singing, noises, etc.

Summary:

Artsy Words

THE ARTS
tuz....art taz....statue tez....culture tyez....magic teyz....cult toz....complexion tuyatuz....handicrafts tuyz....artisanship
siz....painting saz....sculpture voz....color
daz....dance dez....theater diz....comedy, circus duz....music dyez....cinema drez....poetry
teuz....voice deuz....song seux....sound xeus....noise seuz....tone

The dob (State) Family

The stems of the words in this family start with d for society and end with b for organization.

Summary:

D-B Core Words

dob....state, regime

dab....government

deb....leader

dib....administration

dub....minister

Regimes and Rulers

Regimes and Rulers

REGIME=dob	GENDER-NEUTRAL RULER=deb	MALE FULE=dweb	FEMALE RULER=deyb
adob....empire	adeb....emperor	adweb....emperor	adeyb....empress
edob....kingdom	edeb....monarch	edweb....king	edeyb....queen
idob....principality	ideb....prince	idweb....prince	ideyb....princess
udob....duchy	udeb....duke	udweb....duke	udeyb....duchess
yodob....marquisate	yodeb....marquis	yodweb....marquis	yodeyb....marquise
yadob....count	yadeb....count	yadweb....count	yadeyb....countess
yedob....domain	yedeb....lord	yedweb....lord	yedeyb....lady, dominatrix
yidob....barony	yideb....baron	yidweb....baron	yideyb....baroness
alodob....tribe, chiefdom, clan	alodeb....chief, tribal chief, chieftain	alodweb....male chief	alodeyb....chieftaine
obdobem....colony	obdeb....governor	obdweb....governor	obdeyb....governess

City Entitites

City Entities

dom....city debdom....capital mimdom....port domab....municipality domeb....mayor yuzdom....suburb dommas....city wall yizdom....outskirts odom....countryside zedom....downtown domgon....district domep....street domyem....plaza domunkun....city block

dam....airfield

dem....park deym....garden domdeym....square

dim....fountain

Governments and Leaders

Governments and Leaders

GOVERNMENT=dab	LEADER=deb
ditdab....republic	ditdeb....president
tyodab....democracy	tyodeb....president
andab....autocracy	andeb....autocrat
anadab....dictatorship	anadeb....dictator
nyazdab....plutocracy	nyazdeb....plutocrat
yabdab....aristocracy	yabdeb....aristocrat
totdab....theocracy	totdeb....theocrat
abdab....dominion	abdeb....overlord, master
obdab....protectorate, subject state	obdeb....protector, subjugator
yibdab....colony	yibdeb....colonial master
memyuvdab....fiefdom	memyuvdeb....feudal lord

Regional Administrations

Regional Administrations

REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION
doob....nation
doab....fatherland
doeb....state, Bund
doib....county
domem....province, state
domeam....department, county, prefecture
domeem....sub-prefecture
domeim....canton
domeum....commune

The nas (Money) Family

The stems of the words in this family all begin with n for merchandise. All the words have to do with money, business, trade, and merchandise.

Summary:

Money Core Words

MONEY NOUNS	MONEY VERBS
nas....money nax....price nayx....cost naz....value, worth nasyig....cash nasmug....coin nases....change nasgon....stock nastun....finance donastun....economy nasyan....capital nasdrev....paper money nasdref....check nasam....bank nasak....windfall nasok....deficit	naxer....cost nasbuer....allocate nasaker....profit naseker....gamble nasyefer....owe nasyefier ....borrow nasyefuer....lend naxter....appreciate nazer....be worth nazder....assess nazbuer....reward nasyiguer....cash
nex....savings nexak....interest	nexer....save neuner....reserve
nix....income, revenue yexnix....salary tutnix....honorarium jonix....debt nixak....profit dobnix....pension dotnix....welfare jabnix....annuity nixgab....dividend	nixer....earn nizer....deserve nier....consume nixbuer....sell jobnier....rent nixbuer...sell
nux....payment, outlay yovnux....penalty nuxyef....duty jonux....credit yufnux....blackmail dobnux....tax nuz....award nuxgax....pay raise	nuxer....pay nuzuer....award nuer....supply jobnuxer....lease nuxbier....buy
nox....expenditure finox....thrift noz....jewelry	noxer....spend funoxer....waste
nun....product nunyan....merchandise nunsag....inventory nunek....negotiation nundel....ad nundyun....brand nunem....market n(un)am....shop nunut....merchant nunyeb....package	nuneker....deal nunier....buy nunuer....sell nunuier....trade namper....shop nundeler....advertise nunsager....inventory nunyember....package
nyan....stack nyandras....list nyaz....wealth	nyaser....accumulate nyaxer....stack
nyen....stores, stock nyeb....container nyem....box, case nyef....bag, sack nyeyf....purse yignyef....basket	nyexer....stock nyember....box up
nyix....order nyixdref....order form nyixut....client, customer	nyixer....demand, order
nyox....waste	nyoxer....waste
nyux....delivery nyuxun....cargo, freight, shipment nyuxdref....receipt nyuxpur....delivery truck	nyuxer....supply, deliver, ship

The dop (Military) Family

The stems of the words in this family begin with d....social and end in p....mobile and have to do with the military and war.

Summary:

D-P Words

MILITARY	SOME DERIVATIONS
dop....military	dopeb....commander of the armed forces dopof....uniform dopnab....military rank dopbier....conquer dopizper....march dopyaf....military power dopar....weapon doparobel....armistice dopek....combat dopekem....battleground dopekut....combat soldier odopeker....defend dopembier....deploy dopektof....battle attire dropek....war dropekut....warrier dropekpos....armistice dopteud....battle cry dopdeuz....battle hymn dopnad....battle line dopepem....battle station dopzanad....battlefront ditdoyp....militia dopyena....militant
dap....air force	dapeb....air force commander dapat....airman dapur....fighter jet
dep....ground force, army	depeb....army commander depet....enlisted soldier depur....tank
dip....navy	dipeb....navy commander dipat....ensign oybdipur....submarine dipur....battleship adipur....aircraft carrier edipur....dreadnaught idipur....frigate udipur....destroyer yadipur....corvette yedipur....gunboat yodipur....cruiser
diep....marine	diepeb....marine commander diepat....marine soldier dieput....ambphibious warship

Weapons

Weapons

WEAPONS
dopar....weapon doparier....take up arms doparuer....arm
adopar....gun tuyab adopar....handgun, pistol zyup adopar....revolver
edopar....rifle
idopar....shotgun
udopar....musket
dopir....artillery
adopir....cannon
edopir....bazooka
idopir....howitzer
dopur....machine gun
dopyonar....bayonet zyidopyonar....sword mimdopyonar....cutlass zyadopyonar....battle-ax
dopuz-izmuf....bow-and-arrow

Ranks

Military Ranks

ARMY dep	NAVY dip	AIR FORCE dap	MARINE FORCE diep
depat....soldier	dipat....ensign	dapat....airman	diepat....private
adepat....private	adipat....seaman recruit	adapat....airman basic	adiepat....private
edepat....private 2	edipat....seaman apprentice	edapat....airman	ediepat....private 1st class
idepat....private first class	idipat....seaman	idapat....airman first class	idiepat....lance corporal
udepat....army specialist	udipat....petty officer 3rd class	udapat....senior airman	udiepat....corporal
....	yodipat....petty officer 2nd class	yodapat....staff sergeant	yodiepat....sergeant
....	yadipat....petty officer 3rd class	yadapat....technical sergeant	yadiepat....staff sergeant
....	yedipat....chief petty officer	obyedapat....master sergeant	yediepat....gunnery sergeant
....	....	abyedapat....master sergeant with diamond	....
....	yidipat....senior chief petty officer	obyidapat....senior master sergeant	yidiepat....master sergeant
....	....	abyidapat....senior master sergeant with diamond	....
....	obyudipat....master chief petty officer	obyudapat....chief master sergeant	yudiepat....first sergeant
....	ebyudipat....fleet master chief petty officer	....	alodiepat....master gunnery sergeant
....	abyudipat....master chief petty officer of the navy	abyudapat....chief master sergeant with diamond	aladiepat....sergeant major
adeplat....warrant officer	adiplat....ensign	adaplat....2nd lieutenant	adieplat....warrant officer
edeplat....chief warrant officer 2	ediplat....lieutenant junior grade	edaplat....1st lieutenant	edieplat....chief warrant officer 2
ideplat....chief warrant officer 3	idiplat....lieutenant	idaplat....captain	idieplat....chief warrant officer 3
udeplat....chief warrant officer 4	udiplat....lieutenant commander	udaplat....major	udieplat....chief warrant officer 4
yodeplat....chief warrant officer 5	yodiplat....commander	yodaplat....lieutenant colonel	yodieplat....chief warrant officer 5
yadeplat....second lieutenant	yadiplat....captain	yadaplat....colonel	yadieplat....second lieutenant
yedeplat....first lieutenant	....	....	yedieplat....first lieutenant
yideplat....captain	yidiplat....ensign	....	yidieplat....captain
yudeplat....major	....	....	yudieplat....major
adeprat....brigadier general	adiprat....rear admiral lower half	adaprat....brigadier general	adieprat....lieutenant general
edeprat....major general	ediprat....rear admiral upper half	edaprat....major general	edieprat....colonel
ideprat....lieutenant general	idiprat....vice admiral	idaprat....lieutenant general	idieprat....brigadier general
udeprat....4 star general	udiprat....commandant	udaprat....general air force chief of staff	udieprat....major general
yodeprat....5-star general	yodiprat....fleet admiral	yodaprat....general of the AF	yodieprat....lieutenant general
....	....	....	yadieprat....general

The ab (On), yab (Up) Family

Summary:

AB Family

ab....on ayb....over aber....put on aper....get on aba....superior abem....top ayb....above	eb....between eyb....among eber....block eper....intervene eba....in-between ebem....interval eyb....among	ob....off oyb....under ober....remove oper....get off oba....inferior obem....bottom oyb....below
yab....up yaber....raise yaper....rise yaba....high yabaga....tall yaboga....short yabem....upstairs	yeb....in yeber....put in yeper....get in yeba....inner yebaga....deep inside yeboga....a little way in yebem....interior	yob....down yober....lower yoper....descend yoba....low yobaga....deep yoboga....shallow yobem....downstairs
	oyeb....out oyeber....put out oyeper....get out oyeba....outer oyebem....exterior

The af (Permission), yaf (Ability) Family

Summary:

AF Family

afer....may afa....allowed afwa....permissable afxer....allow	efer....need efa....in need of efwa....necessary efxer....necessitate	ofer....be prohibited ofa....not allowed ofwa....prohibited ofxer....prohibit
yafer....can yafa....able yafwa....possible yafxer....enable	yefer....must yefa....obliged yefwa....obligatory yefxer....oblige	yofer....cannot yofa....unable yofwa....impossible yofxer....incapacite

The aga (Big), yaga (Long) Family

Summary:

AGA/YAGA Family

aga....big agan....size agaxer....magnify agser....grow	ega....normal egan....normalcy egaxer....normalize	oga....little ogan....smallness ogaxer....minimize ogser....shrink
yaga....long yagan....length yagaxer....lengthen yagser....stretch		yoga....short yogan....shortness yogaxer....abbreviate yogser....contract

The aj (Past), taj (Birth) Family

Summary:

AJ/TAJ Family

aj....past ajna....old ajyena....old-fashioned	ej....present ejna....new ejyena....modern	oj....future ojna....to-be ojyena....futuristic
taj....birth tajer....be born tajber....give birth taja....natal	tej....life tejer....live tejber....bring to life teja....vital	toj....death tojer....die tojber....kill toja....mortal

The ak- (Win), yak- (Expect) Family

Summary:

AK/YAK Family

aker....win akut....winner akun....win akler....defeat akrer....triumph akuj....success akbun....award nasak....windfall aknas....profit	eker....play, risk ekut....player ekun....game ifek....play dopek....battle dropek....war tapek....sport nasek....gamble yanek....competition ovek....contest dalovek....debate dunek....pun	oker....lose okut....loser okun....loss okuj....failure tejok....loss of life nasok....bankrupty oknas....deficit
yaker....expect fiyak....hope fuyak....despair fiyakuer....inspire fuyakuer....discourage	yeker....try finyeker....test aayeker....experiment yekuer....challenge fuyekuer....tempt yekun....goal doyevyek....trial	yoker....be surprised yokdun....exclamation yokxeus....sudden noise, boom yoktoj....sudden death yokay....unexpectedly

The av (For), yav- (Innocent) Family

Summary:

AV/YAV Family

av....for ava....favorable avan....behalf, behest avon....asset, advantage avun....favor, benefit avder....advocate avejter....represent yanav....party	eva....neutral evan....neutrality evder....equivocate evxer....neutralize	ov....against ova....contrary ovon....liability, handicap, disadvantage ovun....obstacle yanov....opposition
yava....innocent yavder....acquit	yeva....fair yevder....judge doyevan....justice doyevon....court case doyevam....court finyevut....critic	yova....guilty yovder....indict, accuse vayovder....convict doyov....crime yovbyok....penalty yovbyokam....prison yovober....pardon

The az- (Strong), yaz- (Convex) Family

Summary:

AZ Family

aza....strong azla....intense azra....violent azaxer....strenghten azon....power

eza....moderate ezaxer....moderate

oza....weak ozta....tired ozaxer....weaken

YAZ Family

yaza....convex	yeza....flush	yoza....concave
yaz....mound memyaz...bluff mimyaz....surf milyaz....wave mimolyaz....saltdome nedyaz....bump yagyaz....ridge tayeyaz....pimple melyaz....tomb tayobyaz....tumor	yez....along, flush with memyez....plain mimolyez....salt flat obyez....platform	yoz....depression memyoz....valley nedyoz....dip yagyoz....groove kuyoz....cave melyoz....pit

The fya- (Holy) Family

Summary:

FYA Family

fyaa....holy	fyoa....profane
fyamir....heaven	fyomir....hell
fyax....sacrament	fyox....sacrilege
fyaz....grace	fyoz....disgrace
fyaxin....religion
fyaxam....church
fyadab....church hierarchy
fyadeb....church elder, clergyman
afyadeb....pope
efyadeb....cardinal
ifyadeb....archbishop
obifyadeb....bishop
ufyadeb....parish priest
obufydeb....deacon
fyatob....saint	fyotob....demon
fyavyad....oath
fyavatex....faith
fyatez....hieromancy	fyotez....witchcraft
fyatezmuv....wand
fyadresiyn....hieroglyph
fyatead....gospel, testament
fyad....blessing	fyod....curse
fyasin....icon
fyasyun....idol
fyaifrer....worship
fyadil....prayer
fyapop....crusade
fyamilber....baptize
fyaojdut....prophet
fyaxel....ritual, mass	fyoxel....occult
fyaxyel....holy unction
fyamil....holy water
fyateaz....miracle	fyoteaz....pox
fyasem....altar
fyasim....throne
fyakosin....mysticism
fyakosut....hermit
fyajub....feast day
fyadyes....bible
fyadrenyan....scriptures
fyadun....benediction
fyadot....religious order
fyaantinat....monk
fyabuler....consecrate
fyabyena....moral
fyadal....sermon
fyadalsem....pulpit
fyadalzyabin....evangelism

The fi- (Good), fyi- (Useful) Family

Summary:

"FI Family"

fia....good fila....delightful fira....excellent fiva ....ok fiza....honorable fizta....noble fizda....honest firza....ideal firxa....perfect flia....superb fria....glorious	fua....bad fusa....flawed fula....malignant fura....wicked fuza....dishonorable fuzta....ignoble fuzda....dishonest flua....horrible
fin....virtue dofin....morality	fun....vice dofun....crime
fider....praise	fuder....malign

"FYI Family"

fyia....useful fyin....value fyiz....award fyiyz....reward fyis....benefit fyix....favor

fyua....harmful fyun....harm fyuz....punishment fyul....toxin

The ga (More) Family

Summary:

GA Family

ga....more gay....also gaj....still gaxer....increase gaber....add galer....multiply gorer....exponentiate gan....whole	ge....as gey....even gel....as gexer....equalize geber....equate gedrer....copy gegon....equity geder....quote gelder....echo gelxer....imitate geltxer....identify geyla....similar	go....less goy....except goj....no longer goxer....decrease gober....subtract goler....divide golber....cut gon....part
gla....much, many, very glan....quantity glagon....plurality glal....cluster glatwa....famous hogla?....how much?	gle....some, rather	glo....little, few, slightly
gra....too much, too gran....excess	gre....enough glander....quantify	gro....too little, not enough
gwa....most gwafua....worst gwaika....perfect gwaifer...prefer gwamor....macrocosm	gwe....just	gwo....least gwomul....atom gwos....particle gwosteaxar....microscope

The gi- (Sharp), gyi- (Solid) Family

Summary:

GI Family

gia....sharp gin....point grin....blade giber....poke ginod....peak gixer....sharpen ogia....dull

gua....angular gun....angle grun....hook gum....corner ungun....quadrangle ingun....triangle unizgun....rectangle yagunid....cube mepgun....fork in the road

GYI Family

gyia....solid gyila....firm gyita....robust gyitef....helmet gyitepa....tough-minded gyixer...solidify

gyua....fragile gyula....supple gyusa....delicate gyuta....frail gyubyen....comfort gyutelam....delicatessen

The if (Pleasure), yif (Courage) Family

Summary:

"IF/YIF Family"

ifer....love ifon....love ifwa....beloved doabifa....patriotic	ufer....hate ufon....hate ufwa....odious toybufa....misogynous
yifa....brave yifla....valiant yifran....heroism yifer....dare	yufa....afraid yufla....horrible yufran....terror yufer....fear milyufa....hydrophobic

The ig- (Fast), yig- (Hard) Family

IG Family

iga....fast igar....accelerator igper....run

uga....slow ugar....brake ugper....amble

YIG Family

yiga....hard yigla....rude yigra....violent yigta....tense yigza....sharp, sour yigsa....rigid yigfa....rough yigaza....bitter bilyig....cheese

yuga....soft yugla....polite yugra....gentle yugta....lax yugza....mild, sweet yugsa....supple, flexible yugfa....smooth yugsra....elastic bilyug....butter

The ij (Beginning), yij (Opening), tij (Awakening) Family

Summary:

IJ Family

ijer....begin ijper....start up ijber....start up ijna....initial ijar....on switch ijem....origin vabij....seed tabij....embryo patij....egg texij....concept milij....spring manij....glimmer majij....dawn mojij....dusk

ujer....end ujper....come to an end ujber....bring to an end ujna....final ujar....off switch ujem....destination kyeuj....fate dinuj....denouement mepuj....deadend jobuj....eternity

YIJ Family

yijer....open yijper....come open yijber....open up yijar....key

yujer....close yujper....come to a close yujber....bring to a close yujar....lock

TIJ Family

tijer....be awake tijper....wake up tijber....waken tijtepa....conscious

tujer....sleep tujper....fall asleep tujber....put to sleep tujtepa....unconscious

The ik- (Full), yik- (Difficult) Family

Summary:

IK Family

ika....full iliker....flood ikber....fill ikxer....complete melik....dirt pile ikza....rich ikla....crowded ikra....saturated ikfia....perfect

uka....empty iluker....drain ukber....empty ukxer....void meluk....hole uknig....vacuum ukun....gap ukla....hollow uktoser....miss ukza....poor ukyem....blank

The prefixes -ika (-ful) and -uka (-less) can form many adjectives, such as:

• tejika....lively
• tuilika....saucy
• tesika....meaningful

• tezuka....cultureless
• tayebuka....hairless
• maruka....starless

YIK Family

yika....difficult yikla....complicated yikom....hardship yikson....problem yikun....hindrance

yuka....easy yukla....simple yukom....comfort yukson....easy matter yukun....convenience

Forms of -yik- and -yuk- can be suffixed to verb stems as a modal meaning hard to and easy to, respectively:

• testyikwa....hard to understand
• teetyika....hard of hearing
• dudyikwa....hard to answer, enigmatic
• teatyiker....have a hard time seeing

• pesyuka....patient (easy to wait)
• vatexyuka....gullible (easy to believe)
• testyukwa....comprehensible (easy to understand)
• datxyuker....find it easy to make friends

The iv- (Happy), yiv- (Free) Family

Summary:

IV Family

iva....happy ivla....glad, content ivra....excited, thrilled iv....fun ivtax....gratitude ivder....cheer ivteuber....smile ivdeuxer....laugh ivseuz....sigh of relief yaniv....party yanivtosder....congratulate ivek....game, play ivuj....happy ending

uva....sad uvla....disappointed uvra....morose, dejected uv....sorrow uvtax....regret uvder....complain uvteuber....frown uvdeuxer....moan uvseuz....sigh of sorrow yanuv....dirge yanuvtosder....commiserate uvdin....tragedy uvuj....sad ending

YIV Family

yiva....free yivina....liberal yivtexa....libertarian doyiv....right yivdras....license

yuva....bound, captive yuvla....subject yuvrat....slave doyuv....duty yuv....bond nasyuv....debt oyuvan....independence yuvar....chain

The iz (Straight), yiz (Beyond) Family

Summary:

IZ Family

iza....straight izber....direct, steer izper....go straight, head for izmep....straight shot, beeline izon....direction iznad....vector straight line iznod....target izteser....denote iztex....logic iztesten....intuition izgun....right angle izeaxer....indicate, point out izyen....maneuver iztin....orthodoxy izbeb....pilot, driver

uza....curved.... uzber....turn uzper....deviate, curve uzmep....detour uznad....curve uznod....turning point uzteser....connote uztex....irrationality uzun....ring uzyus....spriral, coil uzabmas....arch uzmem....bay ulz....twist mapulz....tornado uzfuv....screw tuyobuz....bracelet tuyubuz....ring teebuz....earing teibuz....nosering teyobuz....necklace tiabuz....broche tilabuz....tit ring, nipple ring eybtuabuz....epaulette mamiluz....rainbow dopuz....bow, arch, bow-and-arrow

YIZ Family

yiz....beyond yiza....ulterior yizper....surpass yiznod....extremity yiztapa....metaphysical yizmola....supernatural yizoga....ultra-small yizyivoza....ultraviolet yiztoba....superhuman yizmeira....extra-terrestrial

yuz....around yuza....circular yuzper....circulate yuzmep....periphery sinyuz....frame nidyuz....envelope yuznad....border yuzmas....fence yuznag....girth yuzmimper....circumnavigate yuzkof....blanket, wrap yuznof....bandage yuzdom....suburb yuzem....environment yuzbexer....hug

The ja (Before), jwa (Early) Family

Summary:

JA Family

ja....before jaa....anterior jana....previous jater....presage japer....precede jader....predict jafyunder....warn jaovber....prevent jaxer....prepare jatuer....train jabikier....take precautions jaexdrer....plan jateaxer....preview jateaser....foresee janapder....preordain janap....priority jay....already jatex....forethought

je....during jea....on-going jena....current jes....course jeser....continue jey....on and on, forth

jo....after joa....posterior jona....next joxwas....aftermath joper....follow joteaxer....review joiber....inherit joigper....pursue jouper....succeed joy....afterwards, then, next jois....after-effect jotul....dessert jotej....afterlife jotex....afterthought

ji....since ji huj....since then

ju....until ju hij....until now

JWA Family

jwa....early jwaa....pre-mature jwapuer....arrive early jwaxer....preempt jwaber....prepare jwatuer....warn jwayeker....experiment jwadrer....draft jwayivxer....parole

jwe....on time jwea....ready, timely, ripe jwepuer....arrive on time jwexer....prepare jweder....prompt

jwo....late jwoa....tardy, mature, stale jwopuer....arrive late jwoxer....delay jwovosut....late-bloomer jwoxer....retard

The ka- (Find), kya- (Change) Family

Summary:

KA Family

kaxer....find kaxun....trove kaxon....solution kader....reveal kater....realize kap....adventure ijkaxer....invent kyekaxer....discover, stumble on katepa....conscious

kexer....seek kexun....goal kexon....quest keder....question keter....wonder, be curious about kep.....mission kebier....choose kebider....vote tunkexer....research zyakexer....search keteaxer....scan pokexut....hunter nazkexut....treasure hunter kyeojkexut....fortune-seeker

koxer....hide koxun....stash koxon....problem, quandary kod....secret koter....belie kop....going into hiding kobier....steal koem....hideaway koembier....take refuge koembuer....provide shelter kof....cover koexut....spy kodyun....coverword kodin....myth kodrentun....cryptography teabkof....blindfold koxof....cloak koxov....veil koifer....covet kopier....elope kopuer....sneak up to kotepa....subconscious

KYA Family

kyaa....variable kyaser....vary kyadun....variable kyasun....variant kyasea....variant kyayukwa....versatile kyaxer....change ebkyaxer....exchange kyaper....fluctuate, slide kyasanier....mutate tepkyaxer....persuade, motivate

kyea....haphazard kyeser....happen kyes....event, happening, incident kyeoj....fate, destiny kyen....luck, chance fikyen....good luck fukyen....bad luck fukyes....accident kyenek....game of chance kyenekam....casino kyenekar....gaming machine kyeson....circumstance yankyeson....coincidence kyeper....waver kyebuk....danger kyeteaser....notice kyeyanuper....happen to meet kyeon....case kyexej....adventure fukyeoj....misfortune fikyeoj....good fortune

kyoa....fixed, static, still kyoser....stay, stand kyos....status, state kyosa....static kyoejea....constant, permanent kyoaxer....stabilize kyoxer....fix, park purkyoxam....parking garage kyoteaxer....stare kyotepier....pay attention kyotexer....obsess

The ki- (Slant), kyi- (Heavy) Family

Summary:

KI Family

kia....oblique kim....slope kixer....bend kipar....skate

kua....lateral kum....side kunad....edge kuber....set aside kumas....embankment

KYI Family

kyia....heavy kyiper....gravitate kyisona....grave kyid....emphasis kyin....cargo kyik....gram kyitipa....solemn

kyua....light kyuper....levitate kyusona....trivial kyutipa....lighthearted

The va (Yes), vya- (True) Family

VA Family

va....yes	ve....maybe	vo....no
vaa....affirmative	vea....possible	voa....negative
vay....indeed	vey....possibly	voy....not

VYA Family

vyaa....true vyan....truth vyaama....virtual vyaba....regular vyadea....honest vyafa....precise vyala....authentic vyalma....objective vyalva....proper vyama....real vyamsa....substantial vyasa....correct vyava....exact vyayaba....systematic vyasauna....genuine vyasma....concrete vyayma....effective vyayuxea....faithful vyatepa....rational vyatesa....reasonable vyatexa....logical vyatina....orthodox vyatipa....loyal vyanaba....adjusted vyaotea....wise vyantina....dogmatic vyayuva....trusty vyankexer....investigate vyanyeker....prove vyantixer....research vyatexer....believe vyayab....system dovyab....law vyavader....determine vyatisika....sagacious vyateja....true-to-life

vyea....relative vyean....relativity vyenaz....coefficient vyenxer...relate vyesag....ratio vyeson....subject vyel....relative to, than vyesun....object vyet...kin vyetepa....subjective vyetexer....consider vyexeon....circumstance vyexer....correlate

vyoa....false vyoan....falseness vyom....fiction vyomdin....fairy tale vyomeper....err vyomepxer....misroute vyomsin....illusion vyomvatex....superstition vyon...fault vyonap...disorder vyonder....lie vyonober....excuse vyons....failure vyonxer...transgress vyosauna....counterfeit vyosyen....artifice vyotepa....foolish vyotesier....misinterpret vyotester....misunderstand vyotex....fallacy vyotipan....treason vyoxler....traffic vyoyeker...debunk vyoyixler....betray

There is also the hybird truth particle vyao, meaning true or false, eg.: Et tojba hua twob. Vyao?....You killed that man. True or false?

Factive adverbs:

"Factive Adverbs"

FACTIVE ADVERB	EXAMPLE
vay....indeed, really, do/does	Aat vay tide et.....We really do understand you. Vay upu gajod.....Do come again.
vey....may, maybe, perhaps, might	Vey mamilo.....It may rain.
voy....not	Et voy se ata xeb.....You are not my boss.

Factive Responses

"Factive Responses"

FACTIVE RESPONSE	EXAMPLE
va....yes	Va, at tide.....Yes, I understand.
ve....maybe, perhaps	Ve. At voy te.....Maybe, I don't know.
vo....no	Vo. Et yofe ayser has.....No. You can't have it.
vao....yes or no	Et se tadxwa, vao?'....You are married, right or wrong?

Complementizers

"Complementizers"

COMPLEMENTIZER	EXAMPLE
van....that	At ta van et upo.....I knew (that) you would come. Van yat fyadilu.....Let's pray.
ven....if, whether	Ven et peso, at pio.....If you stay, I will leave. Ven at su et, at peso.....If I were you, I'd stay. At voy te ven mamilo.....I don't know whether it will rain.
von....lest, that...not, don't	At yufa von it toju.....I feared lest he die. At ojfe von et piu.....I wish you wouldn't (=that you not)go. Von su huyen!....Don't be that way!
duven....Do...?, Say whether...?	Duven et tre huyt?....Do you know that female?

Correlative conjunctions:

"Correlative Conjunctions"

CONJUNCTION	EXAMPLE
ay....and	Et ay at po hum.....You and I will go there.
ey....or	Aat yake mamil ey mamyoym.....We expect rain or snow.
oy....but	At po oy at voy beso glajob.....I will go but I won't stay long.
ay/ey....and/or	Ha duzun yebio X ay/ey Y.....The concert will include X and/or Y.
hyaewa...ay....both...and	Hyaewa et ay at voduda.....Both you and I answered no. Hyaewati voduda.....Both answered no.
Hyeawa...ey....either...or	Hyeawa et ey at ako.....Either you or I will win. Hyeawat ako.....Either will win.
Hyoewa...ey....neither...nor	Hyoewa et ey at ako.....Neither you nor I will win. Hyoewat (bi ha ewati) ako.....Neither (of the two) will win.

Some derivatives of va, ve, and vo:

• vader....affirm, assent, say yes, approve, ratify, vouch
• vaduder....answer yes, reply affirmatively
• vaa....positive, affirmative
• vatin....optimism
• vatexer....think so, believe, trust
• vafer....hope, anticipate
• valder....assure, promise

• veder....hesitate, say maybe, suppose, guess
• Vea....possible
• vetin....skepticism
• vetexer....wonder, be skeptical, hedge
• vefer....have qualms about, vacillate
• veduder....equivocate, reply neither yes or no, answer maybe
• velder....bet, wager

• voder....deny, negate, veto, say no, decline
• voa....negative
• vofer....reject, despair
• votin....pessimism
• votexer....doubt, think not, disbelieve
• voduder....answer no, reply negatively
• volder....warn

The vi- (Beautiful), vyi- (Clean) Family

Summary:

VI- Family

via....beautiful	vua....ugly
viya....pretty	vuya....nasty
vila....magnificent
vira....marvelous
vria....glamorous
vifa....elegant	vufa....vulgar
vita....classy	vuta....wretched
vioga....cute
viaga....sumptuous

VYI- Family

vyia....clean	vyua....dirty
vyida....clear	vyuda....muddled
vyina....pure	vyuna....stained
vyita....chaste	vyuta....sleazy
vyiya....neat	vyuya....foul

The am- (hot), im- (wet) Family

Summary:

AM- Family

ama....hot	oma....cold
ayma....warm	oyma....cool
aman....heat	oman....cold
amxer....to heat	omxer....refrigerate
yam....fire	yom....ice
yamxer....to burn	yomxer....to freeze
amar....heater	omar....refrigerator
yamar....stove	yomar....icebox, freezer

IM- Family

ima....wet	uma....dry
iyma....humid	uyma....dryish
yim....flood	yum....drought
iman....wetness	uman....dryness
imxer....to wet	umxer....to dry

Chart of Group 2 Base Words and Principal Derivatives

Here is chart showing all of the group 2 base words in Mirad:

Group 2 Base Words and Principal Derivations

POSITIVE	INTERMEDIATE	NEGATIVE	POSITIVE	OPPOSITE
ab....on ayb....over aber....put on	eb....between eyb....among eber....prevent	ob....off oyb....under ober....remove	ib....away from iber....receive	ub....toward uber....send
aper....get on	eper....intervene	oper....get off	iper....leave	uper....come
baer....lean baler....press barer....crush baser....make a stir baxer....stroke, rub byaser....stand byaxer....erect blaser....fidget blaxer....rustle braser....shake braxer....shake	ber....put be....at beer....have beser....stay bexer....hold byeser....behave byexer....knock blexer....detain brexer....restrain beler....carry	boer....support boler....prop up boser....be still boxer....calm down byoser....droop byoxer....hang	bi....from bier....take biler....grab byi....starting with byiser....originate bixer....pull blixer....yank brixer....uproot	bu....to buer....give buxer....push byuxer....touch bluxer....drive bruxer....kick
bay....with	bey....by	boy....without
yab....up	yeb....in oyeb....out	yob....down	yib....far	yub....near
yaper.... rise	yeper.... enter	yoper.... descend	yiper.... flee	yuper.... approach
paser.... move pyaer.... hover pyaser....surge pyaxer....shoot plaxer....shake, wipe praxer....brush paper....fly	per.... go peser.... wait pexer....trap pyexer....strike plexer....beat prexer....crash peper....ride	poser....rest poxer....stop pyoser.... fall pyoxer....drop ploxer....sink proxer....drown poper....travel	pier....depart pixer....catch pyier.... originate plixer....capture prixer....rape piper....sail	puer.... arrive puser....jump puxer....throw pyuer.... reach pyuxer....impact pluxer....thrust pruxer....shoot puper....tunnel
afer....permit	efer....need	ofer....prohibit	ifer....love	ufer....hate
	fer....want		fia.... good	fua.... bad
fyaa....holy		fyoa....profane	fyia....useful	fyua....harmful
yafer....can	yefer....must	yofer....cannot	yifer....dare	yufer....fear
ga....more gaber....add galer....multiply galer....exponentiate gaxer....increase	geer....equal	go....less gober....subtract goler....divide gorer....get the root of goxer....decrease	gin.... point	gun.... angle
gwa.... most	gwe.... just	gwo.... least
gyaa.... fat		gyoa.... thin	gyia.... solid	gyua....fragile
gla.... much	gle.... rather	glo.... few
gra.... too	gre.... enough	gro.... too little
aga.... big	ega.... normal	oga.... small	iga.... fast	uga.... slow
yaga.... long		yoga.... short	yiga.... hard	yuga.... soft
ja....before	je....during	jo....after	ji....since	ju....until
jwa....early	jwe....on time	jwo....late
aj....past	ej....present	oj....future	ij....beginning	uj....end
tajer*....be born	tejer*....live	tojer*....die	tijer*....be awake	tujer*....sleep
			yijer....open	yujer....close
kaxer.... find	kexer.... seek	koxer.... hide	kia.... oblique	kua.... lateral
kyaa.... mobile	kyea.... haphazard	kyoa.... fixed	kyia.... heavy	kyua.... light
aker.... win	eker.... play, risk	oker....lose	ika.... full	uka.... empty
yaker.... expect	yeker.... try	yoker.... be surprised	yika.... difficult	yuka.... easy
va....yes	ve....maybe	vo....no	via.... beautiful	vua.... ugly
vyaa....true	vyea.... relative	vyoa.... false	vyia.... clean	vyua.... dirty
av....for	eva....neutral	ov....against	iva.... happy	uva.... sad
yava....innocent	yeva....fair	yova....guilty	yiva....free	yuva....captive
yaza....convex	yez....along	yoza....concave	yiz....beyond	yuz....around
za....front	ze....middle	zo....behind	zi....right	zu....left
zyaa....wide	zye....through	zyoa....narrow	zyia....flat	zyua....round
zay....forward	zey....across	zoy....back
aza....strong	eza....moderate	oza....weak	iza....straight	uza....curved
ha....the	hea....some	hoa....which	hia....this	hua....that
hya....every	hyea....any	hyoa....no	hyia....same	hyua....other
van....that	ven....whether	von....lest
hay....hello hyay....cheers hway....thanks	hey....hey hyey....oh, well hwey....you're welcome	hoy....goodbye hyoy....boo hwoy....sorry	hiy....voici	huy....voila
ya(n)....together		yo(n)....apart
ama....hot yam....fire		oma....cold yom.... ice	ima....wet yim....flood	uma....dry yum....drought
a(n)....one	e(n)....two	o(n)....zero lo-....un-, de-	i(n)....three	u(n)....four
ya(on)....six	ye(on)....seven	yo(on)....five	yi(on)....eight	yu(on)....nine
ay....and	ey....or	oy....but

*Really, a hybrid of Group 1 and 2.

Chart of Group 1 Scaled Base Words

These group 1 base words are mostly hierarchical in nature with the zeroth element being at the top of the scale:

Group 1 Scaled Base Words

dob....state	dab....government	deb....leader	dib....administration	dub....minister
dom....city	dam....metropolis	dem....park	dim....fountain
dot....society	dat....friend	det....mate	dit....citizen	dut....sir
fob....vegetation	fab....tree	feb....fruit	fib....trunk	fub....branch	fyob....root
job....time	jab....year	jeb....season	jib....month	jub....day	jwob....hour	jwab....minute	jweb....second
mor....universe	mar....star	mer....planet	mir....world	mur....moon
mol....nature	mal....air	mel....soil	mil....water	mul....mineral
mos....floor	mas....wall	mes....door	mis....window	mus....stairs
nod....point	nad....line	ned....plane	nid....volume	nud....column
nof....cloth	naf....material	nef....weave	nif....wire	nuf....button		nyaf....knot	nyef....bag	nyif....rope	nyuf....package
nog....degree	nag....measure	neg....level	nig....space
som....furniture	sam....armoire	sem....table	sim....chair	sum....bed
tob....human	tab....body	teb....head	tib....trunk	tub....arm	tyob....leg
tod....family	tad....spouse	ted....parent	tid....sibling	tud....child			tyed....relative
tof....clothing	taf....suit	tef....hat	tif....vest	tuf....sleeve	tyof....pants
tov....lingerie	tav....robe	tev....scarf	tiv....shirt		tyov....underpants
tol....nutrition		tel....eat	til....drink	tul....dish		tyal....meal
tom....building	tam....house	tem....hall	tim....room	tum....cell
vob....plant	vab....grass	veb....seed	vib....stem	vub....blade	vyob....root

Chart of Group 1 Geo-physically Scaled Words

These group 1 words have a vowel that indicates something about the position in the world or its geo-physical nature:

Group I Geo-physically Scaled Words

BASE WORD	SKY	LAND	WATER	UNDERGROUND
mol....nature	mal....air	mel....soil	mil....water	mul....matter
mom....outer space	mam....sky	mem....land	mim....sea	mum....underground
mop....orbit	map....wind	mep....road	mip....river	mup....tunnel
mob....chasm		meb....mountain		mub....cave
mog....ash	mag....fire mak....electricity	meg....stone mek....dust		mug....metal muk....mineral
mov....smoke	mav....flame maf....cloud	mef....brick mev....porcelain		muf....pole muv....stick
moj....night	maj....day
mon....dark	man....life
pot....animal pyot....wild animal	pat....bird pyat....bird of prey piat....water fowl	pet....land animal pelt....insect pyet....reptile	pit....fish piit....crustacean peit....sea mammal pyeit....mollusk pyit....predator fish
dop....military	dap....air force	dep....army	dip....navy diep....marines

Charts of Words Showing Mnemonic Parallelism

The words in the following charts share some commonality, which is evident in their similar phonetics:

Tob Mnemonic Parallels

tob	teb	tib	tub	tyob	tayob	tayeb
man	head	trunk	arm	leg	skin	hair
fob	feb	fib	fub	fyob	fayob	fayeb
tree	treetop	trunk	branch	root	bark	leaf
vob	veb	vib	vub	vyob	vayob	vayeb
plant	tuft	stem	twig	root	peel	bud
patob			patub			patayeb
egg			wing			feather
pit	piteb		pitub			pitayeb
fish	fishhead		fin			scale
dob	deb	dib	dub
state	leader	administration	minister
	xeb		sub	syob
	boss		offshoot	base

-eub Mnemonic Parallels

teub	teus	teud	seux	xeus	deuz	seuz	xeuz
mouth	voice	shout	sound	noise	song	tone	tune

-ayob Mnemonic Parallels

tayob	fayob	vayob	tayof
skin	bark	peel	leather

Tub Mnemonic Parallels

tub	fub	vub	fuf	muf	tiibuf	movuf	gimuf	manuf	fauf
arm	branch	twig	pipe	rod	artery	(smoking) pipe	skewer	candle	log

-eab Mnemonic Parallels"

teab	eye
teater	see
teaxer	look
teaser	seem
teaper	visit
egteaper	revisit
teader	witness
teazer	notice
teatier	perceive
teatuer	show
beaxer	watch
neaxer	aim
vyateaxer	examine
vyabeaxer	inspect
vyaleaxer	check
izteader	indicate
izteatuer	point out
izteaxer	focus
abteaxer	survey
yagteaxer	stare
igteaxer	glance
egteaser	reappear
yozteatuer	display, expose
jateater	foresee
jateaxer	preview
yonteater	distinguish
oteaser	disappear
vyateatuer	prove
zyeteaxer	peek
zyoteaxer	peer
ugteaxer	gaze
yuzteaxer	look around
yubteaxer	scrutinize
kyoteaxer	glare
yogteaxer	glimpse
joteaxer	review
zoyteaxer	look back
zayteaxer	look ahead
ojteader	warn
tepteatier	consider
kuteaxer	observe
ejeatuer	present
ejeaser	show up, appear
utejeaser	represent
ajteaxer	review
ojteaxer	expect, envisage
yoveater	suspect
kiteaxer	look askance
yizteaxer	look beyond
zeyteaxer	look across
fyateater	respect
vyoteas	illusion
vyamteaser	seem true
koteaxer	sneak a peek
ziteaxer	look right
zuteaxer	look left
eyteaxer	squint
zyateaxer	peruse, scan
fateaber	blink
teabigyujer	wink
teabiler	weep, tear up

-z Mnemonic Parallels"

nas	teb	tuyub	tilab	tuyob	tun	tab	teub	sin	teeb	nas	teib	vos	drer	ten
money	head	finger	breast	wrist	science	body	mouth	image	ear	money	nose	flower	write	knowledge
noz	tebuz	tuyuz	tilaz	tuyoz	tuz	taz	deuz	siz	teebuz	naz	teiz	voz	drez	tez
jewel	crown	ring	broche	bracelet	art	statue	song	painting	earring	value	perfume	color	poetry	culture

Geographic Proper Names

As in English, Geograpic names are capitalized, including languages (cf. French, where languages are lower cased).

Continents and Their Inhabitants

Continents

PLACE	ADJECTIVE	INHABITANT
Asyam....Asia	Asyama....Asian	Asyat....Asian
Amera Amerikam....North America	Amera Amerikama....North American	Amera Amerikat....North American
Omera Amerikam....South America	Omera Amerikama....South American	Omera Amerikat....South American
Afrikam....Africa	Afrikama....African	Afrikat....African
Antarktikam....Antarctica	Antarktika....Antarctic	Antarktikat....Antarctic
Australyam....Australia	Australyama....Australian	Australyama....Australian

Directional and Other Specifiers in Geographic Names

Many geographic names are preceded with directional or other specifiers:

Geographic Specifiers

SPECIFIER
Amera....North(ern)
Zomira....South(ern)
Imera....East(ern)
Umera....West(ern)
Zea....Central, Middle
Yeba....Inner
Oyeba....Outer
Ejna....New
Ajna....Old
Yuba....Near
Yiba....Far

For example:

• Omera Afrikam....South Africa
• Zea Amerikam....Central America
• Oyeba Mongolyam....Outer Mongolia
• Yiba Imir....Far East
• Ejna Englam....New England

Countries, Inhabitants, and Languages

COUNTRY	ADJECTIVE	INHABITANT	LANGUAGE
-am	-a / -ama	-at	-ad
Afganam....Afghanistan	Afgana   /  Afganama....Afghani	Afganat....Afghan	--
Afrikam....Africa	Afrika / Afrikama....African	Afrikat....African	--
Albanam....Albania	Albana  /  Albanama....Albanian	Albanat....Albanian	Albanad....Albanian
Algeryam....Algeria	Algerya  /  Algeryama....Algerian	Algeryat....Alergian	--
Amerikam....America	Amerika  /  Amerikama....American	Amerikat....American	--
Andoram....Andorra	Andora  /  Andorama....Andorran	Andorat....Andoran	--
Angolam....Angola	Angola  /  Angolama....Angolan	Angolat....Angolan	--
Anxwa Doebi (bi Amerikam)....United States (of America)	ADAma....U.S.	ADAt....U.S.citizen	--
Anxwa Edab....United Kingdom	Anxwa Edaba....of the UK	Anxwa Edabat....UK national	--
Arabam....Arabia	Araba  /  Arabama....Arabian	Arabat....Arab	Arabad....Arabic
Argentinam....Argentina	Argentina  /  Argentinama....Argentin	Argentinat....Argentinian	--
Awstralyam....Australia	Awstralya....Australian	Awstralyat....Australian	--
Awstriyam....Austria	Awstriya  /  Awstriyama....Austrian	Awstriyat....Austrian	--
Bahraynam....Bahrain	Bahrayna  /  Bahraynama....Bahraini	Bahraynat....Bahraini	--
Belgam....Belgium	Belga  /  Belgama....Belgian	Belgat....Belgian	--
Bolivyam....Bolivia	Bolivya  /  Bolivyama....Bolivian	Bolivyat....Bolivian	--
Botswanam....Botswana	Botswana  /  Botswanama....Botswanian	Botswanat....Botswanian	--
Brazilam....Brazil	Brazila  /  Brazilama....Brazilian	Brazilat....Brazilian	--
Bretanyam....Britain	Bretanya  /  Bretanyama....British	Bretanyat....Brit	--
Bruneyam....Brunei	Bruneya  /  Bruneyama....Brunei	Bruneyat....Bruneian	--
Bulgaryam....Bulgaria	Bulgarya  /  Bulgaryama....Bulgarian	Bulgaryat....Bulagian	Bulgaryad....Bulgarian
Burmam....Burma	Burmama....Burmese	Burmat....Burmese	Burmad....Burmese
Cadam....Chad	Cada  /  Cadama....Chadean	Cadat....Chadean	--
Cekyam....Czech Republic	Cekya  /  Cekyama....Czech	Cekyat....Czech	Cekyad....Czech
Cileam....Chile	Cilea  /  Cileama....Chilean	Cileat....Chilean	--
Cinam....China	Cina  /  Cinama....Chinese	Cinat....Chinese	Cinad....Chinese
Cipram....Cyprus	Cipra  /  Ciprama....Cypriot	Ciprat....Cypriot	--
Danyam....Denmark	Danya  /  Danyama....Danish	Danyat....Dane	Danyad....Danish
Domenikam....Domenican Republic	Domenika  /  Domenikama....Domenican	Domenikat....Domenican	--
Egiptam....Egypt	Egipta  /  Egiptama....Egyptian	Egiptat....Egyptian	--
Ekwadoram....Equador	Ekwadora  /  Ekwadorama....Equadorean	Ekwadorat....Equadoran	--
Englam....England	Engla  /  Englama....English	Englat....Englishman	Englad....English
Eritram....Eritrea	Eritra  /  Eritrama....Eritrean	Eritrat....Eritrean	Eritrad....Eritrean
Estyam....Estonia	Estya  /  Estyama....Estonian	Estyat....Estonian	Estyad....Estonian
Etyopyam....Ethiopia	Etyopya  /  Etyopyama....Ethiopian	Etyopyat....Ethiopian	Etyopyad....Ethiopic, Amharic
Europam....Europe	Europa /  Europama....European	Europat....European	--
Filipinam....Philippines	Filipina  /  Filipinama....Philippine	Filipinat Filipino	--
Fijyam....Fiji	Fijya  /  Fijyama....Fijian	Fijyat....Fijian	Fijiad....Fijian
Finyam....Finland	Finya  /  Finyama....Finnish	Finyat....Finn	Finyad....Finnish
Fransam....France	Fransa  /  Fransama....French	Fransat....Frenchman	Fransad....French
Germanyam....Germany	Germanya  /  Germanyama....Germany	Germanyat....German	Germanyad....German
Grinlandam....Greenland	Grinlanda  /  Grinlandama....Greenlandian	Grinlandat.... Greenlander	--
Gwatemalam....Guatemala	Gwatemala  /  Gwatemalama....Guatemalan	Guatemalat....Guatemalan	--
Haitiyam....Haiti	Haitiya  /  Haitiyama....Haitian	Haitiyat....Haitian	Haitiyad....Haitian
Helenam....Greece	Helena  /  Helenama....Greek	Helenat....Greek	Helenad....Greek
Helvetam....Switzerland	Helveta  /  Helvetama....Swiss	Helvetat....Swiss	--
Hindam....India	Hinda  /  Hindama....Indian	Hindat....Indian	Hindad....Hindu
Holandam....Netherlands	Holanda  /  Holandama....Dutch	Holandat....Dutchman	Holandad....Dutch
Indonesyam....Indonesia	Indonesya  /  Indonesyama....Indonesian	Indonesyat....Indonesian	Indonesyad....Indonesian
Irakam....Iraq	Iraka  /  Irakama....Iraqi	Irakat....Iraqi	--
Irlandam....Ireland	Irlanda  /  Irlandama....Irish	Irlandat....Irish	Irlandad....Irish
Islandam....Iceland	Islanda  /  Islandama....Icelandic	Islandat....Icelander	Islandad....Icelandic
Israylam....Israel	Israyla  /  Israylama....Israyli	Israylat....Israeli	Israylad
Italyam....Italy	Italya  /  Italyama....Italian	Italyat....Italian	Italyad....Italian
Ejna Zelandam....New Zealand	Ejna Zelanda....New Zealandese	Ejna Zelandat....New Zealander	--
Jordanam....Jordan	Jordana  /  Jordanama....Jordan	Jordanat....Jordanese	--
Kampucam....Cambodia	Kampuca  /  Kampucama....Cambodian	Kampucat....Cambodian	Kampucat....Cambodian
Kanadam....Canada	Kanadamama....Canadian	Kanadat....Canadian	--
Kartvelam....Georgia	Kartvela  /  Kartvelama....Georgian	Kartvelat....Georgian	Kartvelad....Georgian
Kataram....Qatar	Katara....Qatari	Katarat....Qatari	--
Kazakam....Kazakstan	Kazaka  /  Kazakama....Kazakh	Kazakat....Kazazh	Kazakad....Kazakh
Kenyam....Kenya	Kenya  /  Kenyama....Kenyan	Kenyat....Kenyan	--
Kenyam....Kenya	Kenya  /  Kenyama....Kenyan	Kenyat....Kenyan	Kenyad....Kenyan
Kirgizam....Kirghistan	Kirgiza  /  Kirgizama....Kirghiz	Kirgizat....Kirghiz	Kirgizad....Kirghiz
Kolombyam....Columbia	Kolombya  /  Kolombyama....Columbian	Kolombyat....Columbian	--
Kroatyam....Croatia	Kroatya  /  Kroatyama....Croatian	Kroatyat....Croat	Kroatyad....Croatian
Kubam....Cuba	Kuba  /  Kubama....Cuban	Kubat....Cuban
Kuwaytam....Kuwait	Kuwayta  /  Kuwaytama....Kuwaiti	Kuwaytat....Kuwaiti	--
Laotam....Laos	Laota  /  Laotama....Laotian	Laotat....Lao	Laotad....Lao
Latyam....Latvia	Latya  /  Latyama....Latvian	Latyat....Latvian	Latyad....Latvia
Lebanam....Lebanon	Lebana  /  Lebanama....Lebanese	Lebanat....Lebanese	--
Libyam....Libya	Libya  /  Libyama....Libyanese	Libyat....Libyanese	--
Litwam....Lithuania	Litwa  /  Litwama....Lithuanian	Litwat....Lithuanian	Litwad....Lithuanian
Luksemburgam....Luxemburg	Lusemburga  /  Lusemburgama....Luxemburg	Luksemburgat....Luxemburger	--
Madagaskaram....Madagascar	Madagaskara  /  Madagaskarama....Madagascaran	Madagaskarat....Madagascarn	--
Magyaram....Hungarian	Magyara  /  Magyarama....Hungarian	Magyarat....Hungarian	Magyarad....Hungarian
Malayam....Malaysia	Malaya  /  Malayama....Malay	Malayat....Malaysian	Malayad....Malay
Maltam....Malta	Malta  /  Maltama....Maltese	Maltat....Maltese	Maltad....Maltese
Meksikam....Mexico	Meksikamama....Mexican	Meksikat....Mexican	--
Mongolyam....Mongolia	Mongolya  /  Mongolyama....Mongolese	Mongolyat....Mongol	Mongolyad....Mongolian
Morokam....Morocco	Moroka  /  Morokama....Moroccan	Morokat....Moroccan	--
Mozambikam....Mozambique	Mozambika  /  Mozambikama....Mozambican	Mozambikat....Mozambicam	--
Namibyam....Namibia	Namibya....Namibian	Namibyat....Namibian
Nepalam....Nepal	Nepala  /  Nepalama....Nepalese	Nepalat....Nepalese	Nepalad....Nepalese
Nigeryam....Nigeria	Nigerya  /  Nigeryama....Nigeria	Nigeryat....Nigerian	Nigeryad....Nigerian
Niponam....Japan	Nipona  /  Niponama....Japanese	Niponat....Japanese	Niponad....Japanese
Norvegam....Norway	Norvega  /  Norvegama....Norwegian	Norvegat....Norwegian	Norvegad....Norwegian
Omanam....Oman	Omana  /  Omanama....Omani	Omanat....Omani	--
Pakam....Pakistan	Paka  /  Pakama....Pakistanian	Pakat....Pakistani	--
Paragwayam....Paraguay	Pargwaya  /  Pargwayama....Paraguayan	Paragwyat....Paraguayan	--
Persam....Iran	Persa  /  Persama....Iranian	Persat....Iranian	Persad....Persian
Peruvyam....Peru	Peruvya  /  Peruvyama....Peruvian	Peruvyat....Peruvian	--
Polam....Poland	Pola  /  Polama....Polish	Polat....Pole	Polad....Polish
Portugalam....Portugal	Portugala  /  Portugalama....Portuguese	Portugalat....Potuguese	Portugalad....Portuguese
Pwertorikam....Puerto Rico	Pwertorika  /  Pwertorikama....Puerto Rican	Pwertorikat....Puerto Rican	--
Romanyam....Romanian	Romanya  /  Romanyama....Romanian	Romanyat....Romanian	Romanyad....Romanian
Rusam....Russia	Rusa  /  Rusama....Russian	Rusat....Russian	Rad....Russian
Rwandam....Rwanda	Rwanda  /  Rwandama....Rwandan	Rwandat....Rwandan	Rwandad....Kinyarwanda
Salvadoram....San Salvador	Salvadora  /  Salvadorama....Salvadoran	Salvadorat....Salvadoran	--
Sawdam....Saudi Arabia	Sawda  /  Sawdama....Saudi	Sawdat....Saudi	--
Senegalam....Senegal	Senegala  /  Senegalama....Senegalese	Senegalat....Senegalese	--
Serbyam....Serbia	Serbya  /  Serbyama....Serbian	Serbyat....Serb	Serbyad....Serbian
Singaporam....Singapore	Singapora  /  Singaporama....Singaporean	Singaporat....Singaporean	--
Skotam....Scotland	Skota  /  Skotama....Scottish	Skotat....Scotlander	Skotad....Scottish Gaelic
Slovakyam....Slovakia	Slovakya  /  Slovakyama....Slovak	Slovakyat....Slovak	Slovakyad....Slovakian
Slovenyam....Slovenia	Slovenya  /  Slovenyama....Slovene	Slovenyat....Slovene	Slovenyad....Slovenian
Somalyam....Somalia	Somalya  /  Somalyama....Somali	Somalyat....Somali	Somalyad....Somali
Spanyam....Spain	Spanya  /  Spanyama....Spanish	Spanyat....Spaniard	Spanyad....Spanish
Sudanam....Sudan	Sudana  /  Sudanama....Sudanese	Sudanat....Sudanese	Sudanad....Sudanese
Suryam....Syria	Surya  /  Suryama....Syrian	Suryat....Syrian	--
Swedam....Sweden	Sweda  /  Swedama....Swedish	Swedat....Swede	Swedad....Swedish
Tanzanam....Tanzania	Tanzana  /  Tanzanama....Tanzanian	Tanzanat....Tanzanian	Tanzanad....Tanzanian
Tayam....Thailand	Taya  /  Tayama....Thai	Tayat....Thai	Tayad....Thai
Taywanam....Taiwan	Taywana  /  Taywanama....Taiwanese	Taywanat....Taiwanese	Taiwanad....Taiwanese
Tibetam....Tibet	Tibeta  /  Tibetama....Tibetan	Tibetat....Tibetan	Tibetad....Tibetan
Tunisyam....Tunisia	Tunisya  /  Tunisyama....Tunisian	Tunisyat....Tunisian	--
Turkam....Turkey	Turka  /  Turkama....Turkish	Turkat....Turk	Turkad....Turkish
Ugandam....Uganda	Uganda  /  Ugandama....Ugandan	Ugandat....Ugandan	Ugandad....Ugandan
Ukraynam....Ukraine	Ukrayna  /  Ukraynama....Ukraine	Ukraynat....Ukrainian	Ukraynyad....Ukrainian
Urugwayam....Uruguay	Urugwaya  /  Urugwayama....Urugyuayan	Urugwayat....Uruguayan	--
Vatikam....Vatican State	Vatika  /  Vatikama....Vatican	Vatikat....Vatican	--
Venezwelam....Venezuela	Venezwela  /  Venezwelama....Venezuelan	Venezwelat....Venezuelan	--
Vyetnam....Vietnam	Vyetna  /  Vyetnama....Viet	Vyetnat....Viet	Vyetnad....Vietnamese
Yemenam....Yemen	Yemena  /  Yemenama....Yemeni	Yemanat....Yemeni	--
Welxam....Wales	Welxa  /  Welxama....Welsh	Welxat....Welshman	Welxad....Welsh
Zambyam....Zambia	Zambya  /  Zambyama....Zambian	Zambyat....Zambian	--
Amera Amerikam....North America	Amera Amerikama....North American	Amera Amerikat....North American	--
Amera Koream....North Korea	Amera Korea / Amera Koreana....North Korean	Amera Koreat....North Korean	Koread....Korean
Zayram....Zaire	Zayra  /  Zayrama....Zairian	Zayrat....Zairian	--
Zea Amerikam....Central America	Zea Amerikama....Central American	Zea Amerikat....Central American	--
Zimbabwam....Zimbabwe	Zimbabwa  /  Zimbabwama....Zimbabwean	Zimbabwat....Zimbabwean	--
Omera Afrikam....South Africa	Omera Afrikama....South African	Omera Afrikat....South African	--
Omera Koream....South Korea	Omera Korea / Omira Koreama....South Korean	Omera Koreat....South Korean	Koread....Korean

Here are some languages not associated with any particular country name:

• Swahilad....Swahili
• Romad....Roma (Gypsy)
• Kurdad....Kurdish
• Mirad....Mirad (World Language)
• Umerad....Martian
• Klingonad....Klingon
• Esperantad....Esperanto
• Arabad....Arabic

• Visauna Arabad....Classical Arabic
• Ejyena Egona Arabad....Modern Standard Arabic, Fus'ha, MSA

• Hebrad....Hebrew (but also: Israelad)

• Fyadyesa Hebrad....Biblical Hebrew
• Ajyena Hebrad....ancient Hebrew
• Visauna Hebrad....Classical Hebrew

• Swahilad....Swahili
• Romanxad....Romansh
• Latinad....Latin

• Visauna Latinad....Classical Latin
• Vutyana Latinad....Latin Vulgate, Vulgar Latin
• Fyaxela Latinad....Liturgical Latin

• Sanskitad....Sanskrit
• Angla-Saksad....Anglo-Saxon
• Persad....Persian
• Prusyad....Prussian
• Keltad....Celtic
• Romansad....Romance
• Baltad....Baltic
• Aajna Hinda-Europad....Proto-Indo-European
• Aajna-Slavad....Proto-Slavic
• Ajyena Helenad....Ancient Greek

• Vyisina Helenad....Katharevusa, Puristic Greek
• Yasauna Helenad....Demotic, Vulgar Greek
• Ejyena Helenad....Modern Greek

A book in Swahili would be called Swahilada dyen.

The Arab-speaking world would be expressed as either Arabada mir or, more specifically, Arabadalea mir.

The language nouns ending in -ad can be made into verbs with -adaler....to speak language X and -ader....to say/pronounce in language X, as follows:

• Fransad....French (language) → Fransadaler....speak French
• Kinad....Chinese → Kinadaler....speak Chinese
• Anglad....English → Anglader....say in English, pronounce in English

• Duven et Angladale?....Do you speak English?
• Et Miradale fi.....You speak Mirad well.
• Miradu has.....Say it in Mirad.

A speaker of Spanish would be Spanyadalut, or more simply, Spanyadut.

Country adjectives that end in -ama can be reduced to -a, espcially in country pairings like these:

• Kanadama → Kanada-Fransa vyeni....Canadian-French relations

Cities and Their Residents

Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in -a or -yena.

Cities and Their Residents

CITY	ADJECTIVE	INHABITANT
Paris....Paris	Parisyena....Parisian	Parisat....Parisian
Nuyork....New York	Nuyorka....of New York	Nuyorkat....New Yorker
Roma (Dom)*....Rome	Romayena....Roman	Roma Domat....Roman
Beijing....Beijing	Beijinga....of Beijing	Beijingat....resident of Beijing
Berlin....Berlin	Berlina....from Berlin	Berlinat....Berliner

* Without Dom....City, Roma could be confused with Roma....of Romany, Gypsy.

Examples:

• Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.....Berlin citizens are called Berliners.
• Bostonati ayse Bostonyena deus.....Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.

Measurements

Mirad uses the International System of Units|International System of Units (SI) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word ag- (big). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the English spelling of their Greek names (eg. alpha, beta, gamma, etc. and if the latter are majuscules, they are similarly preceded with the word ag-. The Mirad pronunciation of the SI symbol for ohm (Ω) is ag-omega.

SI base units

ENGLISH UNIT NAME	SYMBOLIC ABBREVIATION	QUANTITY UNIT	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
second	s	time	so
meter	m	length	mi
kilogram	kg	mass	ki-ge
ampere	A	electric current	ag-a
kelvin	K	thermodynamic temperature	ag-ki
Mole	mol	amount of substance	mi-o-li
candela	cd	luminous intensity	ca-da

The hyphen in the above "spelled out" words ensure that each syllable gets even stress.

Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols:

SI derived units with special names and symbols

ENGLISH NAME	SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION	QUANTITY UNIT	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
radian	rad	plane angle	ro-a-da
steradian	sr	solid angle	so-ro
hertz	Hz	frequency	ag-he-zu
newton	N	force, weight	ag-ni
pascal	Pa	pressure, stress	ag-po-a
joule	J	energy	ag-ji
watt	W	power	ag-wu
coulomb	C	electric charge	ag-ca
volt	V	electrical potential difference	ag-vu
farad	F	capacitance	ag-fe
ohm	Ω	electrical resistance	ag-omega
Siemens	S	electrical conductance	ag-so
Weber	Wb	magnetic flux	ag-wu-ba
tesla	T	magnetic flux density	ag-to
henry	H	inductance	ag-he
degree Celsius	°C	temperature	nog-ag-ca
lumen	lm	luminous flux	li-mi
lux	lx	illuminance	li-xu
becquerel	Bq	radioactivity	ag-ba-ko
gray	Gy	absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation)	ag-ge-yu
sievert	Sv	equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation)	ag-so-vu
katal	kat	catalytic activity	ki-a-to
byte	b	8 bits of information	ba

Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:

Convenient non-SI units

ENGLISH NAME	SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION	QUANTITY UNIT	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
litre	L	volume	ag-lo
hectare	ha	area	he-a
ton	t	area	to
decibel	dB	loudness	da-ag-ba

The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means per or divided by and is pronounced gol. The symbol x means times and is pronounced gal. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced gar plus the number (with -wa, if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced gor plus the number (again, with -wa if a unit number). See Arithmetical Expressions for further information on these terms.

Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units

NAME	SYMBOLIC FORMULA	DERIVED QUANTITY	TYPICAL SYMBOL	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
square meter	m2	area	A	mi-gar-ewa
cubic meter	m3	volume	V	mi-gar-iwa
meter per second	m/s	speed, velocity	v	mi-gol-so
meter per second squared	m/s2	acceleration	a	m-gol-so-gar-ewa
reciprocal meter	m−1	wavenumber	σ, ṽ	mi-gor-awa
		vergence (optics)	V, 1/f
kilogram per cubic meter	kg/m3	density	ρ	ki-ge-gol-mi-gar-iwa
kilogram per square meter	kg/m2	surface density	ρA	ki-ge-gol-mi-gar-ewa
cubic meter per kilogram	m3/kg	specific volume	v	mi-gar-iwa-gol-ki-ge
ampere per square meter	A/m2	current density	j	ag-a-gol-mi-gar-ewa
ampere per meter	A/m	magnetic field strength	H	ag-a-gol-mi
mole per cubic meter	mol/m3	concentration	c	mi-o-li-gol-mi-gar-iwa
kilogram per cubic meter	kg/m3	mass concentration	ρ, γ	ki-ge-gol-mi-gar-iwa
candela per square meter	cd/m2	luminance	Lv	ca-da-gol-mi-gar-ewa

The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for b (byte) is pronounced ba in Mirad. A terabyte ( Tb) is therefore pronounced ag-to-ba, which This amounts 10¹² bytes. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes:

Scalar Metrics

MACRO				MICRO
BASE 10	US/UK NAME	MIRAD PREFIX....SI PREFIX ....MIRAD PRON.	SI SYMBOL	BASE 10	(US/UK NAME)	MIRAD PREFIX....SI PREFIX	SI SYMBOL ....MIRAD PRON.
1	one	an- ... mono-, uni-		1/1	whole	ayn-....holo-, uni-
2	two	en-....bi-		1/2	half	eyn-....demi-, di-
3	three	in-....tri-		1/3	third	iyn-....terci-
4	four	un-....tetra-		1/4	fourth	uyn-....quadri-
5	five	yoon- ....penta-		1/5	fifth	yoyn....quinti-
6	six	yaon-....hexa-		1/6	sixth	yayn....sexti-
7	seven	yeon-....hepta-		1/7	seventh	yeyn....septi-
8	eight	yion....octo-		1/8	eighth	yiyn....octi-
9	nine	yuon....nona-		1/9	ninth	yuyn....novi-
10	ten	alo-....deca-	da....da-a-	1/10	tenth	aloy-....deci-	d....da-
102	hundred	aso-....hexa-	h....hi-	10-2	hundredth	asoy-....centi-	c....ca-
103	thousand	amso-....kilo-	k....ki-	10-3	thousandth)	amsoy-....milli-	m....mi-
106	million	amlo-....mega-	M....ag-mi-	10-6	millionth	amloy-....micro-	r....ro-
109	billion /milliard	amro-....giga-	G....ag-ge-	10-9	billionth/ milliardth	amroy-....nano-	n....ni-
1012	trillion /billion	garale-....tera-	T....ag-to-	10-12	trillionth / billionth)	gorale-....pico-	p....po-
1015	quadrillion)/ billiard	garalyo-....peta-	P....ag-po-	10-15	quadrillionth) / billiardth	goralyo-....femto-	f....fe-
1018	quintillion / trillion	garalyu-....exa-	E....ag-e-	10-18	quintillionth)/ trillionth	goralyu....atto-	a....a-
1021	sextillion)/ trilliard	garela-....zetta-	Z....ag-zu-	10-21	sextillionth / trilliardth	gorela....zepto-	z....zu-
1024	septillion)/ quadrillion	garelu-....yotta-	Y....ag-yu	10-27	septillionth / quadrillionth	gorelu....yocto-	y....yu-

*Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (10⁹) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6. The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12.

The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with ag-. Here is a table showing grams:

Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols

MACRO		MICRO
SYMBOL (EXPANSION)	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION	SYMBOL (EXPANSION)	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
dag (decagram)	da-a-ge	(decigram)	da-ge
hg (hexagram)	he-ge	cg (centigram)	ca-ge
kg (kilogram)	ko-ge	mg (milligram	mi-ge
Mg (megagram)	ag-mi-ge	rg or μg (microgram)	ro-ge or mu-ge
Gg (gigagram)	ag-ge-ge	ng (nanogram)	ni-ge
Tg (teragram)	ag-to-ge	pg (picagram)	po-ge
Pg ( petagram)	ag-po-ge	fg (femtogram)	fe-ge
Eg (exagram)	ag-e-ge	ag (attogram)	a-ge
Zg (zettagram)	ag-ze-ge	zg (zeptogram)	ze-ge
Yg (yottagram)	ag-yu-ge	yg (yoctogram)	yu-ge

The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar ewa (squared) and gar iwa (cubed), respectively:

• 10 kg2....(pronounced as:) alo ko-ge gar ewa
• 12 mm3....(pronounced as:) ale mi-mi gar iwa

Age (Years)

The word for age is jag.

• jag....age
• jaga....old

• jagser....get old, grow older
• jagat....old person, elder
• zejaga....middle-aged

• zejagat....middle-aged person

• gajaga....elder, older, senior

• gajagat....elder
• gyajagat....eldest

• grejagat....adult
• grejagseat....adolescent
• grojagat....minor, underaged person
• alonijagat....teenager
• elonijagat....twenty-year-old

• joga....young

• jogxer....rejuvenate
• jogat....youth, youngster, young boy

• jogayt....young girl

The usual question about age is Hojaga et se?....How old are you?

Some usual responses are:

• At se elo jaga.....I am twenty years old.  (Lit: I am twenty aged.)
• At se ili jabi jaga.....I am thirty-three years old.
• Hia tamaz se asoni bi jabi jaga.....This castle is hundreds of years old.
• Hua tobot se anay ewa jubi jaga.....That baby is only two days old.
• Iyt voy se ga jaba vyel at.....She is not older than I.
• At se gwajagat bi ata tod.....I am the eldest of my family.
• Hya alonijagati aso grejagseati.....All teenagers will become adolescents.
• Hogla jubi jaga se hia tobot?....How many days old is this child?

Words Ending in -yen (manner)

The ending -yen is a stub for byen, meaning way, manner and is used to form many different words, as the following chart shows:

Words in -YEN

BASE	DERIVATION
b-....gesture ut-....self fi-....good fu-....bad nap....order dit....citizen ju-....day utyan....group yan-....together yon-....apart dal-....speak nyap....law dre-....write aj-....past	byen....manner utbyen....personality fibyena....polite fubyena....rude napbyen....discipline ditbyen....civility jubyen....habit utyanbyen....custom yanbyen....harmony yonbyen....disharmony dalbyen....idiom nyapbyen....rule of law drebyen....writing style ajbyen....tradition
s-....be ut-....self xe-....act	syen....style utsyen....genre xesyen....process
x-....do yex-....work yux-....serve	xyen....method yexyen....occupation, industry yuxyen....means
xe-....act vyo-....wrong	xeyen....behavior vyoxeyen....misbehavior
t-....know vi-....fine xe-....act mas-....wall tom....building taj-....birth ko-....hide fo-....profane yanif....sew	tyen....profession, technique, skill vityen....fine art xetyen....practice mastyen....masonry tomtyen....architecture tajtyen....talent kotyen....magic fotyen....witchcraft yaniftyen....couture
te-....know zey-....across ob-....under kyo-....fixed ij-....begin ag-....big aa-....first	teyen....idea, concept zeyteyen....metaphor obteyen....underlying concept kyoteyen....idee fixe, obsession ijteyen....initial concept, germ of an idea agteyen....grand idea, ideal aateyen....principle, premise
tex-....think ki-....slant an-....single	texyen....opinion, point of view kitexyen....bias antexyen....obsession
tep-....mental an-....single fu-....bad flu-....terrible fru-....horrible kya-....mobile kye-....haphazard kyo-....fixed va-....positive vo-....negative	tepyen....attitude, mood antepyen....obsession futepyen....anger flutepyen....rage frutepyen....furor kyatepyen....distractedness kyetepyen....volatility kyotepyen....attention vatepyen....optimism votepyen....pessimism
tuz-....art	tuzyen....technique, artistry, skill
dot-....social	dotyen....manners, civility, mores
tees-....hear	teesyen....acoustics
tej-....life	tejyen....lifestyle
ex-....function	exyen....procedure, process
dal-....speak vi-....beautiful	dalyen....language vidalyen....eloquence, rhetoric
mal-....air jeb....season	malyen....weather jebmalyen....climate
den-....saying	denyen....diction
ifek-....play	ifekyen....gamesmanship
yaut-....common	yautyen....culture
teas-....see	teasyen....perspective, point of view, aspect
dres-....write	dresyen....writing style
des-....pronounce	desyen....accent
tapekut....athlete	tapekutyen....sportsmanship

Words Ending in -z (something precious)

Words ending in -z refer to something precious or refined, as this chart shows:

-Z Words

NORMAL WORD	REFINED WORD
tun....science	tuz....art vituz....fine art daltuz....rhetoric
t-....know	tez....culture yobtez....subculture
teub....mouth	deuz....song fadeuz....hymn yegdeuz....refrain seuz....tone teuz....voice zoyteuz....echo teuboz....smile videuz....melody yandeuz....harmony uvdeuz....dirge ajdeuz....ballad dudeuz....antiphon ivdeuz....carol yogdeuz....ditty awatdeuz....solo ewatdeuz....duet fizdeuz....anthem
fya-....holy fyo-....profane	fyaz....miracle kofyaz....magic fyoz....witchcraft fyamaz....halo
vos....flower	voz....color vooz....tint voyz....shade of color toz....facial/hair color
nas....money	naz....value noz....gem, jewel finaz....merit
fi-....good fu-....bad	fiz....honor utfiz....dignity firz....ideal fiyz....respect agfiz....glory fuz....shame
d-....communicate	daz....dance dez....theatre diz....comedy duz....music drez....poetry dyez....cinema
tab....body	taz....statue
san....shape	saz....sculpture
teb....head	tebuz....crown eytebuz....diadem
teis....smell	teiz....perfume
tiab....breast	tiabuz....broche
teyob....neck	teyobuz....necklace
zetiub....navel	zetiubuz....belly button ring
meg....stone	mez....crystal
tel....food	teluz....taste
tuab....arm	eytuabuz....epaulette
tuyub....finger	tuyubuz....ring
sin....picture	siz....painting finsiz....medal dresiz....engraving