Flora of New York/Carduoideae
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Flora of New York — Asterales : Asteraceae : Carduoideae : Cardueae | → Cichorioideae | |||
Table of contents |
Genus index |
Protected species index | Invasive species index | ||
Family Asteraceae[edit | edit source]
The Asteraceae (or Compositae)
Subfamily Carduoideae[edit | edit source]
Tribe Cardueae[edit | edit source]
The Cardueae (syn. Cynareae) is a mostly non-native tribe of Asteraceae. It contains various thistles and knapweeds, many of which are considered highly invasive in the region.
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Subtribe Carlininae[edit | edit source]
Carlina[edit | edit source]
Carline thistle establishes on exposed soil but does not compete with taller dense vegetation.
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Carlina | Carline-thistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
ssp. vulgaris C. vulgaris ssp. longifolia |
Carline thistle | Introduced, Naturalized |
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NYFA-X USDA-X0 BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Subtribe Echinopsinae[edit | edit source]
Echinops[edit | edit source]
Echinops | Globethistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. |
Great globethistle | Introduced | ![]() |
NYFA-X USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | |
Subtribe Carduinae[edit | edit source]
Onopordum[edit | edit source]
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Onopordum | Cottonthistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Scotch thistle, Scotch cottonthistle |
Introduced, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [1], Naturalized, SNA, NSE: GNR Biennial, Herb-forb |
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NYFA-X USDA-XM Go Botany Images Wikispecies | ||
Arctium[edit | edit source]
Only the two burdock species Arctium lappa (greater burdock) and A. minus (lesser burdock) are currently listed as naturalized in New York. Specimens of A. minus were apparently misidentified as A. tomentosum in the past.
Arctium is an Old World genus whose biennial plants have been introduced around the world, perhaps in part due to Velcro-like burrs that promote wide seed dispersal. |
Arctium | Burdock | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
1753. Arctium lappa L. 1762. Lappa vulgaris Hill 1785. Lappa officinalis All. 1791. Lappa major Gaertn. 1800. Arctium majus Bernh. 1833. Arctium nemorosum Lej. & Court. 1883. Lappa lappa (L.) H.Karst. (i) 1913. Arctium vulgare (Hill) A.H.Evans 1928. Arctium edule Beger |
Greater burdock, Great burdock, Edible burdock, Beggar's-buttons Grande bardane, Bardane majeure, Rhubarbe sauvage, Graquias, Toques, Rapace |
Introduced from Eurasia |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
(Hill) Bernh. 1762. Lappa minor Hill 1800. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. 1856. Arctium pubens Bab. |
Lesser burdock, Common burdock, Cuckoo-button Petite bardane, Bardane mineure, Bardane, Tabac du diable, Tapace, Chou bourache, Cibourroche, Graquias |
Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Arctium (excluded taxa) | Burdock | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Mill. 1768. Arctium tomentosum Mill. |
Woolly burdock, Hairy burdock Bardane tomenteuse |
Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-Excluded USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Silybum[edit | edit source]
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Silybum | Milk thistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) Gaertn. 1753. Carduus marianus L. 1768. Mariana mariana (L.) Hill (i) 1791. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. |
Milk-thistle, Blessed milkthistle, St. Mary's thistle |
Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Highly invasive, NYS Tier 5[1] Biennial, Herb-forb |
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6 counties | NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
Cirsium[edit | edit source]
Cirsium species are known as plume thistles due to the feathered hairs on their achenes.
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New-World Cirsium[edit | edit source]
The North American thistles found in New York are here divided into two groups (species complexes) that are known to freely hybridize within the individual group.
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Cirsium Mill. (1745) (North American - HG1) |
Thistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Michx. 1803. Cirsium muticum Michx.
1807. Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers.
1814. Cnicus muticus (Michx.) Pursh
1838. Cirsium bigelovii DC. |
Swamp thistle, Dunce-nettle, Horsetops Chardon mutique, Circe mutique |
Native, CoC: 9, Secure, S5, G5 OBL Biennial, Herb-forb |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
(Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. 1803. Cnicus discolor Muhl. ex Willd.
1818. Carduus discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt.
1826. Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng.
1894. Cirsium altissimum fo. discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Voss
1902. Cirsium altissimum var. discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Fernald
1917. Cirsium altissimum ssp. discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Petr. |
Field thistle, Pasture thistle Chardon discolore, Circe discolore |
Native, CoC: 1, Secure, S5 UPL Biennial-perennial, Herb-forb |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
(L.) Spreng. 1753. Carduus altissimus L.
1804. Cnicus altissimus Willd.
1826. Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng.
1826. Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill
1908. Cirsium iowense (Pammel) Fernald
1917. Cirsium altissimum var. biltmoreanum Petr. |
Tall thistle, Roadside thistle |
Native, CoC: 10, Likely extirpated UPL Biennial, Herb-forb |
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NYFA-Z USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
(Rydb.) Arthur
1900. Carduus flodmanii Rydb.
1903. Cirsium oblanceolatum (Rydb.) K.Schum.
1912. Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur |
Flodman's thistle, Prairie thistle |
Introduced, Midwest native, Preglacial relict? FAC-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb |
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NYFA-X USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Cirsium Mill. (1745) (North American - HG2) |
Thistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Nutt.) Spreng. ssp. pumilum 1818. Carduus pumilus Nutt.
1826. Cirsium pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng.
1911. Cirsium odoratum (Muhl. ex Steud.) Petr. |
Pasture thistle, Fragrant thistle, Bull thistle Chardon nain |
Native, CoC: 1, Secure N. R. Biennial, Herb-forb |
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NYFA-5 USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Michx. var. horridulum 1803. Cirsium horridulum Michx. |
Yellow thistle, Giant thistle, Bristly thistle, Horrid thistle, Bull thistle |
Native, CoC: 5, Rare FACU Annual-biennial, Herb-forb |
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NYFA-N USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Old-World Cirsium[edit | edit source]
All three of the Eurasian Cirsium (thistle) species are considered invasive in New York State.
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Cirsium (Eurasian ) | Plume thistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Savi) Ten. 1753. Carduus lanceolatus L. 1798. Carduus vulgaris Savi 1835. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. 1938. Ci. vulgare Airy Shaw (hom.) 1972. Ci. lanceolatum Scop. non Hill |
Bull thistle, Common thistle, Spear thistle, Scotch thistle Chardon vulgaire, Chardon lancéolé, Gros chardon, Circe commun, Circe vulgaire |
Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Widespread weed, NE-3[1], Invasive.org FACU Biennial, Hert-forb |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
(L.) Scop. 1753. Serratula arvensis L. 1772. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 1777. Carduus arvensis (L.) E.Robson 1819. Cirsium incanum (S.G.Gmel.) Fisch. ex M.Bieb. 1819. Cirsium setosum (Willd.) M.Bieb. |
Creeping thistle, Canada thistle, Field thistle Chardon des champs, Chardon du Canada, Circe des champs |
Introduced from Eurasia, Highly invasive, NYIS: 71%[2], Prohibited[3], CP-2[4] NE-2[5] FACU Perennial, Hert-forb |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
(L.) Scop. 1753. Carduus palustris L. 1772. Cirsium Palustre (L.) Scop. |
Marsh thistle, Marsh plume thistle, European marsh thistle, European swamp thistle Chardon des marais, Cirse des marais |
Introduced from Eurasia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 68% [6], NE-2[5] FACW Perennial, Hert-forb |
NYFA-X USDA-XW Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | ||
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Carduus[edit | edit source]
Carduus species are known as plumeless thistles.
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Carduus | Plumeless thistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
ssp. acanthoides |
Spiny plumeless thistle | Introduced, Moderately invasive |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | |
Musk thistle, Nodding thistle, Nodding plumeless thistle |
Introduced, Moderately invasive |
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NYFA-Xn USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | ||
Curled plumless-thistle, Welted thistle, Curled thistle |
Introduced | ![]() |
NYFA-X USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | ||
ssp. pycnocephalus |
Italian thistle | Introduced, Unvouchered waif |
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NYFA-U USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | |
Serratula[edit | edit source]
Serratula (excluded) | Plumeless saw-wort | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NPT |
L. Serratula tinctoria L. |
Dyer's plumeless saw-wort, Saw-wort |
Introduced, N.Y. excluded Perennial, Herb-forb |
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NYFA-Excluded USDA-X0 Go Botany-0 ITIS Images Wikispecies | |
Subtribe Centaureinae[edit | edit source]
The Centaureinae contains knapweeds and starthistles, none of which are native to New York, and some of which are considered to be seriously invasive in the state.[1]
Plectocephalus[edit | edit source]
Plectocephalus | Basketflower | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Nutt. 1821. Centaurea americana Nutt. 1830. Plectocephalus americanus (Nutt.) D.Don |
American star-thistle, American basketflower, Powderpuff thistle, Thornless thistle |
Introduced from south-central US, N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-Excluded USDA-N0 Go Botany-0 ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Centaurea[edit | edit source]
The subgeneric classification of Centaurea (knapweeds) used here is based on Hilpold et al. (2014).[1]
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Centaurea identification[edit | edit source]
Four of the most common and invasive knapweed species can often be distinguished by the involucre bracts, the scale-like structures surrounding the inflorescence, just below flower petals.[1]
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Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Centaurea[edit | edit source]
Centaurea sect. Centaurea contains spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos), which has widely naturalized in much of North America , including New York State, where it is considered highly invasive.
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Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Centaurea | Knapweed, Starthistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. ssp. micranthos (S.G.Gmel. ex Gugler) Hayek 1838. Centaurea biebersteinii DC.
1872. C. australis Pančić ex A. Kern.
1907. C. maculosa ssp. micranthos Gugler
1931. C. stoebe ssp. micranthos Hayek
2003. C. stoebe ssp. australis Greuter
auct. C. maculosa non Lam.
auct. Acosta maculosa non (Lam.) Holub |
Spotted knapweed, Spotted star-thistle Centaurée maculée, Centaurée tachetée |
Introduced from southeast Europe, Highly invasive, NYIS: 79%[1], CP-3[2] NE-1[3], SNA, GNR |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Centaurea cineraria L. 1785. C. candidissima Lam. 1839. C. gymnocarpa Moris & DeNot.[4] 1974. Acosta cineraria (L.) Holub |
Silver knapweed, Star-thistle, Dusty miller |
Introduced from southern Europe, Impersistent, Unk. naturalization, SNA |
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Suffolk (1921) | NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |
Centaurea (excluded taxa) | Knapweed, Starthistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Lam. 1785. Centaurea diffusa Lam. 1799. C. parviflora Desf. 1822. C. parviflora Besser hom. 1970. C. microcalathina A.O.Tarassov 1972. Acosta diffusa (Lam.) Soják |
Diffuse knapweed, White knapweed, Tumble knapweed |
Introduced, Highly invasive, NYIS: 79%[1], FEIS |
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NYFA-0 USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Centaurea diffusa × C. stoebe ssp. micranthos |
Hybrid of Diffuse knapweed & Spotted knapweed |
Introduced, Highly invasive, NYIS: 79%[1] |
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USDA-0X Images Wikispecies | |
Jersey knapweed | Introduced, N.Y. excluded, Note[5] |
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NYFA-Excluded USDA-X0 ITIS Images Wikispecies | ||
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Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Phrygia[edit | edit source]
Centaurea sect. Phrygia, in New York State, contains three moderately invasive species of knapweeds, cumulatively known as the Centaurea jacea complex, and gradations of hybrids between possibly all three of them. The named hybrid Centaurea × moncktonii (C. jacea × C. nigra) is morphologically variable, and some individuals appear to have a similarity to C. nigrescens, possibly resulting from hybridization between all three species.
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Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Phrygia | Knapweed | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Centaurea jacea L. 1778. Jacea pratensis Lam. 1799. Centaurea pratensis Thuill. (i) |
Brown knapweed, Brownray knapweed, Brown-rayed knapweed,, Brown starthistle |
Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%[1], CP-3[2] |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Centaurea nigra L.
1769. Jacea nigra (L.) Hill
1852. Centaurea nemoralis Jord.
1894. Centaurea jacea ssp. nigra (L.) Bonnier & Layens |
Black knapweed, Lesser knapweed, Common knapweed, Black starthistle |
Introduced from Europe, northern Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%[1] |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
C.E.Britton Centaurea jacea × Centaurea nigra 1799. C. pratensis Thuill. non Salisb.
1813. C. nigra var. radiata DC.
18??. C. jacea var. pratensis W.D.J.Koch
1975. C. debeauxii ssp. thuillieri Dostál
1921. Centaurea × moncktonii C.E.Britton |
Meadow knapweed, Protean knapweed, Hybrid of black knapweed & brown knapweed |
Introduced from Europe, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%[1] |
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NYFA-X USDA-0X ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Willd. 1803. Centaurea nigrescens Willd.
1831. C. vochinensis Bernh. ex Rchb.
1917. C. dubia ssp. nigrescens (Willd.) Hayek
1917. C. dubia ssp. vochinensis (Bernh. ex Rchb.) Hayek |
Tyrol knapweed, Short-fringed knapweed, Short-fringed starthistle, Vochin knapweed |
Introduced from Eurasia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%[1] |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Centaurea austriaca C. uniflora ssp. nervosa |
Wig knapweed | Introduced, Impersistent, Unk. naturalization |
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NYFA-Xu USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies | |
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Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Cnicus[edit | edit source]
Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Cnicus | Knapweed, Starthistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) L. 1753. Cnicus benedictus L. 1763. Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. 1895. Cirsium pugnax Sommier & Levier 1908. Carduus benedictus Thell. (i) |
Blessed thistle, Our Lady's thistle Chardon béni, Cnicaut béni, Chardon bénit |
Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Not naturalized, SNA |
Oswego (1883) | NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies | |
Centaurea subg. Lopholoma[edit | edit source]
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Centaurea subg. Lopholoma | Knapweed, Starthistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. |
Yellow starthistle, Barnaby star-thistle, St. Barnaby’s thistle |
Introduced, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [2], Unknonwn naturalization, SNA, NSE: Exotic GNR |
NYFA: 6 counties iNat: no counties |
NYFA-X USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | |
Great starthistle, Greater knapweed, Hardheads, Scabious knapweed, Greater centaury |
Introduced, Unk. naturalization |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | ||
Purple starthistle, Red star-thistle, Caltrops |
Introduced from Europe, Not naturalized, Impersistent, SNA |
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Bronx (1898-99), Kings (1897), Queens (1879), Westchester (1894-95) |
NYFA-X USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | |
North African knapweed | Introduced, Not naturalized, Impersistent |
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NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies | ||
Rough star-thistle | Introduced, Not naturalized, Impersistent, SNA |
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New York (1880) | NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies | |
Centaurea subg. Cyanus[edit | edit source]
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Centaurea subg. Cyanus | Knapweed, Starthistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. (1753) 1769. Cyanus segetum Hill 1837. Centaurea pulchra DC. |
Cornflower, Bachelor’s-button, Bluebottle, Bluebonnets |
Introduced, Potentially invasive, Naturalized, Note:[1], SNA, GNR UPL-FACU Annual, Herb-forb |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Centaurea montana L. 1768. Cyanus montanus (L) Hill |
Mountain starthistle, Mountain cornflower, Mountain bluet, Perennial cornflower |
Introduced, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: [3], NSE: Exotic, GNR |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | |
Carthamus[edit | edit source]
Safflower is grown primarily as a source of vegetable oil and mostly in Southwest.
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Carthamus | Distaff thistle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Carthamus tinctorius L. 1753. Cathamus tinctorius L. (i) |
Safflower, Dyer's-saffron, False saffron, Bastard-saffron |
Introduced from western Asia?, eastern Med.?, Impersistent, Not naturalized |
NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany iNaturalist ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | ||
L. Carthamus lanatus L. |
Woolly distaff thistle
Downy safflower
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Introduced, Potentially invasive |
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NYFA: 0 counties iNat: 0 counties |
Go Botany iNaturalist Images Wikispecies |
Crupina[edit | edit source]
Crupina vulgaris has spread rapidly in western rangelands since first being reported in west-central Idaho in 1969. It has also been reported in Massachusetts.[1]
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Crupina | Bearded creeper | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Cass. 1819. Crupina vulgaris Cass. |
Common crupina
Bearded creeper
False saw-wort Crupine
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Introduced, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: 18 listing sources, GRIIS-US: Invasive, Not listed in NYFA |
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NYFA: not listed iNat: no NY observations |
GBIF Go Botany iNaturalist ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |