← Aquifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Menyanthaceae	Flora of New York — Asterales : Asteraceae : Carduoideae : Cardueae				→ Cichorioideae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos

Family Asteraceae[edit | edit source]

The Asteraceae (or Compositae)

Subfamily Carduoideae[edit | edit source]

Tribe Cardueae[edit | edit source]

The Cardueae (syn. Cynareae) is a mostly non-native tribe of Asteraceae. It contains various thistles and knapweeds, many of which are considered highly invasive in the region.

Subtribe Carlininae[edit | edit source]

Carlina[edit | edit source]

Carlina vulgaris, Carline thistle

Carline thistle establishes on exposed soil but does not compete with taller dense vegetation.

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carlininae — Carlina
Carlina	Carline-thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carlina vulgaris ssp. vulgaris C. vulgaris ssp. longifolia	Carline thistle	Introduced, Naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-X0 BONAP Images, wsp

Subtribe Echinopsinae[edit | edit source]

Echinops[edit | edit source]

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Echinopsinae
Echinops	Globethistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Echinops sphaerocephalus L.	Great globethistle	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp

Subtribe Carduinae[edit | edit source]

Onopordum[edit | edit source]

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Onopordum
Onopordum	Cottonthistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Onopordum acanthium	Scotch thistle, Scotch cottonthistle	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XM Go Botany Images, wsp

Only the two burdock species Arctium lappa (greater burdock) and A. minus (lesser burdock) are currently listed as naturalized in New York. Specimens of A. minus were apparently misidentified as A. tomentosum in the past.

Arctium is an Old World genus whose biennial plants have been introduced around the world, perhaps in part due to Velcro-like burrs that promote wide seed dispersal.

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Arctium
Arctium	Burdock	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Arctium lappa 1753. Arctium lappa L. 1762. Lappa vulgaris Hill 1785. Lappa officinalis All. 1791. Lappa major Gaertn. 1800. Arctium majus Bernh. 1833. Arctium nemorosum Lej. & Court. 1883. Lappa lappa (L.) H.Karst. (i) 1913. Arctium vulgare (Hill) A.H.Evans 1928. Arctium edule Beger	Greater burdock, Great burdock, Edible burdock, Beggar's-buttons Grande bardane, Bardane majeure, Rhubarbe sauvage, Graquias, Toques, Rapace	Introduced from Eurasia			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VasCan ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images, wsp
Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. 1762. Lappa minor Hill 1800. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. 1856. Arctium pubens Bab.	Lesser burdock, Common burdock, Cuckoo-button Petite bardane, Bardane mineure, Bardane, Tabac du diable, Tapace, Chou bourache, Cibourroche, Graquias	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VasCan ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images, wsp
Arctium (excluded taxa)	Burdock	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Arctium tomentosum Mill. 1768. Arctium tomentosum Mill.	Woolly burdock, Hairy burdock Bardane tomenteuse	Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images, wsp

Silybum[edit | edit source]

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Silybum
Silybum	Milk thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 1753. Carduus marianus L. 1768. Mariana mariana (L.) Hill (i) 1791. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.	Milk-thistle, Blessed milkthistle, St. Mary's thistle	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa Biennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images, wsp

Cirsium[edit | edit source]

Cirsium species are known as plume thistles due to the feathered hairs on their achenes.

New-World Cirsium[edit | edit source]

Cirsium muticum
Swamp thistle

The North American thistles found in New York are here divided into two groups (species complexes) that are known to freely hybridize within the individual group.

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Cirsium
Cirsium Mill. (1745) (North American - HG1)	Thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cirsium muticum Michx. 1803. Cirsium muticum Michx. 1807. Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers. 1814. Cnicus muticus (Michx.) Pursh 1838. Cirsium bigelovii DC.	Swamp thistle, Dunce-nettle, Horsetops Chardon mutique, Circe mutique	Native, C:9, Secure OBL Biennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Go Botany VasCan ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images, wsp
Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. 1803. Cnicus discolor Muhl. ex Willd. 1818. Carduus discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt. 1826. Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. 1894. Cirsium altissimum fo. discolor 1902. Cirsium altissimum var. discolor 1917. Cirsium altissimum ssp. discolor	Field thistle, Pasture thistle Chardon discolore, Circe discolore	Native, C:1, Secure UPL Biennial-perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Go Botany VasCan FNA Tropicos BONAP Images, wsp
Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. 1753. Carduus altissimus L. 1804. Cnicus altissimus Willd. 1826. Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. 1826. Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill 1908. Cirsium iowense (Pammel) Fernald 1917. Cirsium altissimum var. biltmoreanum Petr.	Tall thistle, Roadside thistle	Native, C:10, Likely extirpated UPL Biennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-Z USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images, wsp
Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur 1900. Carduus flodmanii Rydb. 1903. Cirsium oblanceolatum (Rydb.) K.Schum. 1912. Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur	Flodman's thistle, Prairie thistle	Introduced, Midwest native, Preglacial relict? FAC-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images, wsp
Cirsium Mill. (1745) (North American - HG2)	Thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cirsium pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. ssp. pumilum 1818. Carduus pumilus Nutt. 1826. Cirsium pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. 1911. Cirsium odoratum (Muhl. ex Steud.) Petr.	Pasture thistle, Fragrant thistle, Bull thistle Chardon nain	Native, C:1, Secure N. R. Biennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-N0 Go Botany VasCan ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images, wsp
Cirsium horridulum Michx. var. horridulum 1803. Cirsium horridulum Michx.	Yellow thistle, Giant thistle, Bristly thistle, Horrid thistle, Bull thistle	Native, C:5, Rare FACU Annual-biennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-N USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images, wsp

Old-World Cirsium[edit | edit source]

Cirsium vulgare
bull thistle

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Cirsium
Cirsium (Eurasian )	Plume thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. 1753. Carduus lanceolatus L. 1798. Carduus vulgaris Savi 1835. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. 1938. Ci. vulgare Airy Shaw (hom.) 1972. Ci. lanceolatum Scop. non Hill	Bull thistle, Common thistle, Spear thistle, Scotch thistle Chardon vulgaire, Chardon lancéolé, Gros chardon, Circe commun, Circe vulgaire	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Widespread weed, NE-3^[1], Invasive.org FACU Biennial, Hert-forb			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VasCan ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images, wsp
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 1753. Serratula arvensis L. 1772. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 1777. Carduus arvensis (L.) E.Robson 1819. Cirsium incanum (S.G.Gmel.) Fisch. ex M.Bieb. 1819. Cirsium setosum (Willd.) M.Bieb.	Creeping thistle, Canada thistle, Field thistle Chardon des champs, Chardon du Canada, Circe des champs	Introduced from Eurasia, Highly invasive, NYIS: 71%^[2], Prohibited^[3], CP-2^[4] NE-2^[5] FACU Perennial, Hert-forb			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VasCan ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images, wsp
Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. 1753. Carduus palustris L. 1772. Cirsium Palustre (L.) Scop.	Marsh thistle, Marsh plume thistle, European marsh thistle, European swamp thistle Chardon des marais, Cirse des marais	Introduced from Eurasia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 68% ^[6], NE-2^[5] FACW Perennial, Hert-forb			NYFA-X USDA-XW Go Botany VasCan ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images, wsp
↑ Category 3 Plants - widespread non-native species - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cirsium arvense: Highly invasive (71%). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ ^a ^b Category 2 Plants - moderately invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cirsium palustre: Moderately invaisve (68%).

Carduus[edit | edit source]

Carduus acanthoides
spiny plumeless thistle

Carduus species are known as plumeless thistles.

Asterales — Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Carduus
Carduus	Plumeless thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carduus acanthoides ssp. acanthoides	Spiny plumeless thistle	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Carduus crispus	Curled plumless-thistle, Welted thistle, Curled thistle	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Carduus nutans	Musk thistle, Nodding thistle, Nodding plumeless thistle	Introduced			NYFA-Xn USDA-XX Images, wsp
Carduus pycnocephalus ssp. pycnocephalus	Italian thistle	Introduced, Unvouchered waif			NYFA-U USDA-XX Images, wsp

Serratula[edit | edit source]

Asterales — Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Serratula
Serratula (excluded)	Plumeless saw-wort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NPT
Serratula tinctoria L. Serratula tinctoria L.	Dyer's plumeless saw-wort, Saw-wort	Introduced, N.Y. excluded Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 Go Botany-0 ITIS Images, wsp

Subtribe Centaureinae[edit | edit source]

The Centaureinae contains knapweeds and starthistles, none of which are native to New York, and some of which are considered to be seriously invasive in the state.^[1]

Plectocephalus[edit | edit source]

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Plectocephalus
Plectocephalus	Basketflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Plectocephalus americanus Nutt. 1821. Centaurea americana Nutt. 1830. Plectocephalus americanus (Nutt.) D.Don	American star-thistle, American basketflower, Powderpuff thistle, Thornless thistle	Introduced from south-central US, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 Go Botany-0 ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images, wsp
↑ Tree of Life: Centaureinae

Centaurea[edit | edit source]

The subgeneric classification of Centaurea (knapweeds) used here is based on Hilpold et al. (2014).^[1]

↑ Hilpold, A., Garcia-Jacas, N., Vilatersana, R. & Susanna, A. 2014. "Taxonomical and nomenclatural notes on Centaurea: A proposal of classification, a description of new sections and subsections, and a species list of the redefined section Centaurea." Collectanea Botanica '33:e001. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2013.v33.001

Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Centaurea[edit | edit source]

Centaurea stoebe
spotted knapweed

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Centaurea
Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Centaurea	Knapweed, Starthistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurea stoebe L. ssp. micranthos (S.G.Gmel. ex Gugler) Hayek 1838. Centaurea biebersteinii DC. 1872. C. australis Pančić ex A. Kern. 1907. C. maculosa ssp. micranthos 1931. C. stoebe ssp. micranthos 2003. C. stoebe ssp. australis auct. C. maculosa non Lam. auct. Acosta maculosa non (Lam.) Holub	Spotted knapweed, Spotted star-thistle Centaurée maculée, Centaurée tachetée	Introduced from southeast Europe, Highly invasive, NYIS: 79%^[1], CP-3^[2] NE-1^[3]			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VasCan ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images, wsp
Centaurea cineraria L. 1753. Centaurea cineraria L. 1785. C. candidissima Lam. 1839. C. gymnocarpa Moris & DeNot.^[4] 1974. Acosta cineraria (L.) Holub	Silver knapweed, Star-thistle, Dusty miller	Introduced from southern Europe, Impersistent, Unk. naturalization			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos IPN Images, wsp
Centaurea (excluded taxa)	Knapweed, Starthistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurea diffusa Lam. 1785. Centaurea diffusa Lam. 1799. C. parviflora Desf. 1822. C. parviflora Besser hom. 1970. C. microcalathina A.O.Tarassov 1972. Acosta diffusa (Lam.) Soják	Diffuse knapweed, White knapweed, Tumble knapweed	Introduced, Highly invasive, NYIS: 79%^[1], FEIS			NYFA-0 USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images, wsp
Centaurea × psammogena Centaurea diffusa × C. stoebe ssp. micranthos	Hybrid of Diffuse knapweed & Spotted knapweed	Introduced, Highly invasive, NYIS: 79%^[1]			USDA-0X Images, wsp
Centaurea paniculata	Jersey knapweed	Introduced, N.Y. excluded, Note^[5]			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 ITIS Images, wsp
↑ ^a ^b ^c New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – C. stoebe, C. diffusa, C. × psammogena: High (79). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ Euro+Med Plantbase lists Centaurea gymnocarpa as an accepted species, while the Global Compositae Checklist lists it as a synonym of Centaurea cinerea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2014.1, states "C. gymnocarpa belongs to the group known as the "cineraria" group. This group probably was once a single species when the land masses were united, but as islands were formed, new species evolved on each island. This means that today there are a number of closely related species of Centaurea in the Mediterranean growing on rocky seaward cliffs, all probably related to a common ancestor." ↑ Centaurea paniculata checklist entries were based on reports only. No known specimens from New York exist. It is similar in appearance to Centaurea stoebe.

Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Phrygia[edit | edit source]

Centaurea × moncktonii
meadow knapweed

Centaurea sect. Phrygia, in New York State, contains three moderately invasive species of knapweeds, cumulatively known as the Centaurea jacea complex, and gradations of hybrids between possibly all three of them. The named hybrid Centaurea × moncktonii (C. jacea × C. nigra) is morphologically variable, and some individuals appear to have a similarity to C. nigrescens, possibly resulting from hybridization between all three species.

These species can often be distinguished by the involucre bracts, the scale-like structures surrounding the inflorescence, just below flower petals.^[1]

Centaurea jacea (brown): Bracts are somewhat hairy, with broad, thin papery margins. Center of bract is dark brown.
Centaurea nigra (black): Bracts are oval-shaped with broad, comb-like, dark brown or black fringed margins. Fringe length up to 3 times as long as bract width.
Centaurea × moncktonii (meadow): Bracts are light to dark brown, roundish, with thin papery margin with fringes about equal width of bract center.
Centaurea stoebe (spotted): Bracts are black tipped, tip and upper margin have soft, spine-like fringe, Center spine shorter than others.

↑ https://www.techlinenews.com/articles/whats-the-difference-between-spotted-brown-black-and-meadow-knapweed

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Phrygia
Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Phrygia	Knapweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurea jacea L. 1753. Centaurea jacea L. 1778. Jacea pratensis Lam. 1799. Centaurea pratensis Thuill. (i)	Brown knapweed, Brownray knapweed, Brown-rayed knapweed,, Brown starthistle	Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[1], CP-3^[2]			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images, wsp
Centaurea nigra L. 1753. Centaurea nigra L. 1769. Jacea nigra (L.) Hill 1852. Centaurea nemoralis Jord. 1894. Centaurea jacea ssp. nigra	Black knapweed, Lesser knapweed, Common knapweed, Black starthistle	Introduced from Europe, northern Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[1]			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images, wsp
Centaurea × moncktonii C.E.Britton Centaurea jacea × Centaurea nigra 1799. C. pratensis Thuill. non Salisb. 1813. C. nigra var. radiata 18??. C. jacea var. pratensis 1975. C. debeauxii ssp. thuillieri 1921. Centaurea × moncktonii C.E.Britton	Meadow knapweed, Protean knapweed, Hybrid of black knapweed & brown knapweed	Introduced from Europe, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[1]			NYFA-X USDA-0X ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images, wsp
Centaurea nigrescens Willd. 1803. Centaurea nigrescens Willd. 1831. C. vochinensis Bernh. ex Rchb. 1917. C. dubia ssp. nigrescens 1917. C. dubia ssp. vochinensis	Tyrol knapweed, Short-fringed knapweed, Short-fringed starthistle, Vochin knapweed	Introduced from Eurasia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[1]			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images, wsp
Centaurea phrygia Centaurea austriaca C. uniflora ssp. nervosa	Wig knapweed	Introduced, Impersistent, Unk. naturalization			NYFA-Xu USDA-X0 Images, wsp
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – C. jacea, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. × moncktonii: Moderate (62). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)

Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Cnicus[edit | edit source]

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Cnicus
Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Cnicus	Knapweed, Starthistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. 1753. Cnicus benedictus L. 1763. Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. 1895. Cirsium pugnax Sommier & Levier 1908. Carduus benedictus Thell. (i)	Blessed thistle, Our Lady's thistle Chardon béni, Cnicaut béni, Chardon bénit	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Not naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VasCan ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images, wsp

Centaurea subg. Lopholoma[edit | edit source]

Centaurea solstitialis
yellow knapweed

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Centaurea subg. Lopholoma
Centaurea subg. Lopholoma	Knapweed, Starthistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurea solstitialis L.	Yellow starthistle, Barnaby star-thistle, St. Barnaby’s thistle	Introduced, Unk. naturalization			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Centaurea scabiosa	Great starthistle, Greater knapweed, Hardheads, Scabious knapweed, Greater centaury	Introduced, Unk. naturalization			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Centaurea calcitrapa	Purple starthistle, Red star-thistle, Caltrops	Introduced, Not naturalized, Impersistent			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Centaurea diluta	North African knapweed	Introduced, Not naturalized, Impersistent			NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images, wsp
Centaurea aspera	Rough star-thistle	Introduced, Not naturalized, Impersistent, NY County only			NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images, wsp

Centaurea subg. Cyanus[edit | edit source]

Centaurea cyanus
bachelor’s button

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Centaurea subg. Cyanus
Centaurea subg. Cyanus	Knapweed, Starthistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurea cyanus L. (1753) 1769. Cyanus segetum Hill 1837. Centaurea pulchra DC.	Cornflower, Bachelor’s-button, Bluebottle, Bluebonnets	Introduced, IO			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Centaurea montana L. 1753. Centaurea montana L. 1768. Cyanus montanus (L) Hill	Mountain starthistle, Mountain cornflower, Mountain bluet, Perennial cornflower	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp

Carthamus[edit | edit source]

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Carthamus
Carthamus	Distaff thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carthamus tinctorius L. 1753. Carthamus tinctorius L. 1753. Cathamus tinctorius L. (i)	Safflower, Dyer's-saffron, False saffron, Bastard-saffron	Introduced from western Asia?, eastern Med.?, Impersistent, Not naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images, wsp

← Aquifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Menyanthaceae	Flora of New York — Asterales : Asteraceae : Carduoideae : Cardueae				→ Cichorioideae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

[NE3-1] Category 3 Plants - widespread non-native species - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[2] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cirsium arvense: Highly invasive (71%).

[3] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

[CP2-4] Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)

[NE2-5] Category 2 Plants - moderately invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[6] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cirsium palustre: Moderately invaisve (68%).

[7] Tree of Life: Centaureinae

[8] Hilpold, A., Garcia-Jacas, N., Vilatersana, R. & Susanna, A. 2014. "Taxonomical and nomenclatural notes on Centaurea: A proposal of classification, a description of new sections and subsections, and a species list of the redefined section Centaurea." Collectanea Botanica '33:e001. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2013.v33.001

[nyis-9] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – C. stoebe, C. diffusa, C. × psammogena: High (79).

[CP3-10] Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)

[NE1-11] Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[12] Euro+Med Plantbase lists Centaurea gymnocarpa as an accepted species, while the Global Compositae Checklist lists it as a synonym of Centaurea cinerea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2014.1, states "C. gymnocarpa belongs to the group known as the "cineraria" group. This group probably was once a single species when the land masses were united, but as islands were formed, new species evolved on each island. This means that today there are a number of closely related species of Centaurea in the Mediterranean growing on rocky seaward cliffs, all probably related to a common ancestor."

[13] Centaurea paniculata checklist entries were based on reports only. No known specimens from New York exist. It is similar in appearance to Centaurea stoebe.

[14] ttps://www.techlinenews.com/articles/whats-the-difference-between-spotted-brown-black-and-meadow-knapweed

[jaceae-15] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – C. jacea, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. × moncktonii: Moderate (62).

[CP3-16] Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)

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Flora of New York/Carduoideae

Contents