Mirad Grammar/Numbers

Numbers (or more technically, numerals) are scalar words used to count and quantify things and people. They are words used to vocalize numbers, the symbols themselves. For example the numeral two is used for the number 2.

Cardinal Numbers

The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in the chapter on Vocabulary Formation.

Units

• The unit cardinal numbers are formed from the simple and pre-y-glided vowels.

Units

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
o	a	e	i	u	yo	ya	ye	yi	yu
zero	one	two	three	four	five	six	seven	eight	nine

• Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190 (pronounced: ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).....My telephone number is....
• At tambese 114 (pronounced: a-a-u) Maple Street.
• E gab e se u.....Two plus two is four.

Decades

• The decade formant -l- is used to form the decades. Followed by -o....zero, we have the base decade numbers. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns:

Decades with the -l- Formant

10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90
alo	elo	ilo	ulo	yolo	yalo	yelo	yilo	yulo
ten	twenty	thirty	forty	fifty	sixty	seventy	eighty	ninety

By changing the o....zero in lo to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows:

Decadal Counting

ala....11	ela....21	ila....31	ula....41	yola....51	yala....61	yela....71	yila....81	yula....91
ale....12	ele....22	ile....32	ule....42	yole....52	yale....62	yele....72	yile....82	yule....92
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
alyu....19	elyu....29	ilyu....39	ulyu....49	yolyu....59	yalyu....69	yelyu....79	yilyu....89	yulyu....99

• At ayse alo dati.....I have ten friends.
• It yafe sagder byu alyo.....He can count up to fifteen.
• Yulyu gob alo gese yilyu.....Ninety-nine minus ten equals eighty-nine.

Hundreds

• By adding the hundreds formant s, you get the hundreds:

Hundreds with the -s- Formant

100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900
aso	eso	iso	uso	yoso	yaso	yeso	yiso	yuso

All the numerals in-between the hundreds, can be generated by modifying the so ending with the units and decades:

• asa....101
• asale....112
• usyulyu....599

Thousands

• The thousands are generated with the formant r:

Note: The number categories starting with the thousands on up end in -o and are separated from the rest of a number by a space.

Thousands

1000	2000	3000	4000	5000	6000	7000	8000	9000
aro	ero	iro	uro	yoro	yaro	yero	yiro	yuro

• aro....1,000
• aro a....1,001
• ero isi....2,300
• yoro yasula....5,641

Millions

• The millions are generated with the formant ml:

Millions with the -ml- Formant

1,000,000	2,000,000	3,000,000	4,000,000	5,000,000	6,000,000	7,000,000	8,000,000	9,000,000
amlo	emlo	imlo	umlo	yomlo	yamlo	yemlo	yimlo	yumlo

• emlo yala....2,000,051
• umlo esu....4,000,204
• yumlo usyoro isyala....9,405,361

Billions

• The billions are generated with the formant mr;

Billions

1,000,000,000	2,000,000,000	3,000,000,000	4,000,000,000	5,000,000,000	6,000,000,000	7,000,000,000	8,000,000,000	9,000,000,000
amro	emro	imro	umro	yomro	yamro	yemro	yimro	yumro

In numbers ending in -ro (thousand), -mlo (million), and -mro (billion), these numbers keep the -o and are separated by a space from the other elements of the number.

• imro emlo yoro asyula....three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one
• iro asyulyo....3,195
• yamlo asyulyo....6,000,195
• alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele....10,075,186,922

Trillions etc.

The trillions are generated with the word garale, which means 10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹⁰.

The trillionths are generated with the word gorale, which means 10 to the negative power of 12 or 10^-10.

These numbers do not combine with surrounding numbers.

• iwa garale aoti....three trillion people
• eso garale pati....two hundred trillion birds

Even higher numbers are shown in the Number Chart later in this chapter.

Numeric Determiners

Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numbers that modify a following noun.

Integers

The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant wa. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The wa formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (zero box vs. zero boxes. Think of it as not a single box).

Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners

owa tam	awa tam	ewa tami	iwa tami	uwa tami	yowa tami	yawa tami	yewa tami	yiwa tami	yuwa tami
no/zero houses	one house	two houses	three houses	four houses	five houses	six houses	seven houses	eight houses	nine houses

If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no wa is used.

In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg:

• Ata iwa gajaga twidi bese bay at.....My three older brothers live with me.
• Hia uwa tomi losexwo.....These four buildings will be destroyed.
• At fu ewa ey iwa gouni.....I would like two or three pieces.

The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the -wa suffix. For example, ala tami....eleven houses.

Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun

Mirad	English	Wa Behavior	Pluralization Behavior
owa tam	no houses, zero houses	The numeral is a unit, so wa is suffixed.	The numeral is less than 2, so the noun is singular.
awa tam	one house, a house	"	"
ewa tami	two houses	"	The numeral is greater than 2, so the noun is plural.
iwa tami	three houses	"	"
uwa tami	four houses	"	"
yowa tami	five houses	"	"
yawa tami	six houses	"	"
yewa tami	seven houses	"	"
yiwa tami	eight houses	"	"
yuwa tami	nine houses	"	"
alo tami	ten houses	The numeral is not a unit so no wa is suffixed.	"
ase tami	a hundred two houses	"	"
ero iwa tami	two thousand three houses	The numeral i is a unit, so wa is suffixed.	"
iro alo tami	three thousand ten houses	The numeral alo is not a unit, so wa is not suffixed.	"

Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing s or t, respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing i. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a y before the t. The s suffix is short for sun....thing or suni....things. The t ending is short for aot....person or aoti....persons. For example:

• Et bayse awa tam. At gey bayse awas. (singular inanimate pronoun)....You have one house. I have one too.
• At baysa alo dresari. Hij at bayse anay ewasi (plural inanimate pronoun).....I had ten pencils. Now I only have two.
• Esa asoti yeb be ha duzam. (plural animate pronoun).... There were a hundred people in the concert hall.
• Yat yefe kebier awoyt bi huti. (singular animate female pronoun)....We must choose one female person from those people.

Ordinals

Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like first, second, etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending a to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word nap (order) inserted:

Ordinal Numeric Determiners

Cardinal Numeral	Ordinal Numeric Determiner	Variation with nap (order)
o....zero	oa....zeroth	onapa....zeroth
a....one	aa....first	anapa....first
e....two	ea....second	enapa....second
i....three	ia....third	inapa....third
alo....ten	aloa....tenth	alonapa....tenth
asu....104	asua....104th	asunapa....104th
garale....trillion	garalea....trillionth	garalenapa....trillionth

There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers:

• ijna....initial, first, original
• ujna....last, final
• ajna....past, ex-, former, old, previous
• ojna....future, upcoming
• ejna....current, new, present
• jana....previous, last, foregoing
• jona....next, following
• zana....next
• zona....previous, last

Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix y to the adjectival counterparts:

Ordinal Adverbs

ADJECTIVE	ADVERB
aa....first	aay....firstly
anapa....first	anapay....primarily
ea....second	eay....secondly
ujna....last	ujnay....finally

Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix t and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix s. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix i. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing at to wat for the former, and to ayt for the latter:

• ha aas....the first thing
• ha aat....the first person
• ha aati....the first people
• hua aayt....that first female
• ha enapas....the second thing
• ewat....another guy
• ha ujnati so ha ijnati....the last shall be first

Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective>

• hua uwa aga tami....those four big houses
• ha aa alo oga tami....the first ten little houses
• ata anapa ewa oga tudi....my first two little children

Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with ordinal vowels, which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.:

• dob....state (1st level)
• dab....government (2nd level derivative)
• deb....leader (3rd level derivative)
• dib....administration (4th " " )
• dub....minister (5th " " )

Fractions

Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like half and quarter are formed by adding -yn for those functioning as nouns, -yna for adjectives, -ynay for adverbs, or -yn for prefixes, to the respective cardinal number.

Fractional Numeric Determiners

CARDINAL NUMERAL	FRACTION AS NOUN	AS ADJECTIVE	AS ADVERB	AS PREFIX	AS VERB
o....zero	oyn....a void, vacuum, null	oyna....null, nil	--	oyn-....devoid of	oynxer....annihilate, nullify
a....one	ayn....whole	ayna....entire, whole	aynay....entirely	ayn-....holo-, whole-, all-	aynxer....integrate
e....two	eyn....a half	eyna....half	eynay....halfway	eyn-....half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-	eynxer....halve
i....three	iyn....a third	iyna....third	iynay....by a third	iyn-....terci-	iynxer....cut in third
u....four	uyn....a quarter	uyna....quarter	uynay....quarterly	uyn-....quadri-	uynxer....quarter
alo....ten	aloyn....a tenth	aloyna....tenth	aloynay....by a tenth	aloyn-....deci-	aloynxer....decimate
aso....hundred	asoyn....hundredth, percent	asoyna....hundredth	asoynay....by a hundredth	asoyn-....centi-	asoynxer....cut by a hundred

Here are some examples:

• His uxo ha oynxen bi yata mir.....This will cause the anihilation of our world.
• Ha ayna mir te ayv et.....The whole world knows about you.
• Has se gas vyel ha ayn bi hasa goni.....It is more than the whole of its parts.
• Ferad se ayndyana dalzeyn.....French is a holophrastic language.
• Et yafe bier eyn bi has.....You can take half of it.
• Yat yefo eynxer eta yexnix.....We will have to halve your salary.
• Hus sa eynvyan.....That was a half-truth.
• Eso eynzyunida dropek.....There is going to be a hemispheric war.
• Duven his se eynutexea dopar?....Is this a semi-automatic weapon?
• Iynxu hua ableyavol.....Cut that pie in thirds.
• It yeyfe bixwer ay uynxwer.....He should be drawn and quartered.
• Hia nas se aloyn bi hos yat aysa zojab.....This money is a tenth of what we had last year.
• Ha dep aloynxwu.....The army would be decimated.
• Ewa asoyni bi ha dityan baksa.....Two percent (=hundredths) of the citizenry got sick.
• Hia tom se anay asoyn ge aga vyel hua tom.....This building is only a hundredth as big as that building.
• Hwut se oyntofa.....That guy is naked.

The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples:

• Et so aynay dudyefa av eta xeyni.....You will be wholly accountable for your actions.
• Iyt eynay tikabeloka.....She almost (= halfway) threw up.

Pronominalizations like half of it, a third of them:

• Eynas sa fia.....Half of it was good.
• Eynasi sa fua.....Half of them (things) were bad.
• Esa uwa tobi se hua fukyes. Eynati toja.....There were four people in that accident. Half (of them) died.
• Iynati bi yet se vyaka.....A third of you are right.
• Uynati bi yat yantexe.....A quarter of us agree.
• Alo asoyni bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.....Ten percent of these books were ruined.

Multiples

Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like double, triple can be formed by adding -on to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is monosyllabic, otherwise just -n. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix -a. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. The prefix ending, -n is often dropped.

Multiplicative Numeric Determiners

CARDINAL NUMERAL	MULTIPLE AS NOUN	...AS ADJECTIVE	...AS ADVERB	...AS PREFIX	...AS VERB-MAKER
o....zero	oon....null	oona....nil		on-....zero-	onxer....cancel, zero out
a....one	aon....single	aona....single	aonay....singly	an-....uni-/mono-	anxer....unify
e....two	eon....twosome, double	eona....double	eonay....doubly	en-....di-/bi-	enxer....double
i....three	ion....threesome, triplet	iona....triple	ionay....triply	in-....tri--	inxer....triple
u....four	uon....quartet	uona....quadruple	uonay....quadruply	un-....quadri-/tetra-	unxer....quadruple
yo....five	yoon....quintet	yoona....quintuple	yoonay....quintuply	yoon-*....quinti-/penta-	yoonxer*....quintuple
ya....six	yaon....sextet	yaona....sextuple	yaonay....sextuply	yaon-*....sexi-/hexa-	yaonxer*....sextuple
alo....ten	alon....decade	alona....decadic	alonay....by a multiple of ten	alon-....deca-	alonxer....multiply by ten
aso....hundred	ason....hundredfold	asona....hundredfold	asonay....by a hundredfold	ason-....hecato-	asonxer....multiply by a hundred

* An extra o is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with yan meaning together and yon meaning apart.

The multiplicative noun dozen is expressed by aleon.

• Aleoni bi pati yizpapa.....Dozens of birds flew by.

By adding the suffix -at to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The -na- in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words:

• aonat or aot ....solo, single, person

• aonatser of aotser....become single, become a person
• aonawat....singleton

• eonat or eot....duo, pair, twosome, couple

• eotxer....to copulate
• eontajat....twin

• ionat or iot....trio, threesome, trinity

• iotxer....to do a threesome
• Ionatin....Trinitarianism
• iontajati....triplets

• uonat or uot ....quartet, foursome

• uontajat....quadruplet

• yoonat or yoot....quintet, group of five people

• yoontajati....quintuplets
• yoonati....quintets

By adding the suffix -un instead of -on, we get the following:

• aun....unit

• auna....unitary, individual
• aunser....unite
• aunyan....series

• aunyana....serial

• eun....pair

• euna....even, paired, binary
• oleuna....odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired

• oleunat....odd man out
• eunxer....even out

Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used:

• Yat naptyopa be eo(na)ti yez bi ha mep.....We marched in twos (= pairs) down the street.
• Asonati upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.....Hundreds (of people) will come with us to this protest.
• Hia ivxel xwe enjabay.....This celebration happens biennially.
• Iyt se untupokyat.....She is a quadriplegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)
• Diwe sagu ha auni.....Please count the units.
• Yet gafisa aronay!....You all have improved a thousandfold!
• Tob se entyoyaba sat.....Man is a bipedal creature.

Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in -on in the numbers below ten is shortened to -n in common words:

• anzyuk....monocycle
• enzyuk....bicycle
• ingun....triangle
• ungun....quadrangle
• yoongon....pentagon
• yaongon....hexagon

Note: The prefixes for penta-/quinti- and hexa-/sext- must keep the -on so as to distinguish them from the prefixes yon....apart and yan....together. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See Coding Chemical Elements).

• yoongona....quintipartite  BUT: yonper....separate, go apart
• yaongun....hexagon  BUT: yanuper....meet, come together

Number Chart

The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs:

Number Chart

MULTIPLE					FRACTION
SYMBOL	ADJECTIVE	NOUN	PREFIX1	VERB	SYMBOL	NOUN	PREFIX	VERB
0	owa zero	oon nonentity, null oot nobody	on- zero-	onxer nullify	1/0	oyn zeroth	oyn- nihil-	oynxer anihilate
1	awa one aa first ana single, lone	aon unit aot solo, individual	an- uni-, mono-	anxer unify	1/1	ayn whole	ayn- holo-	aynxer integrate
2	ewa two ea second ena dual ensuana binary	eon double eot duo, pair, couple eontajat twin	en- bi-, di-	enxer double eotxer copulate	1/2	eyn half	eyn- semi-	eyxner halve
3	iwa three ia third insuana ternary	ion triple iot trio, threesome iontajat triplet	in- tri-	inxer triple	1/3	iyn third	iyn- terci-	iynxer split into three
4	uwa four ua fourth	uon quadruple uot quartet, foursome uontajat quadruplet	un- tetra-	unxer quadruple	1/4	uyn fourth uynjab quarter	uyn- quadri-	uynxer quarter
5	yowa five yoa fifth	yoon quintuple yoot quintet yoontajat quintuplet	yoon-2 penta-	yoonxer quintuple	1/5	yoyn fifth	yoyn- quint-	yoynxer cut in fifths
6	yawa six yaa sixth	yaon sextuple yaot sextet yaontajat sextuplet	yaon-3 hecto-	yaonxer sextuple	1/6	yayn sixth	yayn- hexi-	yaynxer cut in sixths
7	yewa seven yea seventh	yeon septuple yeot septet yeontajat septuplet yejub week	yen- hepto-	yenxer mult seven	1/7	yeyn seventh	yeyn- hepti-	yeyxner cut in sevenths
8	yiwa eight yia eighth	yion octuple yiot octet yiontajat octuplet	yin- octo-	yinxer mult eight	1/8	yiyn eighth	yiyn- octi-	yiynxer cut in eighths
9	yuwa nine yua ninth	yuon nonuple yuot set of nine yuontajat nonuplet	yun- nona-	yunxer mult nine	1/9	yuyn nineth	yuyn- novi-	yuynxer cut in ninths
10	alo ten aloa tenth alosuana decimal	alon tenfold alojab...decade	alon- deca-	alonxer increase by a factor of ten	1/10	aloyn tenth	aloyn- deci-	aloynxer decimate
100 104	aso hundred asoa hundredth	ason hundredfold asojab century	ason- heca-	asonxer increase a hundredfold	1/100 10-2	asoyn hundredth percentage cent	asoy- centi-	asoynxer divide by a hundred
1,000 103	aro thousand aroa thousanth	aron thousandfold arojab millennium	aron- kilo-	aronxer divide by a thousand	1/1000 10-3	aroyn thousandth	aroy- milli-	aroynxer
1,000,000 106	amlo million amloa millionth	amlon millionfold	amlon- mega	amlonxer multiply by a million	10-6	amloyn millionth goryan	amloyn- micro-	amloynxer divide by a million
109	amro billion amroa billionth	amron billionfold	amron- giga-	amronxer multiply by a billion	10-9	amroyn- nano-	amroynxer divide by a billion
1012	garale3 trillion garalea trillianth	garalen trillionfold	garalen- tera		10-12	goralen- pico-	goralen trillionth
1015	garalyo quadrillion garalyoa quadrillionth	garalyon quadrillionfold	garalyon- peta-		10-15	garalyon- femto-	goralyon quadrillionth
1018	garalyi quintillion garlyia quintillionth	garalyin quintillionfold	garalyin- exa-		10-18	goralyin- atto-	goralyin quintillianth
1021	garela sextillion garelaa sextillionth	garelan sextillionfold	garelan- zetta-		10-21	gorelan- zepto-	gorelan sextillionth
1024	garele septillion garelea septillionth	garelen eptillionfold	garelen- yotta-		10-24	gorelen- yocto-	gorelen septillionth
1027	garelye octillion garelyea octillionth	garelyen ctillionfold	garelyen- ronna-		10-27	gorelyen- ronto-	gorelyen octillionth
1030	garilo nonillion gariloa nonillionth	garilon nonillionfold	garlion- quetta-		10-30	gorilon- quecto-	gorilon nonillionth

• Note 1: Sometimes the final -n on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. anapa
  first, atistam
  elementary school.
• Note 2: An extra o is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from yon-
  dis-, apart
• Note 3: An extra o is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from yan-
  con-, together
• Note 4: Garale is short for alo gar ale
  ten to-the-power-of 12. By the same token, gorale is short for alo gor ale
  ten to-the-power-of-minus 12

Metric Units

Mirad uses the International System of Units (SI) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see the alphabet. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word ag- (big). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = omega, Ω = Omega). The measurement unit names are followed by nak (measurement unit).

SI base units

ENGLISH UNIT NAME	SYMBOLIC ABBREVIATION	QUANTITY UNIT	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
second	s	time	sonak
meter	m	length	minak
kilogram	kg	mass	kigenak
ampere	A	electric current	aganak
kelvin	K	thermodynamic temperature	agkinak
Mole	mol	amount of substance	miolinak
candela	cd	luminous intensity	cadanak

The hyphen in the above "spelled out" words ensure that each syllable gets even stress.

Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols:

SI derived units with special names and symbols

ENGLISH NAME	SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION	QUANTITY UNIT	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
radian	rad	plane angle	roadanak
steradian	sr	solid angle	soronak
hertz	Hz	frequency	aghezunak
newton	N	force, weight	agninak
pascal	Pa	pressure, stress	agpoanak
joule	J	energy	agjinak
watt	W	power	agwunak
coulomb	C	electric charge	agcanak
volt	V	electrical potential difference	agvunak
farad	F	capacitance	agfenak
ohm	Ω	electrical resistance	Omeganak
Siemens	S	electrical conductance	agsonak
Weber	Wb	magnetic flux	agwubanak
tesla	T	magnetic flux density	agtonak
henry	H	inductance	aghenak
degree Celsius	°C	temperature	nogagcanak
lumen	lm	luminous flux	liminak
lux	lx	illuminance	lixuak
becquerel	Bq	radioactivity	agbakonak
gray	Gy	absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation)	aggeyunak
sievert	Sv	equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation)	agsovunak
katal	kat	catalytic activity	kiatonak
byte	b	8 bits of information	banak

Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:

Convenient non-SI units

ENGLISH NAME	SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION	QUANTITY UNIT	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
litre	L	volume	aglonak or litr(i)
hectare	ha	area	heanak or hektar(i)
ton	t	area	tonak or ton(i)
decibel	dB	loudness	daagbanak or decibel(i)

The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means per or divided by and is pronounced gol. The symbol x means times and is pronounced gal. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced gar plus the number (with -wa, if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced gor plus the number (again, with -wa if a unit number). See Arithmetical Expressions for further information on these terms.

Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units

NAME	SYMBOLIC FORMULA	DERIVED QUANTITY	TYPICAL SYMBOL	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
square meter	m2	area	A	minak-gar-ewa
cubic meter	m3	volume	V	minak-gar-iwa
meter per second	m/s	speed, velocity	v	minak-gol-sonak
meter per second squared	m/s2	acceleration	a	minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa
reciprocal meter	m−1	wavenumber	σ, ṽ	minak-gor-awa
		vergence (optics)	V, 1/f
kilogram per cubic meter	kg/m3	density	ρ	kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa
kilogram per square meter	kg/m2	surface density	ρA	kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa
cubic meter per kilogram	m3/kg	specific volume	v	minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge
ampere per square meter	A/m2	current density	j	aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa
ampere per meter	A/m	magnetic field strength	H	aganak-gol-minak
mole per cubic meter	mol/m3	concentration	c	minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa
kilogram per cubic meter	kg/m3	mass concentration	ρ, γ	kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa
candela per square meter	cd/m2	luminance	Lv	canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa

The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). Sagon means byte, so garale-sagon is terabyte. This breaks down to 10¹² bytes. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes:

Scalar Metrics

MACRO				MICRO
BASE 10	US/UK NAME	MIRAD PREFIX....SI PREFIX	SI SYMBOL	BASE 10	(US/UK NAME)	MIRAD PREFIX....SI PREFIX	SI SYMBOL
1	one	an- *... mono-, uni-		1/1	whole	ayn-....holo-, uni-
2	two	en-....bi-		1/2	half	eyn-....demi-, di-
3	three	in-....tri-		1/3	third	iyn-....terci-
4	four	un-....tetra-		1/4	fourth	uyn-....quadri-
5	five	yoon- *....penta-		1/5	fifth	yoyn....quinti-
6	six	yaon-....hexa-		1/6	sixth	yayn....sexti-
7	seven	yeon-....hepta-		1/7	seventh	yeyn....septi-
8	eight	yion....octo-		1/8	eighth	yiyn....octi-
9	nine	yuon....nona-		1/9	ninth	yuyn....novi-
10	ten	alo-....deca-	da	1/10	tenth	aloy-....deci-	d
102	hundred	aso-....hecto- **	h	10-2	hundredth	asoy-....centi-	c
103	thousand	amso-....kilo-	k	10-3	thousandth)	amsoy-....milli-	m
106	million	amlo-....mega-	M	10-6	millionth	amloy-....micro-	r
109	billion /milliard	amro-....giga-	G	10-9	billionth/ milliardth	amroy-....nano-	n
1012	trillion /billion	garale-....tera-	T	10-12	trillionth / billionth)	gorale-....pico-	p
1015	quadrillion)/ billiard	garalyo-....peta-	P	10-15	quadrillionth) / billiardth	goralyo-....femto-	f
1018	quintillion / trillion	garalyu-....exa-	E	10-18	quintillionth)/ trillionth	goralyu....atto-	a
1021	sextillion)/ trilliard	garela-....zetta-	Z	10-21	sextillionth / trilliardth	gorela....zepto-	z
1024	septillion)/ quadrillion	garelu-....yotta-	Y	10-27	septillionth / quadrillionth	gorelu....yocto-	y

*Note: The -n or -on can sometimes be omitted in macro-prefixation, especially where there is no ambiguity. The -n (but NOT the -yn) in the micro prefixes can also sometimes be omitted.

**Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (10⁹) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6. The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12.

The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with ag-. Here is a table showing grams:

Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols

MACRO		MICRO
SYMBOL (EXPANSION)	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION	SYMBOL (EXPANSION)	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
dag (decagram)	daagenak	(decigram)	dagenak
hg (hectogram)	hegenak	cg (centigram)	cagenak
kg (kilogram)	kogenak	mg (milligram)	migenak
Mg (macrogram)	agmigenak	μg (microgram)	mugenak
Gg (gigagram)	aggegenak	ng (nanogram)	nigenak
Tg (teragram)	agtogenak	pg (picagram)	pogenak
Pg ( petagram)	agpogenak	fg (femtogram)	fegenak
Eg (exagram)	agegenak	ag (attogram)	agenak
Zg (zettagram)	agzegenak	zg (zeptogram)	zegenak
Yg (yottagram)	agyugenak	yg (yoctogram)	yugenak

The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar e (squared) and gar i (cubed), respectively:

• 10 kg2....(pronounced as:) alo kogenaki gar e
• 12 mm3....(pronounced as:) ale miminaki gar i

Expressing Frequency

There are two ways to form determiners of frequency:

• Using jod(i) meaning occasion(s), instance(s), time(s), or
• Using xag meaning frequency

Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners:

Frequentative Determiners

"JOD" METHOD	"XAG" METHOD	MEANING
duhogla jodi?	duhoxag?	how often?, how many times?
hogla jodi	hoxag	how often, how frequently
hagla jodi	haxag	the frequency
hegla jodi	hexag	sometimes, on some occasions
higla jodi	hixag	this often, this many times
hugla jodi	huxag	that often, that many times, so many times
huugla jodi	huuxag	so often, so many times
hyogla jodi	hyoxag	never
hyagla jodi	hyaxag	always, at all times
hyegla jodi	hyexag	any number of times, however often
hyigla jodi	hyixag	as often, the same number of times
hyugla jodi	hyuxag	not as often, some other number of times
ga jodi	gaxag (vyel)	more often (than)
ge jodi	gexag (vyel)	as many times (as), as often (as)
go jodi	goxag (vyel)	less often (than)
gla jodi	glaxag	many times, often
gle jodi	glexag	quite a few times, quite often
glo jodi	gloxag	not so many times, seldom
gra jodi	graxag	too often
gre jodi	grexag	often enough
gro jodi	groxag	too seldom
gwa jodi	gwaxag	as often as possible, most often, most times
gwe jodi	gwexag	an average number of times
gwo jodi	gwoxag	least often, as seldom as possible
owa jod	oxag	never, at no time, zero times
awa jod	axag	once, one time
awa ga jod	ga axag	again, once more
ewa jodi	exag	twice, two times
iwa jodi	ixag	thrice, three times
alo jodi	aloxag	ten times

Examples:

• Duhoxag et pe ha tayegoblam?....How often do you go to the barber shop?
• Duhogla jodi et akaye hia ekun?....How many times have you won this game?
• At teataye hua dyezun iwa ey uwa jodi.....I have seen that film three or four times.
• At teataye is huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van at bokseye.....I have seen it so many times that I am getting sick.
• Hus xwaye gaxag vyel et te.....That has happened more often than you know.

Mathematical Expressions

Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word ga....more.

Chart of Mathmatical Components

The following chart shows mathematical operator verbs and derived terms:

Arthmetic Expressions

VERB	OPERATION	PATIENT	SUBJECT	OPERATOR	SIGN	RESULT
gaber add	gaben addition	gabwas addend, summand	gabus augend	gab plus +	gabsiyn plus sign	gabix sum
galer multiply	galen multiplication	galwas multiplicand	galus multiplier factor	gal times x	galsiyn times sign	galix product
garer raise to the power of	garen exponentiation	garwas base	garus exponent	gar raised to the power of	garsiyn exponent sign	garix power
gazer logarithmize	gazen logarithmization	gazwas base	gazus antilogarithm	gaz log		gazix logarithm
gober subtract	goben subtraction	gobwas subtrahend	gobus minuend	gob minus -	gobsiyn minus sign	gobix difference
goler divide	golen division fraction	golwas dividend' numerator'	golus divisor denominator	gol divided by ÷	golsiyn division sign	golix quotient
gorer derive the nth root of	goren root extraction	gorwas radicand	gorus degree	gor the nth root of √	gorsiyn radical sign	gorix root
geser equal	gesen equation	gexwas thing being equated	gexus equator	ge equal to =	gesiyn equal sign	gesix equation results

How to Verbalize Math Expressions

• 1 + 1 = 2.....A gab a gese e.
• 3 - 1 = 2.....I gob a gese e.
• 2 x 4 = 8.....E gal u gese yi.
• 10 % 2 = 5.....Alo gol e gese yu.
• 5² = 25.....Yo gar e gese elyu.
• 2³ = 8.....E gar i gese yi.
• 4 √2 = 2 = 2.....U gor e gese e.
• log₁₀ 1000 = 3.....Aro gaz alo gese i.

Note 1: gese (equals) can be substituted with se (is), eg.:

• E gab e se u.....Two plus two is four.

Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix -wa, eg.:

• Ewa lafebi gab awa afeb gese vavol.....Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.

Examples of mathematical expressions:

• E gab e gese u.....Two plus two equals four.
• E gal i gese ya.....Two times three equals six.
• I gar e gese yu.....Three to the second power equals nine.
• E gob e gese o.....Two minus two equals zero.
• Yu gol i gese i.....Nine divided by three equals three.
• Yu gor i gese i.....Nine cubed equals three.
• Aso gor e gese alo.....One hundred squared equals ten.
• Aro gaz alo gese i.....Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Logarithm of a thousand to base ten equals three)

Decimal Expressions

Decimal expressions like 2.5 use the word nod....point as in English.

• Hia bavol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.....This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.

Calendar and Time Expressions

The word for calendar is judar. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used:

Basic Calendar Units

Time is divided using the following basic terms:

Calendar Units

MIRAD	ENGLISH
job	time
jab	year
jeb	season
jib	month
jub	day
jwob*	hour
jwab*	minute
jweb*	second

• Note: These would ordinarily be jyob, jyab, and jyeb respectively, but the w glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter j, and is therefore substituted.

Other Calendar Units

Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above:

Other Calendar Units

MIRAD	ENGLISH	NUMERICAL FORMULA
rojab	millenium	year x 1,000
sojab	century	year x 100
lojab	decade	year x 10
eynjab	half year	year x 1/2
uynjab	quarter	year x 1/4
yajib	semester	month x 6
yejub	week	day x 7
yejubuj	weekend	day x 7 end
eynjwob	half hour	hour x 1/2

This, next, last, etc. are expressed as follows:

Day Pointers

MIRAD	ENGLISH
hijub hia yejub hijab	today this week this year
zojub zoyejub zajab	yesterday last week last year
zajub zayejub zajab	tomorrow next week next year
hujub huyejub hujab	that day that week that year
jazojub ja ewa yejubi jazojab	the day before yesterday two weeks ago the year before last
jozajub jo ewa yejubi jozajab	the day after tomorrow two weeks from now the year after next
Duhajub?	Which day?
hyajub	every day
hyejub	any day
hejub	someday
hejubi	some days

Seasons of the Year

Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for season jeb:

Seasons of the Year

MIRAD	ENGLISH
jeab	spring
jeeb	summer
jeib	autumn, Fall
jeub	winter

Examples of usage:

• be jeab....in spring
• ja jeeb....before summer
• ju jeib....until autumn
• ji jeub....since winter
• je ha jeb....during the season
• ub ha uj bi jeeb....toward the end of summer
• eb jeab ay jeeb....between spring and summer
• jeeba gemoj....vernal equinox
• jeiba fayebi....autumn leaves
• jeba til....seasonal drink
• jeubyena jebmalyen....wintry climate
• jeabyena malyen....spring-like weather
• jeuben....hibernation
• hijeab....this season
• zajeab....next season
• zojeab....last season
• hyajeab....every season

Months of the Year

Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month jib:

Months of the Year

MIRAD	ENGLISH
jiab	January
jieb	February
jiib	March
jiub	April
jiyob	May
jiyab	June
jiyeb	July
jiyib	August
jiyub	September
jilob	October
jilab	November
jileb	December

Some expressions using the months:

• be jilob....in October
• ja jiyab....before June
• lojo zajiyeb....by next July (lojo = not after)
• hijib....this month
• zojib....last month
• zajib....next month
• bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis....month-to-month rent
• jibay....monthly
• jibi joy....months later
• jiba sindryen....monthly magazine
• hujiba jobnis....that month's rent
• hya ionjib....every trimester
• jiber....menstruate
• byi zojilob....since last October
• ub zejib....toward mid-month

Days of the Week

Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day jub:

Days of the Week

MIRAD	ENGLISH
juab	Monday
jueb	Tuesday
juib	Wednesday
juub	Thursday
juyob	Friday
juyab	Saturday
juyeb	Sunday

Here are some common terms relating to days of the week:

Day Expressions

MIRAD	ENGLISH
Duhojub?	Which day?
hojub hu...	the day that...
hejub	someday
hijub	today
hujub	that day
hyijub	(on) the same day
hyajub	every day
hyejub	any day
zajub	yesterday
zojub	tomorrow
ha jajub be ha jana jub	the day before, (on) the previous day
ha jojub be ha jona jub	the day before, (on) the previous day
jazojub	the day before yesterday
jozajub	the day after tomorrow
hya ea jub	every other/second day
hyajub boy juyeb	every day except Sunday
yejub	week
hiyejeb	this week
yejubuj	weekend
yexjub (or) zeyejub	weekday
enyejuba(y)	bi-weekly
zoyejub	last week

Examples of Usage:

• (be) juyob....on Friday
• ju juib....until Wednesday
• ji zojub....since yesterday
• lojo jubuj....by [Lit: not after] day's end
• jo zajub....after tomorrow
• je ha jub....during the day
• bi juab bu juub....from Monday to Friday
• yejubuja ponpop....a weekend getaway

Parts of the Day

Here are the principal parts of a day:

Parts of the Day

DAYTIME	NIGHTTIME
maj....daytime, day	moj....nighttime, night
bi maj....A.M.	bi moj....P.M.
jamajij....pre-dawn	jamojij....pre-dusk
majij....daybreak, dawn	mojij....dusk
amaryap....sunrise, sunup	amaryop....sunset, sundown
jwamaj....morning zajwamaj....tomorrow morning hijwamaj....this morning zojwamaj....yesterday morning hujwamaj....that morning hyajwamaj....every morning	jwamoj....evening zajwamoj....tomorrow evening hijwamoj....this evening zojwamoj....yesterday evening hujwamoj....that evening hyajwamoj....every evening
zemaj....noon	zemoj....midnight
jozemaj....afternoon	jozemoj....after midnight
majuj....day's end	jwomoj....late night

• Examples of Usage:

• At tijpa ja majij.....I woke up before dawn.
• At iyfe tuyjer be ha jwoa jozemaj.....I like to nap in the late afternoon.
• It yexe bi amaryap bu amaryop.....He works from sunup to sundown.
• Be gwa jwamoji, at teaxe sinibar.....Most evenings, I watch television.

Expressing Dates

The following is a how a date (jud) is normally expressed:

• be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.....on Monday, February 11th, 1918 A.D.

A date like 2018 can be expressed as twenty eighteen (elo alyi) or two thousand eighteen (ero alyi).

The day in the above expression is pronounced ala.

The year is pronounced elo alyi (like English twenty eighteen).

The acronym for B.C. is jaK, short for ja Krist (before Christ).

The acronym for A.D. is joK, short for jo Krist (after Christ).

Other date expressions follow:

• be ha 1800 jabi (alyi aso jabi)....In the 1800's (eighteen hundreds)
• ja ha 20a (eloa) asojab....before the 20th (twentieth) century
• eb 1920 (yulo elo) ay 2001 (emso awa)....between 1920 (nineteen twenty) and (two thousand one)
• hyaje hua alojab....throughout that decade
• At yexa hum je gla jabi.....I worked there for [Lit: during] many years.
• Ujbu his lojo jiyab.....Finish this by [Lit: not after] May.
• Iyt so him ub ha uj bi 2 (ewa) jiab.....She will be here toward the end of January 2nd.

Telling Time

Clock time expressions use mostly the word jwob (hour) or jwobi (hours).

Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as 15 hours (ulo jwobi), which is the same as 15:00 or 15 hundred hours.

The usual time-of-day question is Se duhojwob?....What time is it? [Lit: is what-hour?]

The typical answer is in the format Se alo (jwobi) yuwa. (Lit: (It) is ten hours five). The use of jwobi is optional, but if jwobi is modified by awa....one, then the singular form jwob is used.

Here are some typical answers:

• Se awa jwob.....It is one o'clock AM [Lit: It is one hour.]
• Se ewa jwobi.....It is two o'clock AM [Lit: It is two hours.]
• Se ale jwobi.....It is twelve o'clock AM.
• Se alyu jwobi elo.....It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).
• Se eli jwobi ali.....It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).
• Se elu jwobi.....It is 24:00 (12 PM).

The words jwob and jwobi can be abbreviated as j..

• be elo j.....At 8:00 PM

The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system:

• bi maj....(AM)
• bi moj.... (PM)

• Se vyavay 15:10 (= alu alo).....It is exactly 7:10 P.M..  [Lit: It is exactly fifteen ten.]
• Et sa jwoa bey alo jwabi.....You were late by 10 minutes.  [Lit: You were late by ten minutes.]
• Has ijo yuz 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).....It will begin around 10:30 PM.
• Puu him lojo jwoa vyel 15:00 j.....Get here no later than 3 PM.
• Ha yuzpar puo hum yeb 10 jwabi.....The bus will arrive there within 10 minutes.
• Ha jwobar izeade¹ 17:00.....The clock says [Lit. indicates] 5 PM.
• Yit pua be 3 j. be ha nod.....They arrived at 3 on the dot.

Note 1: izeade (indicates) can be substituted with de (says).

Note the following clock time idioms:

Clock Idioms

MIRAD	ENGLISH
jwa	early
jwe	on time
jwo	late
Se vyavay elo j.	It is exactly 8 PM.
yub bi zemaj	around noon
ub zemoj	toward midnight
lojo jwebi	within [= not-after] seconds
alo jwabi ja hij	ten minutes ago [= before now]
lojo 3 j.	no later than / by 3 o'clock AM.
jwobay	hourly / by the hour / on the hour
Hia pop efxe 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.	This trip takes (Lit: necessitates) 2 1/2 hours.
ju awa jwob bi hij	until one hour from now
ji zojub be 10a j.	since yesterday at 10 o'clock.
je ha jana 12 jwabi	for/during/over the last 12 minutes
ja ojo 10 j.	before / by 10 AM.
lojo 10 jwobi.	by / in / within 10 hours.
jo 10 j.	after 10 o'clock AM.
At saye him ji 2 jwobi.	I have been here for 2 hours.

Expressing Age

Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for age: jag.

The typical question is:

• Et se duhojaga?....How old are you? (Lit. what-aged)

A typical answer is:

• At se eli (jabi) (jaga).....I am twenty-three (years old).

The word jaga can be left understood, as well as the word jabi....years:

• At se ilo.....I am thirty.

Here is a list of important age expressions and categories:

• duhojaga?....how old?
• hojoga....of which age
• hajaga....of the age
• hejaga....of some age
• hijaga....this old
• hujaga....that old
• huujaga....so old
• hyajaga....of every age
• hyejaga....of any age
• hyijaga / gejaga....of the same age, as old
• hyujaga / ogejaga....of a different age
• zejaga .... middle-aged
• jaga....old
• jayga....oldish
• joga....young
• joyga .... youngish
• gle jaga....rather old, oldish
• gla jaga....very old
• gra jaga....too old, super-aged
• gro jaga....under-aged, minor
• ge jaga....as old, of the same age
• awa (jab) jaga....one year old
• ewa (jabi) jaga....two years old
• alo (jabi) jaga....ten years old
• ga jaga vyel et....older than you
• ga joga vyel at....younger than me
• ge joga vyel iyt....as young as her
• ha gwa jagat bi ata tidetyan....the youngest of my siblings
• gajagat .... an elder
• grojagat....a minor
• alojagat....a ten-year-old
• aloynjagat....a teenager
• jagat .... old person, elder, senior
• jagwat .... old man
• jagayt .... old woman
• jogat....a youth
• jogwat....a boy
• jogayt....a girl
• grejat....an adult, someone of age
• jagseat....an adolescent
• jagsyat/agsyat....a grownup
• yilojagat....an octogenarian
• asojagat....a centenarian
• tud .... child, offspring
• twud .... male child, son
• tuyd .... female child, daughter
• tudet .... baby, infant
• tobet .... youth, young person
• twobet .... boy, young man
• toybet .... girl, young woman, maiden

Some other examples of usage:

• Et jagseye fi.....You are aging well.
• At voy jogseye hyegla.....I am not getting any younger.
• His se taam av ha jagati.....This is a home for the ederly.
• Gawaku eta jogan!....Regain your youth!
• At se ga jaga vyel ha yazmeli.....I am as old as the hills.
• Teaxu ata gwa joga tud.....Look at my youngest child.
• Yat ife yata awajagat.....We love our one-year-old.
• Jagseatan se yika joob bi tej.....Adolescence is a difficult period of life.
• Agsu!....Grow up!

Note the difference:

• agaser....to get bigger
• agser....to grow

Currency Nomenclature

The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter n is suffixed (mnemonic for nas....money). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.:

• The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD".
• Lowercase is "usd"
• Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is u so da.
• This, with n suffixed, results in usodan.
• Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving Usodan.
• Pluralized, Usodan becomes Usodani (= U.S. dollars).

• The Euro is therefore Euron.
• The Thai baht is Toheban.
• The Russian ruble is Rouban.

The ISO codes can be found at List of circulating currencies. A portion of that file is replicated here:

Currencies

English Currency Name	Currency symbol	ISO code	Mirad Name
Jordanian dinar	JD	JOD	Jiodan
Moroccan dirham	DH	MAD	Miadan
Australian dollar	$	AUD	Audan
Bitcoin	₿	(BTK?)	Batokin
Brunei dollar	$	BND	Banidan
Eastern Caribbean dollar	$	XCD	Xucadan
Hong Kong dollar	$	HKD	Hekidan
New Zealand dollar	$	NZD	Nizudan
Singapore dollar	$	SGD	Sogedan
United States dollar	$	USD	Usodan
Armenian dram	֏	AMD	Amidan
Euro	€	EUR	Euron
Central African CFA franc	Fr	XAF	Xuafen
CFP franc	Fr	XPF	Xupofen
Swiss franc	Fr	CFN	Cufenin
West African CFA franc	Fr	XOF	Xuofen
Netherlands Antillean guilder	ƒ	ANG	Anigen
Danish krone	kr	DKK	Dakikin
Turkish lira	₺	TRY	Toroyun
Mauritanian ouguiya	UM	MRU	Miroun
Sterling	£	GBP	Gebapon
Saint Helena pound	£	SHP	Sohepon
South African rand	R	ZAR	Zuaron
Russian rouble	₽	RUB	Rouban
Indian rupee	₹	INR	Iniron
Israeli new shekel	₪	ILS	Ilison

The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word -asoyn to the end of the Mirad name of the currency.

For example:

• The American cent is Usodan-asoyn.
• The Euro cent is Euron-asoyn.
• The British penny is Gebapon-asoyn.

In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to asoyn.

The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example:

• Five point six Euros ==> Yowa nod yawa Euroni ==> €5.6
• Two thousand nine dollars ==> Emro yuwa Usodani ==> $2,009

Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as Batokin (for BTK). Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as Batokin-amroyn.

Other monetary vocabulary:

• nas....money

• nasa....monetary
• nasyen....currency
• nases....change
• nasmug....coin
• syagnas....cash

• syagnasuer....to cash

• ejnux....debit, cash
• ojnux....credit
• nasyef....debt
• ojbier....to borrow
• ojbuer....to lend
• drefnas....paper money
• nasdrev....bill, note, banknote

• alo Usodan nasdrev....ten dollar bill

• nax....price
• nayx....cost
• namper....to shop
• nusbier....to buy
• nisbuer....to sell
• nun....merchandise, product
• nuer....to supply
• nuxer....to pay
• nyuxer....to deliver
• nier....to demand
• nixer....to earn
• nyixer....to order
• nexer....to save
• nyexer....to stock
• noxer....to spend
• nyoxer....to waste
• kyaxler nas....convert money
• nasokrer....go bankrupt
• nasam....bank
• nuien....trade
• nuiem....market
• nam....store