Mirad Grammar/Determiners

Determiners are words that specify or point out the context of nouns and other parts of speech. The English determiner this, for example, specifies a noun for its proximity to the current context. In English, demonstrative pronouns/adjectives/adverbs, possessive pronouns/adjectives, quantifiers like more and very, and numeric expressions like both fall under this category.

Types of Determiners

Determiners in Mirad fall into the following categories:

Types of Determiners

TYPE	ALSO KNOWN AS	ENGLISH EXAMPLES
Deictic	Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs	the, this, some, every, which?, when
Pronominal	Possessive Pronouns/Adjectives	my, anybody's, one's own
Quantitative	Quantifiers	more, less, very
Numerical	Numerals/Fractions/Ordinals/Dates, etc.	one, half, first

Furthermore, as for part of speech, determiners can be adjectives, pronouns, or adverbs. As adjectives, determiners can itemize or classify. As pronouns, they can refer to one or more persons (male or female) or things. As adverbs, they can specify circumstance, i.e. time, place, degree, kind, age, frequency, and so forth.

Deictic Determiners

Deictic determiners are words which point out or specify other words as to their context, including what grammarians often call demonstratives. All deictic determiners in Mirad begin with the letter h. The letters following the h indicate the grammatical and semantic category.

Deictic determiners include the following traditional grammatical categories:

• Demonstrative adjectives like this, that, those, that one
• The definite article the    (which is really a demonstrative adjective like those above.)
• Demonstrative pronouns like this, that, those, that one
• Interrogative and relative pronouns like who, which, that
• Indefinite adjectives like any, some, all, something, such, etc.
• Indefinite pronouns like any, some, all, something, such, etc.
• Pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs of quantity like so much, that many, how many?, very, etc.
• Adverbs of circumstance:

• time like when, now, ever
• place like there, here, somewhere
• manner like how, thus, somehow
• kind like so, age this year old
• direction like that way, any which way
• reason why?, for that reason, for no reason
• degree this (well), so (good), how (bad)
• frequency like how often, so often, never
• age like this old, how old?, of any age

Deictic Prefixes

There is a whole set of correlative deictic prefixes, which are joined to circumstantial stub category suffixes to derive pronoun, adjective, and adverb determiners. In some grammars, these words are called wh-question words and their pointed answers. For example, QUESTION: Who is your wife? ANSWER: This is my wife. (or) QUESTION: Where is your house? ANSWER: My house is here. These word forms are called correlative because they relate to one another in way that can be mapped to a table.

Here are the Mirad deictic classification prefixes:

Deictic Prefixes

CLASSIFICATION	DEICTIC PREFIX
Interrogative	duho-...?....what?, which?
Relative	ho-....which, that
Exclamatory	hoo-....how...!
Definite	ha-....the
Indefinite	he-....some, a certain
Proximal	hi-....this, these
Immediate	hii-....the following
Distal	hu-....that, those
Intensive	huu-....such, so, what a...!
Distributive	hya-....every, all, each
Indeterminate	hye-....any, whatever
Negative	hyo-....no, not any
Identical	hyi-....the same, the very
Non-identical	hyu-....the other, another, else

Note: The Identical (hyi-) and Non-identical prefixes (hyu-) can optionally be substituted with ge- (same) and oge- (different), respectively.

Circumstantial Category Suffixes

The table below shows word stub suffixes that indicate the circumstantial category of deictic expressions. They are called stubs, because they are reduced word forms. The combination of deictic prefixes and circumstantial stub suffixes produce a matrix of deictic correlatives, seen later in this chapter. Use of the stub instead of the long form is a matter of optional economy. A few categories do not have stubs.

Category Stubs

CATEGORY	STUB	LONG FORM	QUESTION WORD EXAMPLE
Person	-t	tob...person	duhot?....who?
Thing	-s	sun...thing	duhos?....what?
Place	-m	nem...place	duhom?....where?
Time	-j	job...time	duhoj?....when?
Manner	-yen	byen...manner	duhoyen?....how?
Kind	-yena	syena...of a style	duhoyena?....what kind of?
Degree	-gla	nog...degree	duhogla fi?....how well?
Quantity	-gla	sag...number	duhogla pati?....how many birds?
Mass	-gla	glan...amount	duhogla mil?....how much water?
Frequency	-xag	xag...frequency	duhoxag?....how often?
Reason	-sav	sav	duhosav?....why?
Age	-jag	jag...age	duhojag?....how old?

There can be other circumstantial categories other than those listed above, such as "direction", "order", etc. eg. Duhomep wit pa?....Which way did he go?.

Charts of Correlative Deictic Determiners

Here is are three tables showing the matrix of correlative deictic determiners. Note that the determiners belong to three parts of speech, 1) adjectives, 2) pronouns, and 3) adverbs:

PART OF SPEECH	ENDING
Adjective	-a
Pronoun	-t(i), -s(i)
Adverb	(no ending)

Deictic Determiner Adjectives

All deictic determiner adjectives in in -a and are used to modify nouns.

Correlative Deictic Determiner Adjectives

	SELECTIVE -a	POSSESSIVE -ta	KIND/MANNER -yena	QUANTITY -gla	AGE -jaga	FREQUENCY -xaga
Interrogative	duhoa? which?	duhota? whose?	duhoyena? what kind of?	duhogla? how much/many?	duhojaga? how old?	duhoxaga? how frequent?
Relative	hoa which	hota whose	hoyena what kind of	hogla how much/many	hojaga how old	hoxaga how frequent
Exclamatory	hooa what a...!			hoogla look how much/many...!	hoojaga how old a...!
Definite	ha1 the	hatas the person’s	hayena of the kind	hagla of the amount	hajaga of the age	haxaga of the frequency
Indefinite	hea some/a certain	heta someone's	heyena some kind of	hegla some	hejaga somewhat old	hexaga sometimes
Proximal	hia this	hita this person’s	hiyena this kind of	higla this much	hijaga this old	hixaga this often
Immdediate	hiia the following	hiita the follow person’s	hiiyena the following kind of	hiigla to the following degree	hiijaga of the following age	hiixaga of the following frequency
Distal	hua that	huta that person’s	huyena that kind of	hugla that much/many	hujaga of that age	huxaga that often
Intensive	huua such a	huuta such a person’s	huuyena such kind of	huugla so much/many	huujaga of such an age	huuxaga so often
Negative	hyoa no	hyota nobody’s	hyoyena no kind of	hyogla no amount/number of	hyojaga of no age	hyoxaga of zero frequency
Distributive	hya1 every	hyata everybody’s	hyayena every kind of	hyagla all	hyajaga of every age	hyaxaga always
Indeterminate	hyea whichever/any2	hyeta whosever	hyeyena whatever/any kind of	hyegla however much/many	hyejaga however old	hyexaga however frequent
Identical	hyia the same	hyita the same person’s	hyiyena the same kind of	hyigla just as	hyijaga just as old	hyixaga just as often
Non-identical	hyua the other	hyuta someone else's	hyuyena another kind of	hyugla not as much/many	hyujaga of another age	hyuxaga not as often

Note 1: The determiners ha (the) and hya (every) are shortened forms of haa and hyaa. Also, ha is commonly called a "definite article".

• While hya means every or all, the word hyawa is used for each.
• The possessive adjective forms in the above table ending in -ta such as hyeta....whosever cannot be pluralized by the ending -tia. To say other people's, use the expression bi hyuti (Lit. of others).
• The ho- words are relative, meaning that they can serve to form relative clauses like the following:

• Ha toyb, hota twad se Bill,....The woman, whose husband is Bill,
• At voy te hos et tepfe.....I don't know what you mean.
• At teste hogla et fie iyt.....I understand how much you love her.

• The hoo- words are exclamatory and are used in expressions like the following:

• Hoogla iva se at van et upa!....How glad I am that you came!
• Hooa jub his saye!....What a day this has been! (Hoogla is pronounced ho-O-a as three syllables.)

Note 2: The indeterminant determiners can also be translated with no matter what, no matter where, etc.

Deictic Determiner Pronouns

All deictic determiner pronouns end either in -t for persons or -s for things. They can be singular or plural (-i).

Correlative Deictic Determiner Pronouns

	THING -s THINGS -si	PERSON -t PERSONS -ti	KIND OF THING -yenas KINDS OF THINGS -yenasi	AMOUNT -glas NUMBER OF THINGS -glasi	NUMBER OF PEOPLE -glati
Interrogative	duhos?   what? duhosi?   what (things)?	duhot?   who? duhoti?   who (pl.)	duhoyenas?   what kind of thing? duhoyenasi?   what kinds of things?	duhoglas   how much? duhoglasi?   how many things?	duhoglati?   how many people?
Relative	hos   what hosi   what	hot   who hoti   who	hoyenas   what kind of thing hoyenasi	hoglas   how much hoglasi   how many	hoglati   how many
Exclamatory	hoos   what a thing! hoosi   what things!	hoot   what a person! hooti   what people!		hooglas   what an amount! hooglasi   what a number!	hoglati   what a number of people!
Definite	has   it hasi   they/them	hat   he/she/him/her hati   they/them	hayenas   the king of thing hayenasi   the kind of things	haglas   the amount haglasi   the number of things	haglati   the number of people
Indefinite	hes   something hesi   some things	het   someone heti   some	heyenas   some kind of thing heyenasi   some kinds of thing	heglas   some heglasi   some things	heglati   some people
Proximal	his   this hisi   these	hit   this person hiti   these people	hiyenas   this kind of thing hiyenasi   these kinds of things	higlas   this much higlasi   this many	higlati   this many people
Immediate	hiis   the following thing hiisi   the following things	hiit   the following person hiiti   the following people	hiiyenas   the following kind of thing hiiyenasi   the following kinds of things	hiiglas   the following amount hiiglasi   this following number of things	hiiglati   the following number of people
Distal	hus   that husi   those	hut   that person huti   those people	huyenas   that kind of thing huyenasi   those kinds of things	huglas   that much huglasi   that many	huglati   that many people
Intensive	huus   such a thing huusi   such things	huut   such a person huuti   such people	huuyenas   such a kind of thing huuyenasi   such kinds of things	huuglas   so much huuglasi   so many	huuglati   so many people
Negative	hyos   nothing hyosi   none of them	hyot   nobody hyoti   none of them	hyoyenas   no kind of thing hyoyenasi   no kinds of things	hyoglas   none hyoglasi   none	hyoglati   none
Distributive	hyas   everything hyasi   all of them	hyat   everybody hyati   all of them	hyayenas   every kind of hyayenasi   all kinds of things	hyaglas   all of it hyaglasi   all of them	hyaglati   all of them
Indeterminate	hyes   anything hyesi   any	hyet   anybody hyeti   any of them	hyeyenas   any kind of hyeyenasi   whatever things	hyeglas   any of it hyeglasi   any of them	hyeglati   whoever
Identical	hyis   the same thing hyisi   the same things	hyit   the same person hyiti   the same people	hyiyenas   the same kind of hyiyenasi   the same kinds of things	hyiglas   as much hyiglasi   as many	hyiglati   as many people
Non-identical	hyus   something else hyusi   other things	hyut   someone else hyuti   other people	hyuyenas   another kind hyuyenasi   other kinds	hyuglas   another amount hyuglasi   another number of things	hyuglati   another number of people

Concerning the above chart, note the following:

• The interrogative determiners all begin with duho-, which means say which, and are technically imperatives. Duhom?, for example, means Tell (me) the place.... The o-stem forms without the du- are used as relative clause heads, eg. At po hom et po.
    I will go where you go.
• Interrogatives usually come at the beginning of a sentence as in English, eg. Duhos se eta dyun?
    What is your name?
• Determiners come first before any other epithets of a noun, eg. Hia aga jaga tam...
    This big old house....
• Person and Thing determiners can be made selective by inserting a before the final t or s, eg. Hot? means Who?, while Hoat? means Which one (of several persons)?

• Duhoyat?
    Which of us?, Hyeyat
    Any of us, etc.
• Duhoyet?
    Which of you?, Hyeyet
    Any of you, etc.
• Duhoyit?
    Which of them?, Hyeyit
    Any of them, etc.

Deictic Determiner Adverbs

All deictic determiner adverbs refer to a circumstance.

Correlative Deictic Determiner Adverbs

CIRCUMSTANCE-->	PLACE -m	TIME -j	MANNERM -yen	DEGREE -gla	FREQUENCY -xag	REASON -sav
Interrogative	duhom? where?	duhoj? when?	duhoyen? how?	dugla? how (very)?	duxag? how often?	duhosav? why?
Relative	hom where	hoj when	hoyen how	hogla how (very)	hoxag how often	hosav because
Exclamatory			hooyen and how!	hoogla how very...!
Definite	ham the place	haj the time	hayen the manner	hagla just as	haxag as frequently	hasav the reason
Indefinite	hem somewhere	hej sometime	heyen somehow	hegla somewhat	hexag somewhat often	hesav for some reason
Proximal	him here	hij now	hiyen this way	higla this	hixag this often	hisav for this reason
Immediate	hiim the following place	hiij the following time	hiiyen the following way	hiigla to the following degree	hiixag at the following frequency	hiisav for the following reason
Distal	hum there	huj then	huyen that way	hugla to that degree	huxag that often	husav therefore
Intensive	huum 'such a place	huuj at such a time	huuyen in such a way	huugla so (very)	huuxag so often	huusav for such a reason
Negative	hyom nowhere	hyoj never	hyoyen in no way	hyogla not at all	hyoxag not once	hyosav for no reason
Distributive	hyam everywhere	hyaj always	hyayen in every way	hyagla fully	hyaxag always	hyasav for every reason
Indeterminate	hyem anywhere	hyej whenever	hyeyen however	hyegla however	hyexag however often	hyesav for whatever reason
Indentical	hyim at the same place	hyij at the same time	hyiyen in the same way	hyigla as	hyixag as often	hyisav for the same reason
Non-identical	hyum somewhere else	hyuj some other time	hyuyen otherwise	hyugla not as	hyuxag not as often	hyusav for some other reason

Concerning the above chart, note the following:

• The determiners ha (the) and hya (every) are shortened forms of haa and hyaa.
• The interrogative determiners all begin with duho-, which means say which, and are technically imperatives. Duhom?, for example, means Tell (me) the place.... The o-stem forms without the du- are used as relative clause heads, eg. At po hom et po.....I will go where you go.
• There are is a category not shown in the table:

• hoo-, used to form exlamatory determiners like Hoogla flia!....How marvelous! or Hooa via jub!....What a beautiful day!.

• Person determiners can be specified for gender. A determiner is made female by inserting a y after the ordinal, or male by inserting a w before the ordinal, eg. Huyti....those females or Hwit....this guy.
• Interrogatives usually come at the beginning of a sentence as in English, eg. Duhos se eta dyun?....What is your name?
• Determiners come first before any other epithets of a noun, eg. Hia aga jaga tam.......This big old house....
• Person and Thing determiners can be made selective by inserting a before the final t or s, eg. Hot? means Who?, while Hoat? means Which one (of several persons)?

• Duhoyat?....Which of us?, Hyeyat....Any of us, etc.
• Duhoyet?....Which of you?, Hyeyet....Any of you, etc.
• Duhoyit?....Which of them?, Hyeyit....Any of them, etc.

• Also not included in the above chart is a related interrogative, which is a complementizer.

• Duven...?.... (Question introducer) Is it true that...?

• The adverbs of degree in the above chart ('duhogla?, etc.) are interchangeable with adverbs ending in -nog....degree (duhonog?....to what degree?, how...?.
• Other deictic determiner adverbs of circumstance exist and are not on the above chart:

• duhomep?....which way?
• dubyun?....to what end?

Examples of Deictic Determiner Usage

• Duhos se eta dyun?....What is your name?
• Duhot se iyta twad?....Who is her husband?
• Duhwoat se iyta twad?....Which one of the guys is her husband? (selective)
• Duhoti fe eker?....Who (pl.) want to play?
• Hyas se fia.....Everything is fine.
• Hyat tre et.....Everyone knows you.
• Hyot tre at.....Nobody knows me.
• Hyati ekeye fi.....All of them are playing well.
• Hyoti ekeye fi.....None of them are playing well.
• Hyet yafe eker.....Anyone can play.
• Hyes yafwe.....Anything is possible.
• At fe hyuyenat be ata ekutyan.....I want someone else on my team.
• Huuyenati fyuxe yata oj.....Such people harm our future.
• Et yefe tepier hiisi.....You must bear in mind the following things.
• Duhoyen et xa hus......How did you do that?
• Duhosav iyt pia huugla jwa?....Why did she leave so early?
• Hwita tam se ga aga.....This guy's house is bigger.
• At voy ayse huytia dyuni.....I don't have those women's names.
• Duhoa tam se etas?....Which house is yours?
• Huua tej et ayse!....What a life you have!
• Duhayena dyezuni ifxe et?....What kind of movies do you like?
• Duhota tef okwa?....Whose hat was lost?
• Hota tef okwa bese otwas.....Whose hat was host remains a mystery.
• Ha tob ta yata dyuni.....The man knew our names.
• Hayena dini at ife, et ufe.....The kind of stories I love, you hate.
• Hea mepi egdyunxwo.....Certain streets will be renamed.
• Heyena fukyes uxaye purnyan.....Some kind of accident has caused a traffic jam.
• Heta abtaf kaxwa be ha zatem......Someone's coat was found in the foyer.
• Hia dyes se ata gafias.....This book is my favorite.
• Hiia duni se yofwa.....The following words are prohibited.
• Hiiyena xeyen voy afwu.....The following sort of behavior would not be allowed.
• Hiyena xeyen voy vayafwo.....This type of behavior will not be tolerated.
• Hita tim so yovoza.....This person's room will be blue.
• Hua mas efwe egvozilbwer.....That wall needs to be repainted.
• Huua dini yufxe toboti.....Such stories scare children.
• Huyena duni yeyfwe yixwer za at.....Such words should not be used in front of me.
• Hwuta tam magseye.....That guy's house is on fire.
• Hyoa din se ga tesika.....No story more important.
• Hyoyena tes tesiyafwe.....No such meaning can be inferred.
• Hyota jatexdras sa ga fia.....Nobody's plan is better.
• Hyos oboxe huyt.....Nothing bothers that gal.
• Hya mepi izpe Roma.....All roads lead to Rome.
• Hya ha mepi se ebwa.....All the roads are bloacked.
• Hya tob yefe xer ita gon.....Every man must do his part.
• Hyayena telami ese be hia mep.....All manner of restaurants exist on this street.
• Hyata tej se uka bi yaobi.....Everyone's life is full of ups and downs.
• Hyaewa domi agsaye.....Both cities have grown.
• Hyea voz so fia.....Any color will be fine.
• Hyeyena til se aysyafwa.....Any kind of drink is available.
• Hyeta ved se ge ifa vyel atas.....Anyone's guess is as good as mine.
• Hyea tim et fe et yafe ayser.....Whatever room you want, you can have.
• Hyia/(Ha gea) fukyesi kyese glaxag.....The same accidents occur frequently.
• Hyiyena/(Ha geyena) dyezuni teaxuwa zajub.....The same kind of films were shown yesterday.
• Hyita/(Ha geta) dyun yixwa gajod.....The same person's name was used again.
• Hyua dyezun sa ifuyea.....The other movie was more entertaining.
• Hyuyena/(Ogeyena) som teasu ga fia.....Another kind of furniture would look better.
• Hyuta/(ogeta) texyen se ge fyia.....Someone else's opinion is equally valid.
• Hiytia dyuni voy dodraye.....These women's names have not be make public.
• Hwiitia dyuni voy dodrowe.....The following males' names will not be publicized.
• Hijaga tobweti voy afwo him.....Boys of this age will not be allowed here.
• Duhom et tambese?....Where do you live?
• At tambese hum.....I live there.
• Et tambese hom ha mep uje.....You live where the road ends.
• Duhom weti peye?....Where are you guys going?
• Et yafe per hyem et fu.....You can go anywhere you want.
• Duhom et byise?....Where are you from? (Lit: Where do you originate.
• Duhoj et taja?....When were you born?
• At voy tajaya huj.....I had not been born then.
• Et yeyfe duder hiiyen.....You should respond in the following way.
• Ot voy yefe daler huuyen.....One must not talk in such a manner.
• Et pia hesav.....He left for some reason.
• Duhoyen et iyfe hia vafil?....How do like this wine?
• Voy se fia axer hiyen.....It is not good to act this way.
• Duhosav et tadsa huugla jwa?....Why did you marry so late?
• Ha tob pia hyosav.....The man left for no reason.
• Hwat pia hosav it efa per hyum.....The guy left because he needed to go
• Hyeta texyen so fia.....Anyone's decision will be fine.
• Duhota dyes se his?....Whose book is this?
• Duhotasi se hia dyesi?....'Whose are these books?
• Hyata tili yebee yom.....Everyone's drinks contain ice.
• Hyatasi?....Everyone's?
• Et se gaj geyenat( ~ hyiyenat).'....You are still the same kind of person.

The semantic reverser o- can be prefixed to some of the above deictic determiners:

Ohyat tiste Platon.....Not everyone understands Plato.

Ohut!'....Not that person!

At iyfe gwagla yavili, oy ohuas!....I like most beers, but not that one!

If the definite article or any other deictic determiner is omitted before a noun, then it has the effect of the English indefinite article a / an with a singular noun or some with a plural noun. For example:

• Yat tilia ha tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank the glass of wine., vs.
  • Yat tilia tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank a glass of wine.

• Yat tilia ha tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank the glasses of wine., vs.
  • Yat tilia tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank (some) glasses of wine.

• Yat tilia awa tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank one glass of wine., vs.
  • Yat tilia ha awa tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank the one glass of wine.

• Yat tilia ewa tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank two glasses of wine., vs.
  • Yat tilia ha ewa tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank the two glasses of wine., vs.
  • Yat tilia hya ewa tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank both glasses of wine.

• Yat tilia owa tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank no/zero glasses (=not a single glass) of wine.

• Yat tilia ea tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank another/a second glass of wine., vs.
  • Yat tilia ha ea tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank the second glass of wine., vs.
  • Yat tilia ea tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank second glasses of wine., vs.
  • Yat tilia ha ea tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank the second glasses of wine.

If an indefinite article sense is needed for clarity, the words awa (one) or hea (some, a certain) can be used, eg.:

• At igteata awa tob yiztyoper.....I glimpsed a man walk by.
• Hwit zoyupo hea juab.....He will come back on a / a certain / some Monday.

Selective vs. Non-Selective Forms

The deictic interrogative determiner pronoun duhot? means who(m) and contrasts with its selective counterpart duhoat?, which means which one?. All the selective determiners refer to one or more things or persons from a selectable pool of things or persons.

The following sentences illustrate the use of the above determiner pronouns:

• Duhot aka zajuba ek?....Who won yesterday's game?
• Duhoat bi ha akuti sa ha gwa fiat?....Which one of the winners was the best?
• Duhota tam se hus?....Whose house is that?
• Duhotas se hus?....Whose is that?
• Duhotia deuzi et gaife?....Whose songs do you prefer?
• Duhotias et gaife?....Whose do you prefer?
• Duhos se eta dyun?....What is your name?
• Duhosi se eta gaifuni?....What are your preferences?
• Duhoa deuzi se eta gwafiasi?....Which songs are your best?
• Duhoasi se eta gwafiasi?....Which ones are your best?
• Bi hia deuzuti, hoat et gafie?....Of these vocalists, which one do you prefer?
• Hiiti yaneko hijub.....The following people will compete today.
• Duhoati se gwa fia?'....Which ones are best?
• Duhoti et teexe gwa jodi?....Who (all) do you listen to the most often?
• Hoat at teexe gwaxag draye ejna deuz.....The one I listen to the most has written a new song.
• Ejna deuz? At voy teste hoas et tede.....New song? I don't understand which one you mean.
• Hias.....This one.
• Vo. Huasi se ga fia.....No. Those are better.
• His se jub av ivxelen.....This is a day for celebration.
• Va. Hia jub. At tese hijub.....Yes. This day. I mean To-day.
• Husi sa ha jubi, ata dat!....Those were the days, my friend!
• Duhos se eta dyun?....What is your name?
• Duhot aka ha igpek?....Who won the race?
• Hyas uja fi.....Everything ended well.
• Hyasi uje.....All things come to an end.
• Hyayenasi vey kyesu.....All sorts of things might happen.
• Hyos yokxa at.....Nothing surprised me.
• Hyot ta hadut hu ako.....Nobody knew who would win.
• Hoayti fu pier yefe.....Those females who would like to leave may.
• Hyet yefe eker hia ifek.....Anyone can play this game.
• Huyenasi voy afwo.....Such things will not be permitted.
• Hua twob voy taxe hia toyb.....That man does not remember this woman.
• Huti yanyexe fi.....Those guys work well together.
• Huuyti hyaj yubixe tezex.....Such females always attract attention.
• At jay teataye hiyenasi.....I've seen such things before.
• Huyenwat voy vabiwu.....A guy like that would not be accepted.
• Duhoyenasi weti iyfe xer je ha maj.....What kinds of things do you guys like to do during the day?

Numerical Deictic Determiners

Sometimes, a deictic determiner specifies numerical information. This chart shows those forms:

Number-incorporating Deictic Determiners

ADJECTIVE	INANIMATE PRONOUN	ANIMATE PRONOUN	PRONOMINAL DETERMINER	POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
hawa1 the only	hawas the only thing hawasi the only things	hawat the only one (person) hawati the only ones	hawata the only person's	hawatas the only one's hawatasi the only one's (things)
hyawa* each	hyawas each one	hyawat each person	hyawata each person's	hyawatas each one's hyawatasi each one's (things)
hyaewa both	hyaewasi both (things)	hyaewati both (people)	bi hyaewati both person's	has bi hyaewati both person's hasi bi hyaewati both persone's (things)
hyaiwa all three	hyaiwasi all three (things)	hyaiwati all three (people)	hyaiwata all three person's	has bi hyaiwati all three person's hasi bi hyaiwati all three person's (things)
ohyawa not every	ohyawas not everything	ohyawat not everyone	ohyawata not every person's	ohyawatas not everyone's ohyawatasi not everyone's (things)
hyoawa not a single	hyoawas not a single thing	hyoawat not a single person	hyowata not a single person's	hyowatas not a single person's hyowatasi not a single person's (things)
hyeawa either	hyeawas either one	hyeawat either one (person)	hyeawata either one's	hyeawatas either one's hyeawatasi either one's (things)
hyeewa any two	hyeewasi any two things	hyeewati any two people	bi hyeewati any two person's	has bi hyeewati any two persons' hasi bi hyeewati any two persons' (things)
hyeowa neither	hyeowas neither one	hyeowat neither person	hyeawata neither person's	hyeowatas neither one's hyeowatasi neither one's (things)
hyuawa another	hyuawas another one	hyuawat another	hyuawata another's	hyuawatas another's hyuawatasi another's (things)
hyuowa no other	hyuowas nothing else	hyuowat nobody else	hyuowata no other's	hyuowatas no other's hyuowatasi no other's (things)
gawa2 another	gawas another one	gawat another (person)	gawata another's	gawatas another's gawatasi another's (things)

1Hawa and hyawa are short for haawa and hyaawa, respectively.

2Gawa is short for ga awa, yet one.

Notes on Numerical Deictic Determiners

Examples using the above number-incorporating deictic determiners:

• Ohyawat se iva bay eta vaod.....Not everyone is happy with your decision.
• Hyaewasi yafwe uxer yata efi.....Both (things) can serve our needs.
• Hyeawa tim ivlaxo at.....Either room will satisfy me.
• Hyeowas oivlaxo at.....Neither one will dissatisfy me.

Note:

• hyua means another (an alternative). Ex. At fu hyua til.....I would like another (a different) drink.
• hyuawa means another (an additional). Ex. At fu hyuawa til.....I would like another (an additional) drink.
• ha hyua means the other (the alternative). Ex. At fu ha hyua til.....I would like the other drink.

Similarly, hya means every, all, while hyawa means each, and hyaha....all the, ex:

• Hya dom ayse tebixea suni teaxer.....Every city has interesting things to see.
• Hya domi ayse tebixusi.....All cities have things of interest.
• Hyaha domi ayse tebixusi.....All the cities have things of interest.
• Hyawa dom ayse tebixun.....Each city has something of interest.

Also, ha means the, while hawa means the only, eg.:

• Ha twob hu at gwa ife se et.....The man I most love is you.
• Hawa toyb nazea ata tezex se et.....The only woman worth my attention is you.

By appending y to hawa, we get the adverb haway....only, solely, eg;

• Haway et nize ata tezex.....Only you deserve my attention..

The singular person pronouns in the above chart can be converted into pronominal determiners by adding the adjective suffix a, eg.:

• Hyawata tej se ge glatesa vyel hyutas.....Each one's life is as important as another's.
• Hyeowata dyun se vyama.....Neither person's name is real.

However, the plural person pronouns in the above chart use the preposition bi (of) to form possessives, eg.:

• Ha teji bi hyaiwati se kyebukuwa.....The lives of all three are in danger.

The above singular pronominal determiners can, in turn, be converted into inanimate pronouns with the suffix -s.

• Hyawatas se glatesa.....Each one's is important.
• Hyeowatas se vyama.....Neither's is real.

The plural pronominal determiners can be nominalized with the use of bi, eg:

• Hyaiwasi bi huti se kyebukuwa.....All three of theirs' are in danger.

Correlative Number-incorporating Deictic Determiners are handled as follows:

• Hyeawa A ey B....either A or B
• Hyeowa A oy B....neither A nor B
• Hyaewa A ay B....both A and B
• Hawa A, voy B....only A, not B

elsewhere.

The different, somewhat confusing, meanings of how are illustrated here:

• Duhoyen wit xa hus?....How did he do that?.... (Equivalent to Be duha byen...?....In what way...?) (ADVERB OF MANNER)
• Duhoyen et xeye?....How are you doing?.... (This is the normal way of saying How are you? or How do you do? (ADVERB OF MANNER)
• Duhoyena sa ha dyezun?.... How was the film?.... (How here is an ADJECTIVE OF KIND, and thus ends in -a.)
• Duhonog (= Duhogla) aga it se?....How big is he?.... (ADVERB OF DEGREE)
• Huunog (= Huugla) iyfla et se!....How nice you are!.... (ADVERB OF EMPHATIC DEGREE)

The conjunction as is expressed most often using relative pro-adverbs of manner:

• Xu hoyen at de.....Do as I say. = (in) the way that...
• Xu hyiyen (~ geyen) at xe.....Do as I do. ( = (in) the same way that...)
• Xu hiiyen:....Do as follows. ( = (in) this hereby manner...)

However, the preposition/conjunction gel (like, as) can be substituted:

• Xu gel at de.....Do as I say.

Many of the determiner adverbs in the above chart can be used in relative clauses, eg:

• At teato et hoj et puo him.....I will see you when you get here.
• It xa has hosav tosa yefa.....He did it because (for the reason that) he felt compelled.
• Hyehom et po, et so ga iva.....Wherever you go, you'll be happier.
• Hyet te ha did, pyaxu eta tuyab.....Whoever knows the answer, raise your hand.
• At te hoyen et xa has.....I know how you did it.

See more about this in the section on relative clauses under Syntax.

Quantitative Deictic Determiners

The deictic prefixes can be combined with gla to form quantitative expressions acting as adverbial or adjectival determiners, and substantives (pronouns referring to things or people):

Quantitative Deictic Determiners

	ADVERBIAL / ADJECTIVAL DETERMINER	INANIMATE SINGULAR PRONOUN	INANIMATE PLURAL PRONOUN	ANIMATE PLURAL PRONOUN
Interrogative	duhogla? how?/how much?/how many?	duhoglas? how much?	duhoglasi? how many	duhoglati? how many (people)?
Relative	hogla as many/much	hoglas how much	duhoglasi how many	duhoglati how many (as)
Definite	hagla how/as much/as many	haglas as much	haglasi as many	haglati as many (people)
Indefinite	hegla somewhat/some/some	heglas some	heglasi some	heglati some (people)
Proximal	higla this/this much/this many	higlas this much	higlasi this many	higlati this many (people)
Distal	hugla that/that much/that many	huglas that much	huglasi that many	huglati that many (people)
Intensive	huugla so very, so much, so many	huuglas so much	huuglasi so many	huuglati so many (people)
Negative	hyogla none, not very	hyoglas none of it	hyoglasi none of them	hyoglati none
Distributive	hyagla totally/all/all	hyaglas all of it	hyaglasi all of them	hyaglati all
Indeterminate	hyegla however/any/any	hyeglas any of it	hyeglasi any of them	hyeglati any number of them
Identical	hyigla as/as much/as many, equally	hyiglas the same amount	hyiglasi the same number	hyiglati as many (people)
Non-identical	hyugla not as much/not as much/not as many	hyuglas a different amount	hyuglasi a different number of things	hyuglati a different number of people

Here are some examples showing how these quantitative determiners are used:

• Et deuze huugla fi.....You sing so well.
• At se hegla booka.....I am somewhat tired.
• Duhogla pati et teata hijub?....How many birds did you see today?
• At teata vyavay hugla tami.....I saw exactly that many houses.
• Iyt fe hyiglas vyel et.....She wants the same amount as you.
• Duhoglati yantexe yet?....How many (people) agree with you?
• Hyoglati yantexe.....None agree.
• Yit fu heglasi.....They would like some (of them).
• Et yafe bier hyehoglasi et fe.....You can take however many you want.
• Besu hogla job bay at et fe.....Stay as long with me as you want.
• At se huugla booka.....I am so tired.

NOTE: The following determiners are synonymous and interchangeable:

• hegla = gle = henog (somewhat, to some degree)
• hyigla = ge = hyinog (as, equally, to the same degree)

The determiner huugla' can be used as an exclamatory adverb, eg.:

• Huugla et agsaye!....How you have grown!
• Hua twob jagsaye huugla!....That man has aged so much!
• Hia jotul se huugla fiteluza!....This dessert is sooo delicious!

Pronominal Determiners

Pronominal Determiners are what are more often called possessive adjectives such as my or your and are discussed in a subsection of Pronouns.

Quantitative Determiners

Quantitative determiners act in one of several ways, they:

• specify mass, uncountable, singular nouns for relative AMOUNT, eg. much happiness, less work
• specify countable nouns for relative NUMBER, eg. one apple, two birds, many places
• specify adverbs, adjectives, and verbs for relative DEGREE, eg. how poorly, very good, eat too much.

From these, pronominalized quantitative determiners for PERSONS and THINGS can be derived.

• Inanimate singular pronouns are formed by adding s for AN AMOUNT OF A THING
• Inanimate plural pronouns are formed by adding si for A NUMBER OF THINGS
• Animate plural pronouns are formed by adding ti for A NUMBER OF PERSONS.

The following table presents most of these word forms (Note that the determiners are in a plus (+), equal (=), or minus (-) row.):

Quantitative Determiners

Adverb / Adjective		Singular Pronoun	Plural Pronoun
Degree/Amount/Number		Amount	Number of Things	Number of People
+	ga....more	gas....more (stuff)	gasi....many (things)	gati....many (people)
=	ge....as, as much, as many	ges....as much (stuff)	gesi....as many (things)	geti....as many people
-	go....less, fewer	gos....less (stuff)	gosi....fewer (things)	goti....fewer (people)
+	gla....very, much, many glay....so, so much, so many glaa....several	glas....much (stuff) glays....so much stuff)	glasi....many (things) glaysi....so many (things) glaasi....several things	glati....many (people) glayti....so many (people) glaati....several people
=	gle....rather, quite a lot, quite a few	gles....quite a lot (of stuff)	glesi....quite a lot (of things)	gleti....quite a few (people)
-	glo....slightly, a little, few	glos....a little bit	glosi....a few (things)	gloti....few (people)
+	gra....too, too much, too many	gras....too much (stuff)	grasi....too many (things)	grati....too many (people)
=	gre....enough	gres....enough (stuff)	gresi....enough (things)	greti....enough (people)
-	gro....insufficiently, too little, too few	gros....too little	grosi....too few	groti....too few (people)
+	gwa....most	gwas....the most (stuff)	gwasi....the most (things)	gwati....most people
=	gwe....just so (much/many)	gwes....just so much	gwesi....just so many	gweti....just so many (people)
-	gwo....least	gwos....the least (stuff)	gwosi....the least (number of)	gwoti....the least number (of people)

Examples Using Graded Quantitative Determiners

Adverbs of degree modifying an adjective:

• At se gla iva.....I am very happy.
• Et sa gra uga.....You were too slow.

Adverbs of Degree modifying another adverb:

• Twobi dale ge igay vyel toybi.....Men talk as fast as women.
• Yat yexe ga igay vyel yet.....We work faster (= more quickly) than you.

Adjectives quantifying a singular mass noun:

• Ga nas efwo.....More money will be needed.
• Gra nas noxwa.....Too much money was spent.

Adjectives quantifying a plural countable noun (= things or people):

• At ayse gro sari.....I've got too few tools.
• Gla tami osexwa.....Many houses were destroyed.
• Yat efe gla ga valkdibuti.....We need many more policemen.

Pronouns referring to a mass amount of something (= stuff):

• Gas ilokeye.....More (stuff) is leaking.
• Et dileye gras.....You are asking for too much (stuff).
• Yat kexo gwas.....We will seek as much (stuff) as possible.
• At iba gwes.....I received just the right amount.

Pronouns referring to a countable number of things:

• Hisi se fia oy yat fe gasi.....These (items) are good but we want more (items).
• At teate drilari oy grosi.....I see pens, but too few.

Pronouns referring to a countable number of people:

• Grati xaye vyoki be hia yexem.....Too many (people) have made mistakes at this work site.
• Glati dyunwe oy gloti kexbiwe.....Many are called but few are chosen.

Numerical Determiners

This category of determiners, which includes cardinal, ordinal and other number words like two, a tenth, and first, is such a vast topic that it is treated in its own chapter Mirad_Grammar/Numbers