Flora of New York/Ranunculales

← Commelinales, Zingiberales, Ceratophyllales	Flora of New York — Ranunculales : Lardizabalaceae, Menispermaceae, Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae				→ Proteales… Saxifragales
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

The order Ranunculales has about 93 taxa found outside of cultivation in New York. Ranunculales families include:

Circaeasteraceae (2 Chinese species, none in NY)
Lardizabalaceae (1 species of Akebia in NY)
Menispermaceae (1 species of moonseed in NY)
Berberidaceae (barberry, 8 taxa in 5 genera in NY)
Ranunculaceae (68 taxa in 20 genera, Ranunculus the largest)
Papaveraceae (poppies, 15 taxa in 8 genera in NY)

Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genus	Common names	T
Ranunculales	Lardizabalaceae	Lardizabaloideae	Akebieae	Akebia	chocolate vine. fiveleaf akebia	1
	Menispermaceae	Menispermoideae	Menispermeae	Menispermum	moonseed, Canada moonseed	1
	Berberidaceae	Podophylloideae	Leonticeae	Caulophyllum	blue cohosh, squaw-root, papoose-root	2
			Podophylleae	Podophyllum	mayapple, wild mandrake	1
			Podophylleae	Jeffersonia	twinleaf, rheumatism-root	1
		Berberidoideae	Berberideae	Berberis	barberry	3
		Berberidoideae	Berberideae	Mahonia	Oregon grape	1
	Ranunculaceae	Hydrastoideae	Hydrastideae	Hydrastis	golden-seal, yellow puccoon	1
		Coptidoieae	Coptideae	Coptis	goldthread, three-leaved goldthread	1
		Coptidoieae	Xanthorhizeae	Xanthorhiza	yellowroot	1
		Thalictroideae	Aquilegieae	Aquilegia	columbine, wild columbine	2
			Aquilegieae	Enemion	false rue anemone	1
			Thalictreae	Thalictrum	meadow rue	7
		Ranunculoideae	Actaeeae	Actaea	baneberry	5
			Actaeeae	Eranthis	winter aconite	1
			Caltheae	Caltha	marsh marigold	1
				Trollius	globeflower	1
				Adonis	pheasant's eye	2
			Delphinieae	Aconitum	monkshood	3
				Delphinium	lark-spur	1
				Consolida	knight's-spur, lark-spur	2
			Nigelleae	Nigella	love-in-a-mist, devil-in-the-bush	1
			Helleboreae	Helleborus	hellebore, Christmas-rose	2
			Anemoneae	Anemone	hepatica, thimbleweed	9
			Anemoneae	Clematis	leather flower, virgin's-bower	6
			Ranunculeae	Halerpestes	seaside crowfoot	1
				Ceratocephala	curvseed butterwort	1
				Ficaria	celadine	1
				Ranunculus	buttercup, crowfoot, spearwort	23
	Papaveraceae	Papaveroideae	Papavereae	Argemone	pricklypoppy	2
			Papavereae	Papaver	poppy	6
			Chelidonieae	Sanguinaria	bloodroot, red puccuoon	1
				Chelidonium	greater celandine	1
				Macleaya	plume poppy	1
				Glaucium	hornpoppy	2
				Stylophorum	celandine-poppy	1
			Eschscholtzieae	Eschscholzia	California poppy	1
		Fumarioideae	Fumarieae	Dicentra	bleeding-heart, Dutchman's breeches	3
				Lamprocapnos	Asian bleeding-heart	1
				Adlumia	climbing fumitory	1
				Capnoides	harlequin, pink corydalis	1
				Corydalis	fumewort, corydalis	3
				Fumaria	fumitory	1
				Pseudofumaria	rock fumitory, yellow corydalis	1

1 Family Lardizabalaceae
- 1.1 Subfamily Lardizabaloideae
  - 1.1.1 Tribe Akebieae
    - 1.1.1.1 Akebia
2 Family Menispermaceae
- 2.1 Subfamily Menispermoideae
  - 2.1.1 Tribe Menispermeae
    - 2.1.1.1 Menispermum
3 Family Berberidaceae
- 3.1 Subfamily Podophylloideae
  - 3.1.1 Tribe Leonticeae
    - 3.1.1.1 Caulophyllum
  - 3.1.2 Tribe Podophylleae
    - 3.1.2.1 Podophyllum
    - 3.1.2.2 Jeffersonia
- 3.2 Subfamily Berberidoideae
  - 3.2.1 Tribe Berberideae
    - 3.2.1.1 Berberis
      - 3.2.1.1.1 Berberis sect. Berberis
      - 3.2.1.1.2 Berberis sect. Mahonia
4 Family Ranunculaceae
5 Family Papaveraceae
- 5.1 Subfamily Papaveroideae
- 5.2 Subfamily Fumarioideae
  - 5.2.1 Tribe Fumarieae
    - 5.2.1.1 Subtribe Corydalineae
    - 5.2.1.2 Subtribe Fumariineae
      - 5.2.1.2.1 Fumaria
      - 5.2.1.2.2 Pseudofumaria
6 References

Family Lardizabalaceae[edit]

The Lardizabalaceae (lardizabala family)...

Subfamily Lardizabaloideae[edit]

Tribe Akebieae[edit]

Akebia[edit]

Ranunculales — Lardizabalaceae — Lardizabaloideae — Akebieae — Akebia
Akebia	Chocolate-vine	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Dcne. 1779. Rajania quinata Houtt. 1839. Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Dcne.	Fiveleaf akebia, Chocolate vine	Introduced from Asia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 52%^[1], CP-4^[2]			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NEW ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Akebia quinata: Moderate (52). ↑ Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)

Family Menispermaceae[edit]

The Menispermaceae (moonseed family)...

Subfamily Menispermoideae[edit]

Tribe Menispermeae[edit]

Menispermum[edit]

Ranunculales — Menispermaceae — Menispermoideae — Menispermeae — Menispermum
Menispermum	Moonseed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Menispermum canadense L. 1753. Menispermum canadense L.	Canada moonseed, Common moonseed, Yellow Parilla, Carolina moonseed Ménisperme du Canada, Raison de couleuvre	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp

Family Berberidaceae[edit]

The Berberidaceae (barberry family) contains several herbaceous genera that are associated with their native woodland wildflowers, including Caulophyllum (blue cohosh), Podophyllum (mayapple), and Jeffersonia (twinleaf). But the family also contains the non-native ornamental shrubs (some highly invasive) known as barberry in the Berberis and closely-related Manonia genera.

Subfamily Podophylloideae[edit]

Tribe Leonticeae[edit]

Caulophyllum[edit]

Caulophyllum giganteum
early blue cohosh

Caulophyllum contains the two blue cohosh species found in New York, but it does not include black cohosh, which is not only in a separate genus (Actaea), but also in a different family (Ranunculaceae, below). Blue cohosh leaves have a similarity to Thalictrum (meadow rue) leaves, accounting for the specific epithet thalictroides.

Caulophyllum giganteum (early blue cohosh), appears earlier in the spring than C. thalictroides and has purple flowers instead of yellow.

Ranunculales — Berberidaceae — Podophylloideae — Leonticeae — Caulophyllum
Caulophyllum	Blue cohosh	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. 1753. Leontice thalictroides L. 1803. Caulophyllum thalictroides Michx.	Blue cohosh, Squaw-root, Papoose-root Caulophylle faux-pigamon	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW FNA Images, wsp
Caulophyllum giganteum (Farw.) Loconte & W.H.Blackw. 1918. Caulophyllum thalictroides var. giganteum Farw. 1981. Caulophyllum giganteum Loconte & W.H.Blackw.	Northern blue cohosh, Giant blue cohosh, Early blue cohosh	Native, Vulnerable			NYFA-3-5 USDA-N ARS FNA Images, wsp

Tribe Podophylleae[edit]

Podophyllum[edit]

Ranunculales — Berberidaceae — Podophylloideae — Podophylleae — Podophyllum
Podophyllum	Mayapple	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Podophyllum peltatum L. 1753. Podophyllum peltatum L.	May-apple, Indian-apple, Wild-mandrake Pomme de mai	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW FNA Images, wsp

Jeffersonia[edit]

twinleaf

Although twinleaf is listed as threatened in New York, its populations have probably remained fairly stable. Because its native habitat includes ravines, its scarcity is more a matter of New York being at the northern edge of its natural range than it is of recent habitat loss. However, invasion of its habitat by exotic plants like garlic mustard and swallow-wort is currently a concern.

Ranunculales — Berberidaceae — Podophylloideae — Podophylleae — Jeffersonia
Jeffersonia	Twinleaf	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. 1753. Podophyllum diphyllum L. 1805. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers.	Twinleaf, Twin-leaf, Rheumatism-root	Native, C:7, Threatened, NYNHP: 2^[1]			NYFA-2 USDA-N ARS FNA BNA Images, wsp
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Jeffersonia diphylla. Threatened, S2/G5.

Subfamily Berberidoideae[edit]

Tribe Berberideae[edit]

Berberis[edit]

Although there are a few North American native barberry species, none are known to have naturalized in New York State (unless Mahonia is included in Berberis). The closest reported occurrence is of Berberis canadensis (American barberry) in Huntington County in south-central Pennsylvania. However the two Eurasian barberries, Berberis thunbergii and Berberis vulgaris are quite common and considered to be invasive in New York. If fact, the sale of Japanese barberry (B. thunbergii) is now prohibited in the state.

Berberis sect. Berberis[edit]

Barberry differentiation
Barberry species	Leaf margin	Spines / thorns^[1]^[2]	Flowers
Berberis thunbergii, Japanese barberry	Entire (smooth)	1 (or 1 with 2 short side-branches)	Sessile umbel
Berberis vulgaris, European barberry	Serrate (toothed)	3 (or 1 with 2 long side-branches)	Raceme
Berberis × ottawensis, Ottawa barberry	Entire (smooth)	1 to 3	Subumbellate-raceme

Ranunculales — Berberidaceae — Berberidoideae — Berberis
Berberis	Barberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Berberis thunbergii DC. 1821. Berberis thunbergii DC. 1926. B. thunbergii var. atropurpurea	Japanese barberry Épine-vinette du Japon	Introduced from Asia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 91%^[3], Prohibited, CP-2^[4] NE-1^[5]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW Can ARS FNA Trop. CABI Images, wsp
Berberis vulgaris L. 1753. Berberis vulgaris L. 1845. B. vulgaris var. purpurea 1860. B. vulgaris fo. atropurpurea 1869. B. jacquinii hort. ex K.Koch 1869. B. sanguinea hort. ex K.Koch	Common barberry, European barberry, Jaundice-berry Épine-vinette commune, Épine-vinette, Berbéris vulgaire, Berbéride vulgaire	Introduced from Eurasia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 69%^[6], CP-3^[7] NE-2^[8]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW Can ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Berberis × ottawensis C.K.Schneid. Berberis thunbergii × Berberis vulgaris 1927. Berberis × ottawensis C.K.Schneid.	Hybrid barberry, Ottawa barberry	Introduced, Potentially invasive, Present in New Eng.			NYFA-Xn USDA-XX NEW Images, wsp
Berberis julianae C.K.Schneid. 1913. Berberis julianae C.K.Schneid.	Juliana's berberis, Wintergreen barberry, Chinese barberry	Introduced from China, Single population			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS Trop. Images, wsp
Berberis (unlisted taxa)	Barberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Berberis koreana Palibin. 1899. Berberis koreana Palibin.	Korea barberry	Introduced from Asia, No specimens, Present in Vermont			NEW Images, wsp
Berberis canadensis Mill. 1768. Berberis canadensis Mill. 1869. B. fischeri hort. ex K.Koch* 1894. B. angulizans hort. ex Massias	American barberry, Allegheny barberry	N. America native			USDA-N0 FNA BNA Images, wsp
↑ Berberis, New York Metropolitan Flora Project, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 2015 ↑ Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry, USDA Plant Pest Info] ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Berberis thunbergii: Very highly invasive (91%). ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Berberis vulgaris: 69 (all). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ Category 2 Plants - moderately invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Berberis sect. Mahonia[edit]

Berberis and Mahonia are closely related and often both are included in Berberis.

Ranunculales — Berberidaceae — Berberidoideae — Berberis sect. Mahonia
Mahonia	Barberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. 1813. Berberis aquifolium Pursh 1818. Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. 1906. Odostemon aquifolium (Pursh) Rydb. 1931. Mahonia diversifolia Sweet 1934. Mahonia piperiana Abrams 1939. Berberis piperiana McMinn 1940. Berberis diversifolia Steud.	Oregon grape, Piper's Oregon-grape, Oregon holly-grape, Tall mahonia, Hollyleaved barberry Mahonia à feuilles de houx, Mahonia faux-houx, Faux-houx, Mahonia	Introduced from western N. America, N. America native			NYFA-Xn? USDA-NN NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA IPN LBJ CABI Images, wsp

Family Ranunculaceae[edit]

The Ranunculaceae...

Subfamily Hydrastoideae[edit]

Tribe Hydrastideae[edit]

Hydrastis[edit]

Hydrastis canadensis

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Hydrastoideae — Hydrastideae — Hydrastis
Hydrastis	Goldenseal	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Hydrastis canadensis L.	Goldenseal, Golden-seal, Orange-root, Yellow-puccoon Hydraste du Canada, Sceau d'or	Native, C:9, Threatened, NYNHP: 2^[1] Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-2 USDA-NN NEW Can BNA Images, wsp Note: FLNPS
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Hydrastis canadensis. Threatened, S2/G4.

Subfamily Coptidoideae[edit]

Tribe Coptideae[edit]

Coptis[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Coptidoideae — Coptideae
Coptis	Goldthread	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. 1753. Helleborus trifolius L. 1771. Anemone groenlandica Oeder 1807. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. 1929. Coptis groenlandica (Oeder) Fernald 1937. Coptis trifolia ssp. groenlandica (Oeder) Hultén 1947. Coptis trifolia var. groenlandica (Oeder) Fassett	Goldthread, Goldenroot, Yellow snakeroot, American goldthread, Canker-root Savoyane, Coptide du Groenland, Coptide savoyane, Sabouillane	Native, Secure FACW Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS FNA Images, wsp

Tribe Xanthorhizeae[edit]

Xanthorhiza[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Coptidoideae — Xanthorhizeae
Xanthorhiza	Yellowroot	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marshall 1785. X. simplicissima Marshall X. apiifolia L'Héritier	Yellowroot, Brook-feather, Shrub yellowroot	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NSE BNA Images, wsp

Subfamily Thalictroideae[edit]

Tribe Aquilegieae[edit]

Aquilegia[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Thalictroideae — Aquilegieae — Aquilegia
Aquilegia	Columbine	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Aquilegia canadensis L. 1753. Aquilegia canadensis L.	Wild columbine Red columbine Wild red columbine Canadian columbine Red-bell Honeysuckle Meeting-houses Ancolie du Canada	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW ARS FNA LBJ Images, wsp
Aquilegia vulgaris	European columbine	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW ARS Images, wsp

Enemion[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Thalictroideae — Aquilegieae — Enemion
Enemion	False-rue-anemone	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Enemion biternatum Raf. Isopyrum biternatum	Eastern false rue anemone, False rue-anemone	Native, Likely extirpated			NYFA-Z USDA-NN Images, wsp

Tribe Thalictreae[edit]

Thalictrum[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Thalictroideae — Thalictreae
Thalictrum sect. Anemonella	Meadow-rue	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) A.J.Eames & B.Boivin 1753. Anemone thalictroides L. 1803. Thalictrum anemonoides Michx. 1805. Thalictrum anemoides Maxim. ** 1832. Syndesmon thalictroides Hoffmanns. 1839. Anemonella thalictroides Spach 1957. Thalictrum thalictroides	Rue anemone, Windflower Pigamon à ombelles	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Thalictrum sect. Heterogamia	Meadow-rue	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Thalictrum dioicum L. 1753. Thalictrum dioicum L. 1803. Thalictrum laevigatum Michx. 1832. Thalictrum pauciflorum Raf. 1885. Thalictrum pulchellum Pursh ** 1914. Leucocoma dioica (L.) Nieuwl.	Early meadow-rue, Quicksilver-weed Pigamon dioïque	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Thalictrum venulosum Trelease var. confine (Fernald) Boivin Thalictrum confine Fernald ^[1] Thalictrum turneri B.Boivin	Early meadow-rue, Veined meadow-rue, Veiny meadow-rue	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN Images, wsp
Thalictrum sect. Leucocoma	Meadow-rue	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Thalictrum pubescens Pursh T. carolinianum var. subpubescens T. perelegans T. polygamum Muhl. ex Spreng.	King of the meadow, Late meadow-rue, Tall meadow-rue, Meadow-weed, Muskrat-weed Pigamon pubescent	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW FNA Images, wsp
Thalictrum revolutum DC. T. amphibolum Greene T. hepaticum Greene T. moseleyi Greene	Purple meadow-rue, Skunk meadow-rue, Wax-leaved meadow-rue, Waxyleaf meadow-rue	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Images, wsp
Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Avé-Lall. T. dasycarpum var. hypoglaucum T. hypoglaucum Rydb.	Purple meadow-rue	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-NN FNA Images, wsp
Thalictrum sect. ?	Meadow-rue	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium L.	Columbine meadow-rue, French meadow-rue, Greater meadow-rue	Introduced, Rare, Eurasia native			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW-0 ITIS Images, wsp
↑ New York Flora Atlas recognizes this plant as T. venulosum var. confine, while Flora of North America sees it a separate species T. confine.

Subfamily Ranunculoideae[edit]

The Ranunculoideae...

Tribe Actaeeae[edit]

Actaea[edit]

Here the genus Cimicifuga (bugbane) is included as a section of Actaea (baneberry) as per Compton (1998).^[1]

↑ James A. Compton, Alastair Culham and Stephen L. Jury (1998). "Reclassification of Actaea to Include Cimicifuga and Souliea (Ranunculaceae): Phylogeny Inferred from Morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL-F Sequence Variation." Taxon, 47(3) (Aug., 1998), pp. 593-634.

Actaea sect. Actaea[edit]

Berry-color alone can't be used to distinguish red and white baneberry from each other. Even at maturity, red baneberry (Actaea rubra) plants frequently have white fruit (sometimes differentiated as forma neglecta). Red or pink berries on white baneberry, Actaea pachypoda (fo. rubrocarpa), are less common and may indicate that the plant is a hybrid (Actaea ×ludovici) of the two species.

A better way to distinguish red and white baneberry is to observe the color and width of the fruit pedicels. Red baneberry has brown or greenish pedicels that are thinner than the axis of their raceme. White baneberry has bright red and much thicker pedicels that are about the same diameter as the raceme axis.^[1]

↑ Bruce A. Ford (1997). "Actaea (Linnaeus)." Flora of North America north of Mexico. 3(9)

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Actaeeae — Actaea sect. Actaea
Actaea L. sect. Actaea	Baneberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. 1789. Actaea spicata var. rubra Aiton 1809. Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. 1838. Actaea arguta Nutt. 1857. Actaea rubra var. arguta (Nutt.) Torr. 1944. Actaea rubra ssp. arguta (Nutt.) Hultén 1914. Christophoriana rubra (Aiton) Nieuwl.	Red baneberry, Snakeberry Actée rouge	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Actaea pachypoda Elliott 1753. Actaea spicata var. alba L. nom. rej. 1768. Actaea alba auct. non (L.) Mill. 1813. Actaea americana var. alba (L.) Pursh 1821. Actaea pachypoda Elliott 1914. Christophoriana alba (L.) Nieuwl.	White baneberry, Doll's-eyes, White cohosh Actée à gros pédicelles, Actée blanche	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-N NEW Can ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Actaea × ludovici B.Boivin Actaea pachypoda × Actaea rubra 1940. A. pachypoda fo. rubrocarpa Fernald 1967. Actaea × ludovicii B.Boivin	Hybrid Red baneberry & White baneberry	Native, Vulnerable			NYFA-3-4 USDA-N NEW ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp

Actaea sect. Cimicifuga[edit]

The bugbanes may also be placed in the genus Cimicifuga.

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Actaeeae — Actaea sect. Cimicifuga
Actaea L. sect. Cimicifuga	Bugbane	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Actaea racemosa L. 1753. Actaea racemosa L. 1788. Actaea monogyna Walter 1813. Cimicifuga serpentaria (L.) Pursh n.i. 1818. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.^[1] 1890. C. racemosa var. dissecta A.Gray 1891. Thalictrodes racemosa (L.) Kuntze 1998. A. racemosa var. dissecta J.Compton	Black cohosh, Black snakeroot, Bugbane, Black baneberry, Black bugbane, Fairy candle Cimicaire à grappes	Native, C:7, Likely secure UPL Perennial, Herb/forb, Part-full shade			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Actaea L. sect. Cimicifuga (excluded taxa)	Bugbane	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Actaea podocarpa DC.	Mountain bugbane	N. America native, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 Images, wsp
Actaea rubifolia (Kearney) Kartesz 1897. Cimicifuga rubifolia Kearney 1999. Actaea rubifolia Kartesz auct. Actaea cordifolia non DC. auct. Cimicifuga racemosa var. cordifolia non (DC.) A.Gray auct. C. cordifolia non (DC.) Torr. & A.Gray	Appalachian bugbane	Introduced, US South native			NYFA-0 USDA-N0 FNA NSE BNA Images, wsp
↑ Flora of North America lists Actaea racemosa as Cimicifuga racemosa. Other sources treat C. racemosa as a synonym.

Eranthis[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Actaeeae — Eranthis
Eranthis	Eranthis	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. Cammarum hyemale Eranthis cilicicus Eranthis × tubergenii Helleborus hyemalis	Winter aconite	Introduced from Eurasia			NYFA-X USDA-X ARS Images, wsp

Tribe Caltheae[edit]

Caltha[edit]

Caltha palustris L.
marsh marigold

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Caltheae — Caltha
Caltha	Marsh-marigold	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Caltha palustris L. 1753. Caltha palustris L. 1807. Caltha radicans T.F.Forst. 1818. Caltha asarifolia DC. 1824. Caltha arctica R.Brown 1854. Caltha cornuta Schott, Nyman & Kotschy 1854. Caltha laeta Schott, Nyman & Kotschy	Marsh marigold, Yellow marsh marigold, Cowslip, Cowflock, Kingcup Populage des marais, Souci d'eau	Native, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp

Trollius[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Caltheae — Trollius
Trollius	Globeflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Trollius laxus Salisb. ssp. laxus 1807. Trollius laxus Salisb. 1818. Trollius americanus Muhl. ex DC. 1971. Trollius laxus ssp. laxus autonym	American globe-flower, Spreading globeflower	Native, Rare			NYFA-3 USDA-NN NEW Can-0 FNA Trop. Images, wsp

Adonis[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Caltheae — Adonis
Adonis	Pheasant's eye	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Adonis aestivalis	Summer pheasant's eye, Summer adonis	Introduced, No specimens			NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images, wsp
Adonis (excluded taxa)	Pheasant's eye	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Adonis annua	Blooddrops	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX Images, wsp
Adonis vernalis	Spring pheasant's eye, Spring adonis, Ox-eye	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 Images, wsp

Tribe Delphinieae[edit]

Recent phylogenetic research has shown the genera Consolida and Aconitella to be embedded within Delphinium as an annual clade within an otherwise perennial genus.^[1]

↑ Florian Jabbour & Susanne S. Renner (2011) "Consolida and Aconitella are an annual clade of Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) that diversified in the Mediterranean basin and the Irano-Turanian region." TAXON 60(4), August 2011:1029-1040

Aconitum[edit]

The only native member of the Delphinieae (syn. Aconiteae) is the endangered northern blue monkshood, which as Aconitum noveboracense is found in only Iowa, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. However, A. noveboracense has been found to be synonymous with Aconitum columbianum ssp. columbianum (Columbia monkshood), which is native to much of western North America.

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Delphinieae — Aconitum
Aconitum	Monkshood	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Aconitum columbianum ssp. columbianum Nutt. 1838. A. columbianum Nutt. 1886. A. noveboracense A.Gray 1929. A. noveboracense var. quasiciliatum Fassett 1954. A. columbianum var. bakeri (Greene) H.D.Harr. 1964. A. uncinatum ssp. noveboracense Hardin	Northern blue monkshood, Northern wild monkshood, Northern monk's-hood, New York monkshood, Columbia monkshood Aconit du Columbia	Native, C:10, Endangered, DEC-A^[1], FWS: 1, NYNHP: 1^[2]			NYFA-1 USDA-N0 NEW-0 Can ARS FNA BNA CPC Images, wsp
Aconitum uncinatum L. 1762. Aconitum uncinatum L. 1818. A. uncinatum var. muticum 1942. A. uncinatum var. acutidens 1964. A. uncinatum ssp. muticum	Wild monkshood, Southern blue monkshood	Introduced, N. America native FAC Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-0 USDA-N0 NEW FNA BNA Images, wsp
Aconitum napellus L. 1753. Aconitum napellus L.	Garden monkshood, Venus' chariot	Introduced from Europe			NYFA-X USDA-X NEW Can ARS Images, wsp
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered. DEC Active Inventory List ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Aconitum noveboracense. Endangered, S1/G3.

Delphinium[edit]

Larkspur species, previously listed in the Consolida genus are annuals that are now considered to be a clade embedded the perennial Delphinium genus.

Although there were more than sixty Delphinium species native to North America before inclusion of Consolida, none are considered to be native to New York or New England, and none had been reported to have naturalized in New York.^[1] The only naturalized Delphinium species in New England is Delphinium exaltatum,^[2] which is native to an area that extends as far northeast as northeastern Ohio and southwestern Pennsylvania.^[3] Delphinium exaltatum is also distribuded in New York in the "native plant" trade.^[4]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Delphinieae — Delphinium
Delphinium	Larkspur	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Delphinium ajacis L. 1753. Delphinium ajacis L. 1853. Consolida ajacei (L.) Schur auct. D. ambigua non L. auct. C. ambigua non (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood	Doubtful knight's-spur, Rocket larkspur, Ajax' larkspur Pied-d'alouette d'Ajax, Dauphinelle d'Ajax	Introduced Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-X NEW ARS FNA Images, wsp
Delphinium consolida L. 1753. Delphinium consolida L. 1822. Consolida regalis Gray	Forking larkspur, Royal larkspur, Rocket larkspur, Field larkspur Pied-d'alouette royal, Dauphinelle consoude, Pied d'alouette	Introduced Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW ARS FNA Images, wsp
Delphinium (excluded taxa)	Larkspur	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Delphinium formosum Boiss. & A.Huet. 1856. D. formosum Boiss. & A.Huet.	Hardy larkspur, Showy larkspur	Introduced from western Asia, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-EXCLD ARS Images, wsp
Delphinium exaltatum Aiton 1786. D. urceolatum Jacq. 1789. D. exaltatum Aiton 1803. D. tridactylum Michx. 1830. D. exaltatum (Aiton) Raf. 1914. Delphinastrum exaltatum (Aiton) Nieuwl.	Tall larkspur	Introduced, US South native, No reports Perennial, Forb-herb			NYFA-0 USDA-N0 NEW ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp

Tribe Nigelleae[edit]

Nigella[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Nigelleae — Nigella
Nigella	Nigella	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Nigella damascena L. 1753. Nigella damascena L.	Love-in-a-mist, Devil-in-the-bush, Jack-in-the-green, Wild fennel, Damascus hellebore Nigelle de Damas	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-X NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA IPN Images, wsp

Tribe Helleboreae[edit]

The Helleboreae...^[1]

Helleborus[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Helleboreae
Helleborus L.	Hellebore	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Helleborus niger L. 1753. Helleborus niger L	Black hellebore, Christmas rose Hellébore noire, Rose de Noël	Introduced from Europe			NYFA-X USDA-X ARS BNA Images, wsp
Helleborus viridis L. 1753. Helleborus viridis L	Green hellebore	Introduced from Europe			NYFA-X USDA-X ARS BNA Images, wsp
↑ H. Sun, et al. (2001) "Molecular phylogeny of Helleborus (Ranunculaceae), with an emphasis on the East Asian-Mediterranean disjunction." Taxon 50:1001–1018.

Tribe Anemoneae[edit]

The grouping of Anemoneae used here is based on Mosyakin (2016).^[1] and Hoot & al. (2012)^[2]

Hepatica[edit]

NYFA currently treats sect. Hepatica as a separate genus Hepatica Mill.

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Anemoneae — Hepatica
Hepatica Mill.	Hepatica	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Hepatica acutiloba DC. 1813. Hepatica triloba var. acuta 1824. Hepatica acutiloba DC. 1884. Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G.Lawson 1891. Hepatica acuta (Pursh) Britton 1960. Hepatica nobilis var. acuta	Sharplobe hepatica, American liverleaf, Liverwort-herb, Sharp-lobed hepatica	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Can Images, wsp
Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawl. 1814. Hepatica triloba var. obtusa 1817. Hepatica triloba var. americana 1819. Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawl. 1882. Hepatica hepatica (L.) H. Karst. p.p. 1958. Anemone americana (DC.) H.Hara 1960. Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa	Round-lobed hepatica, Blunt-lobed Hepatica, Round-leaved liverleaf, American liverleaf Hépatique d'Amérique, Anémone d'Amérique, Hépatique noble	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Can ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp

Anemone[edit]

Anemone subg. Anemonidium[edit]

Anemone canadensis
Canada anemone

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Anemoneae — Anemone subg. Anemonidium
Anemone subg. Anemonidium	Windflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Anemone canadensis L. 1768. Anemone canadensis L. 1892. Anemone dichotoma var. canadensis 1982. Anemonidium canadense (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve 2016. Anemonastrum canadense (L.) Mosyakin	Canada anemone, Canadian anemone, Canada windflower, Meadow anemone, Meadow windflower, Round-leaved anemone, Round-leaved thimbleweed Anémone du Canada	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can FNA BNA Images, wsp

Anemone subg. Anemone[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Anemoneae — Anemone subg. Anemone
Anemone subg. Anemone sect. Anemone subsect. Anemonanthea	Anemone	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Anemone quinquefolia L. var. quinquefolia 1753. Anemone quinquefolia L. 1808. Anemone pedata Raf. 1813. A. nemorosa var. quinquefolia 1923. A. quinquefolia var. bifolia 1935. A. quinquefolia var. interior 1968. A. nemorosa var. bifolia	Wood anemone, Nightcaps, American wood anemone, Wood windflower Anémone à cinq folioles	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Anemone subg. Anemone sect. Anemone subsect. Virginianae	Anemone	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Anemone virginiana L. 1753. Anemone virginiana L. 1841. A. cylindrica var. alba 1847. A. virginiana var. alba 1899. A. riparia Fernald 1967. A. virginiana var. riparia 1969. A. virginiana var. cylindroidea 1969. A. virginiana var. virginiana	Thimbleweed, Tall anemone, Tall thimbleweed, Tall windflower, Virginia anemone, Riverbank anemone, Cylindrical anemone Anémone de Virginie, Anémone cylindroïde, Anémone blanche	Native, C:5, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Anemone cylindrica A.Gray 1835. Anemone cylindrica A.Gray	Long-headed anemone, Long-headed windflower, Long-fruited anemone, Candle anemone, Thimbleweed, Cottonweed Anémone cylindrique	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Anemone multifida Poir. var. multifida Anemone globosaAnemone hudsoniana	Hudson Bay anemone, Hudson's anemone, Pacific anemone, Sanson's anemone	Native, C:10, Likely extirpated			NYFA-Z USDA-NN Images, wsp
Anemone subg. Anemone sect. Anemone subsect. Virginianae (excluded taxa)	Anemone	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
A. cylindrica × virginiana Anemone cylindrica × Anemone virginiana	Hybrid of long-headed anemone & thimbleweed	N. America native, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD Images, wsp

Clematis[edit]

Clematis plants are generally vines or subshrubs that go by the common names virgin's-bower, leather-leaf, curly-heads or just clematis.

There are three NY-native Clematis species that range from the common (sometimes weedy) C. virginiana, to the rare (probably extirpated) C. ochroleuca, which is at the extreme northern extent of its range in New York has only been found in the wilds of New York City, and not reported there since the 1930's.

Many non-native Clematis vines are planted for ornamental purposes, but most rarely, if ever, naturalize in New York State. However, C. terniflora has been found to be highly invasive in parts of New York, and is currently on the state's Regulated Species list.^[1]

↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Anemoneae — Clematis
Clematis subg. Clematis	Virgin's-bower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Clematis virginiana L. 1755. Clematis virginiana L. 1768. Clematis canadensis Miller 1814. Clematis holosericea Pursh 1885. C. dioica ssp. virginiana Kunze 1901. Clematis missouriensis Rydb. 1935. C. virginiana var. missouriensis	Virgin's-bower, Devil's darning needles, Virginia clematis, Virginia bower, Virginia virgin's bower, Old man's beard Clématite de Virginie, Herbe aux gueux	Native, C:3, Secure FAC Perennial, Vine, subshrub, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Clematis subg. Atragene	Virgin's-bower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Clematis occidentalis (Hornem.) DC. var. occidentalis 1805. Atragene americana Sims 1815. A. occidentalis Hornem. 1818. Clematis verticillaris DC. 1824. C. occidentalis DC. 1947. C. verticillaris var. cacuminis 1968. C. verticillaris var. grandiflora	Purple clematis, Purple virgin’s-bower, Western blue virginsbower, Northern blue clematis Clématite verticillée, Atragène d'Amérique, Clématite occidentale	Native, C:9, Likely secure UPL Perennial, Vine, subshrub, Part shade - shade			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Clematis subg. Viorna	Virgin's-bower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Clematis ochroleuca Aiton 1789. Clematis ochroleuca Aiton 1814. C. ovata Pursh 1885. C. integrifolia ssp. ovata 1903. Viorna ochroleuca (Aiton) Small 1903. Viorna ovata (Pursh) Small (i) 1931. C. ochroleuca var. ovata 1982. Coriflora ochroleuca (Aiton) W.A.Weber	Curlyheads, Curly-heads, Silky leather-flower, Erect silky leather-flower	Native, C:10, Likely extirpated, Impersistent UPL Perennial, Herb-subshrub			NYFA-Z USDA-N0 FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Clematis subg. Flammula	Virgin's-bower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Clematis terniflora DC. 1817. Clematis terniflora DC. 1909. C. dioscoreifolia H.Lév. & Vaniot 1945. C. dioscoreifolia var. robusta	Yam-leaved clematis, Yam-leaved virgin's-bower, Sweet autumn clematis, Sweet autumn virginsbower, Japanese virgin's-bower Clématite à panicules	Introduced from Asia, Highly invasive, NYIS: 73%^[1], Regulated^[2] FACU-UPL Perennial, Vine, subshrub			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW Can ARS BNA Images, wsp
Clematis viticella L. 1753. Clematis Viticella L. 1903. Viticella viticella (L.) Small nom. illeg. - tautonym 1949. Clematis viticella fo. purpurea	European purple clematis, Italian clematis, Italian leather flower, Italian virgin's-bower Clématite fausse-vigne, Clématite bleue	Introduced from Eruasia, Impersistent, Rare Perennial, Vine			NYFA-X USDA-XX Can ARS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Clematis recta L.	Ground virgin's-bower	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW BNA Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Clematis terniflora: High (73). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

Tribe Ranunculeae[edit]

The Ranunculeae...

Halerpestes[edit]

Halerpestes cymbalaria

The seaside buttercup ^[1]

↑ Hörandl, Elvira; Paun, Ovidiu; Johansson, Jan T.; Lehnebach, Carlos; Armstrong, Tristan; Chen, Lixue; Lockhart, Peter (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary traits in Ranunculus s.l. (Ranunculaceae) inferred from ITS sequence analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36 (2): 305–327. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.009. PMID 15955512. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305000564?via%3Dihub.

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Ranunculeae — Halerpestes
Halerpestes	Seaside crowfoot	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Halerpestes cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene 1814. Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh 1900. Halerpestes cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene 1975. Cyrtorhyncha cymbalaria ssp. alpina	Alkali buttercup, Seaside buttercup, Seaside crowfoot Renoncule cymbalaire	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-N NEW Can FNA Images, wsp

Ceratocephala[edit]

Ceratocephala testiculata,
curveseed butterwort

Ceratocephala testiculata (curveseed butterwort) is a Eurasian introduction, more common in the western U.S., where it is often considered invasive.

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Ranunculeae — Ceratocephala
Ceratocephala	Curveseed-butterwort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Ceratocephala testiculata C. falcata C. orthoceras Ranunculus falcatus R. testiculatus	Sage buttercup, Curve-seeded butterwort, Bur buttercup, Hornseed buttercup	Introduced from Eurasia, Naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-X BNA Images, wsp

Ficaria[edit]

Ficaria verna, lesser calandine

Ficaria verna (lesser celandine) is a Eurasian groundcover that is considered to be invasive where it occurs in forested floodplains in North America.^[1] Its sale is now prohibited in New York State.

↑ Cipollini & Schradin (2011). Guilty in the Court of Public Opinion: Testing Presumptive Impacts and Allelopathic Potential of Ranunculus ficaria." The American Midland Naturalist. 166(1):63-74 (July 2011).

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Ranunculeae — Ficaria
Ficaria	Celandine	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Ficaria verna Huds. ssp. verna 1753. Ranunculus ficaria L. 1762. Ficaria verna Huds. 1882. Ficaria ficaria H. Karst. nom. illeg. 1908. R. ficaria var. bulbifer Albert 1981. R. ficaria ssp. bulbifer Lambinon	Lesser celandine, Fig buttercup, Fig-crowfoot, Pilewort	Introduced, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 86%^[1], Prohibited^[2]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW Can ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ranunculus ficaria: Very High (86). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

Ranunculus[edit]

Ranunculus subg. Batrachium[edit]

Ranunculus aquatilis L.
eastern white water-crowfoot

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Ranunculeae — Ranunculus subg. Batrachium
Ranunculus subg. Batrachium	White water-crowfoot	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus With. 1786. R. trichophyllus Chaix nom. nud. auct. R. circinatus non Sibth. (1794) 1795. R. flaccidus Pers. 1796. R. aquatilis var. diffusus 1823. R. amphibius James 1839. R. longirostris Godr. 1839. Batrachium circinatum Spach 1844. B. longirostre F.W.Schultz 1848. B. trichophyllum F.W.Schultz 1869. B. flaccidum (Pers.) Rupr. 1884. R. aquatilis var. longirostris 1942. R. aquatilis var. calvescens	Eastern white water-crowfoot, Longbeak buttercup, Thread-leaved water buttercup, Hair-leaved water buttercup Renoncule à long bec, Renoncule à feuilles capillaires, Renoncule à feuilles chevelues, Renoncule à lâche	Native, C:9, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NEW Can ITIS FNA Trop. BNA IPN Images, wsp
Ranunculus subg. Batrachium (excluded taxa)	White water-crowfoot	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. 1794. Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. 1839. Batrachium circinatum (Sibth.) Spach 1937. B. foeniculaceum (Gilib.) Krecz. auct. R. longirostris non Godr.	White water-crowfoot	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-AUCT Images, wsp

Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Ranunculus[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Ranunculeae — Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Ranunculus
Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Ranunculus	Buttercup	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Ranunculus pensylvanicus L.f. 1781. Ranunculus pensylvanicus L.f.	Pennsylvania buttercup, Bristly buttercup, Bristly crowfoot Renoncule de Pennsylvanie	Native, C:2, Secure OBL Annual/Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA IPN Images, wsp
Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. ex Lam. var. recurvatus 1804. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. ex Lam. 1929. R. recurvatus var. adpressipilis	Blisterwort, Hooked buttercup, Hooked crowfoot, Rough buttercup, Little-leaved buttercup Renoncule à bec recourbé	Native, C:6, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ITIS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Ranunculus caricetorum Greene 1903. Ranunculus caricetorum Greene 1906. R. siciformis Mack. 1936. R. septentrionalis var. caricetorum 1980. R. hispidus var. caricetorum auct. R. septentrionalis non Poir.	Bristly buttercup, Swamp buttercup, Swamp crowfoot, Northern swamp buttercup, Marsh buttercup Renoncule des cariçaies	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Ranunculus hispidus Michx. 1803. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. 1920. R. h. var. falsus 1941. R. h. var. eurylobus 1948. R. h. var. greenmanii 1948. R. h. var. marilandicus 1948. R. h. var. typicus	Bristly buttercup, Hispid buttercup, Rough buttercup, Hispid crowfoot Renoncule hispide	Native, C:7, Secure FAC Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. nitidus (Muhl. ex Chapm.) T.Duncan 1804. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. 1817. R. carolinianus DC. 1821. R. palmatus Elliott 1860. R. repens var. nitidus 1860. R. septentrionalis var. nitidus 1941. R. septentrionalis var. pterocarpus 1980. R. hispidus var. nitidus	Swamp buttercup, Bristly buttercup, Hispid buttercup Renoncule brillante	Native, C:8, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. ex Bigelow R. fascicularis Muhl. ex Bigelow	Early buttercup, Early crowfoot	Native, C:8, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-N NEW Images, wsp
Ranunculus acris	Tall buttercup, Tall butter-cup, Tall crowfoot, Tall crow-foot, Common buttercup, Meadow buttercup	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-N? Images, wsp
Ranunculus bulbosus	Bulbous butter-cup, St. Anthony's turnip	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X Images, wsp
Ranunculus repens	Creeping butter-cup	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Ranunculus (excluded taxa)	Buttercup	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Ranunculus cordiger Viv.		Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-EXCLD Images, wsp

Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Echinella[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Ranunculeae — Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Echinella
Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Echinella	Buttercup	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Ranunculus sardous	Crowfoot	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Ranunculus arvensis	Corn crowfoot, Corn buttercup	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X Images, wsp
Ranunculus parviflorus L.	Smallflower buttercup, Small-flowered butter-cup	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp

Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Epirotes[edit]

Ranunculus abortivus
kidney-leaved buttercup

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Ranunculeae — Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Epirotes
Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Epirotes	Buttercup	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Ranunculus abortivus	Kidney-leaved crowfoot, Little-leaved buttercup	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-N NEW Images, wsp
Ranunculus allegheniensis	Allegheny mountains crowfoot, Allegheny Mountain buttercup	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-N NEW Images, wsp
Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. ex Torrey & A.Gray	Small-flowered crowfoot, Rock crowfoot, Rock buttercup	Native, Threatened			NYFA-3 USDA-N0 NEW Images, wsp
Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Epirotes (excluded taxa)	Buttercup	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahlenb. R. pygmaeus Wahlenb. R. pygmaeus var. langianus	Dwarf buttercup, Pygmy buttercup	N. America native, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-NN NEW FNA Trop. Images, wsp

Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Flammula[edit]

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Ranunculeae — Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Flammula
Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Flammula	Spearwort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Ranunculus flammula L. var. reptans (L.) E. Mey. 1753. R. reptans L. 1803. R. filiformis Michx. 1829. R. flammula var. filiformis 1830. R. flammula var. reptans	Narrow-leaved creeping spearwort, Greater creeping spearwort Renoncule radicante, Renoncule rampante	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Can FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Ranunculus flammula L. var. ovalis (J.M.Bigelow) L.D.Benson 1753. R. flammula L. misapplied 1824. R. filiformis var. ovalis 1838. R. reptans var. ovalis 1942. R. flammula var. ovalis 1942. R. flammula var. samolifolius	Wider-leaved creeping spearwort, Lesser spearwort Renoncule ovée	Native, Vulnerable			NYFA-3-5 USDA-NN FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Ranunculus ambigens S.Watson R. obtusiusculus Raf. (i)	Water-plantain spearwort	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4-5 USDA-N0 Images, wsp
Ranunculus pusillus Poir. R. oblongifolius R. pusillus var. angustifolius R. tener	Low spearwort, Pursh buttercup	Native, Likely extirpated			NYFA-X USDA-N0 Images, wsp
Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Flammula (excluded taxa)	Buttercup	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Ranunculus flammula L. var. flammula 1753. Ranunculus flammula L. 1840. R. flammula var. angustifolius	Lesser spearwort Renoncule flammette	N. America native, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-NN FNA Images, wsp
Ranunculus laxicaulis (Torr. & A.Gray) Darby 1838. R. flammula var. laxicaulis 1841. R. laxicaulis (Torr.& A.Gray) Darby 1845. R. texensis Engelm. 1900. R. mississippiensis Small 1942. R. laxicaulis var. mississippiensis 1971. R. subcordatus E.O.Beal	Mississippi buttercup	N. America native, N.Y. excluded OBL Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Ranunculus bonariensis Poir. 1951. Ranunculus bonariensis Poir.	Carter's buttercup	N. America native, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 Images, wsp

Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Hecatonia[edit]

Ranunculus flabellaris
yellow water buttercup

Ranunculales — Ranunculaceae — Ranunculoideae — Ranunculeae — Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Hecatonia
Ranunculus subg. Ranunculus sect. Hecatonia	Buttercup	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Ranunculus flabellaris Raf. 1818. R. flabellaris Raf. 1818. R. delphiniifolius Torr. ex Eaton 1818. R. delphinifolius Torr. ex Eaton	Yellow water butter-cup, Yellow water buttercup, Yellow water crowfoot Renoncule à évantails	Native, C:8, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sceleratus 1753. Ranunculus sceleratus L.	Cursed butter-cup, Cursed buttercup, Cursed crow-foot, Cursed crowsfoot, Blisterwort Renoncule scélérate	Native, C:3, Unranked OBL Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-NX NEW ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp

Family Papaveraceae[edit]

The Papaveraceae (poppy family)...

Subfamily Papaveroideae[edit]

Tribe Papavereae[edit]

Argemone[edit]

Argemone (AR-ge-mon-ee)

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Papaveroideae — Papavereae — Argemone
Argemone	Pricklypoppy	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Argemone albiflora ssp. albiflora	White prickly-poppy, Bluestem prickly-poppy, Texas prickly-poppy	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 Images, wsp
Argemone mexicana	Mexican prickly-poppy	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-NW Images, wsp

Papaver[edit]

Papaver (puh-PAY-ver)

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Papaveroideae — Papavereae — Papaver
Papaver	Poppy	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Papaver somniferum L.	Opium poppy, Common poppy	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XW NEW Images, wsp
Papaver rhoeas L.	Common poppy, Corn poppy, Field poppy, Flanders poppy	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW Images, wsp
Papaver dubium L.	Blindeyes, Long-podded poppy, Long-headed poppy	Introduced, Rare			NYFA-X USDA-XW NEW Images, wsp
Papaver argemone L.	Long pricklyhead poppy, Pale rough-fruited poppy	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW Images, wsp
Papaver (excluded taxa)	Poppy	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Papaver atlanticum (Ball) Coss. 1873. P. rupifragum var. atlanticum 1882. P. atlanticum (Ball) Coss.	Atlas poppy, Moroccan poppy, Spanish poppy	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-0 NEW IPN Images, wsp
Papaver glaucum Boiss. & Hausskn.	Tulip poppy	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 NEW Images, wsp
Papaver orientale L. Papaver orientale L. P. pseudoorientale P. pseudo-orientale	Oriental poppy	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX NEW Images, wsp

Tribe Chelidonieae[edit]

Sanguinaria[edit]

Sanguinaria canadensis
bloodroot

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Papaveroideae — Chelidonieae — Sanguinaria
Sanguinaria	Bloodroot	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Sanguinaria canadensis L. 1753. Sanguinaria canadensis L. 1905. S. australis Greene 1905. S. dilleniana Greene 1909. S. canadensis var. rotundifolia	Bloodroot, Puccoon-root, Red puccoon Sanguinaire du Canada, Sang-dragon	Native, C:6, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Herb-forb, Part shade - shade			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS FNA LBJ Images, wsp

Stylophorum[edit]

The only New World Stylophorum species is S. diphyllum, Celandine poppy, which is native to the Midwest section of the US. It is cultivated but not known to naturalize in New York. It closely resembles the Old-World Chelidonium majus (greater celandine).

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Papaveroideae — Chelidonieae — Stylophorum
Stylophorum	Celandine-poppy	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. 1803. Chelidonium diphyllum Michx. 1818. S. diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. 1825. S. ohiense Spreng.	Celandine-poppy, Wood-poppy, Mock poppy, Yellow poppy, Yellow wood poppy	Introduced from Midwest, N. America native, Cultivated only, Not naturalized Perennial, Herb-forb, Part shade - shade			NYFA-Xnn USDA- Can-0 ARS FNA Trop. NSE BNA LBJ Images, wsp

Chelidonium[edit]

Chelidonium majus, Greater Celandine, is widely regarded as a weed in North America and is listed as invasive in some states. It is also poisonous to mammals.

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Papaveroideae — Chelidonieae — Chelidonium
Chelidonium	Celandine	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Chelidonium majus L. 1753. Chelidonium majus L. 1821. C. majus var. grandiflorum 1824. C. grandiflorum (DC.) DC. C. majus ssp. grandiflorum	Greater celandine Great celandine Celandine Nipplewort Swallowwort Rock poppy Grande chélidoine Chélidoine Chélidoine herbe-aux-verrues Chélidoine majeure Éclaire Grande éclaire Herbe aux verrues	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Potentially invasive, Naturalized, IPANE IPAUS, eXtension Biennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW Can ARS FNA NSE BNA Images, wsp

Macleaya[edit]

Macleaya cordata
plume poppy

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Papaveroideae — Chelidonieae — Macleaya
Macleaya	Plume poppy	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R.Br. 1799. Bocconia cordata Willd. 1826. M. cordata (Willd.) R.Br. 1866. M. yedoensis André 1909. M. cordata var. yedoensis	Plume poppy, Plume-poppy, Tree-celandine Macléaya à feuilles cordées	Introduced from temperate Asia, Naturalized Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW Can ARS Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp

Glaucium[edit]

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Papaveroideae — Chelidonieae — Glaucium
Glaucium	Hornpoppy	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Glaucium flavum Crantz 1753. Chelidonium glaucium L. 1763. Glaucium flavum Crantz 1771. G. luteum Scop. 1887. G. corniculatum var. flavum	Yellow horned-poppy, Yellow horn-poppy, Horned-poppy, Sea-poppy Glaucienne jaune, Glaucie jaune, Glaucière jaune, Pavot cornu, Pavot jaune des sables	Introduced from Eurasia, n. Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 66%^[1] Biennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-XW NEW Can ARS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rudolph 1753. Chelidonium corniculatum L. 1781. G. corniculatum (L.) Rudolph 1789. G. corniculatum (L.) Curtis (i)	Red horned-poppy, Blackspot hornpoppy	Introduced, Impersistent			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NEW-0 Can-0 ARS FNA Trop. NSE BNA IPN Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Glaucium flavum: Moderate (66).

Tribe Eschscholtzieae[edit]

Eschscholzia[edit]

Eschscholzia californica
California poppy

Eschscholzia (es-SHOLT-zee-uh) was named in honor of Dr. Johann Friedrich Gustav von Eschscholtz, a 19th-century Estonian surgeon and botanist.

Eschscholzia californica (California poppy) is a west coast native that is not known naturalize in New York State.

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Papaveroideae — Eschscholtzieae — Eschscholzia
Eschscholzia	California-poppy	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Eschscholzia californica Cham. ssp. californica Eschscholzia procera Greene	California poppy	Introduced, N. America native, Not naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-NX NEW Images, wsp

Subfamily Fumarioideae[edit]

Tribe Fumarieae[edit]

Subtribe Corydalineae[edit]

Dicentra[edit]

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Fumarioideae — Fumarieae — Corydalineae — Dicentra
Dicentra	Bleeding-heart	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. 1822. Corydalis canadensis Goldie 1842. Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. 1892. Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp.	Squirrel-corn, Turkey-corn Dicentre du Canada	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW ARS ITIS FNA NSE BNA Images, wsp
Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 1753. Fumaria cucullaria L. 1806. Corydalis cucullaria (L.) Pers. 1833. Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 1892. Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp. 1912. Dicentra occidentalis (Rydb.) Fedde	Dutchman's breeches, Turkey-corn, Dicentre à capuchon	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NEW ARS ITIS FNA NSE BNA Images, wsp
Dicentra eximia (Ker Gawl.) Torr. 1815. Fumaria eximia Ker Gawl. 1843. Dicentra eximia (Ker Gawl.) Torr.	Wild bleeding-heart, Eastern bleeding-heart, Turkey corn, Staggerweed	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NEW ARS NSE BNA Images, wsp
Dicentra formosa (Haw.) Walp. species species var. variety species ssp. subsp species fo. forma	Westerm bleeding-heart Pacific bleeding heart	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-0 USDA-NN NEW Images, wsp

Lamprocapnos[edit]

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Fumarioideae — Fumarieae — Corydalineae — Lamprocapnos
Lamprocapnos	Bleeding-heart	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara 1753. Fumaria spectabilis L. 1831. Diclytra spectabilis (L.) DC. 1847. Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem. 1997. Lamprocapnos spectabilis	Bleeding-heart, Asian bleeding-heart, Common bleedinghearts	Introduced, Asia native			NYFA-X USDA- NEW ARS ITIS Images, wsp

Adlumia[edit]

Adlumia fungosa
Allegheny vine

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Fumarioideae — Fumarieae — Corydalineae — Adlumia
Adlumia	Adlumia	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1 NE
Adlumia fungosa (Aiton) Greene ex Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1789. Fumaria fungosa Aiton 1803. Fumaria recta Michx. 1808. Fumaria cirrhosa Raf. 1888. Adlumia fungosa Greene ex BSP 1891. Bicuculla fungosa Kuntze	Allegheny vine, Climbing fumitory, Mountain-fringe, Woodfringe, Canary vine Adlumie fongueuse	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp

Capnoides[edit]

Capnoides sempervirens
rock harlequin, pink corydalis

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Fumarioideae — Fumarieae — Corydalineae — Capnoides
Capnoides	Harlequin	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh. 1753. Fumaria sempervirens L. 1797. Capnoides sempervirens Borkh. 1806. Corydalis sempervirens Pers. 1813. Corydalis glauca Pursh	Pink corydalis, Pale corydalis, Rock harlequin, Harlequin-flower	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NEW Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp

Corydalis[edit]

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Fumarioideae — Fumarieae — Corydalineae — Corydalis
Corydalis	Fumewort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC. 1808. Fumaria flavula Raf. 1824. Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC. 1891. Capnoides flavula (Raf.) Kuntze	Yellow corydalis, Yellow fumewort	Native, C:7, Vulnerable			NYFA-3 USDA-NN ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Corydalis aurea ssp. aurea	Golden corydalis, Scrambled eggs	Native, C:9, Threatened			NYFA-2 USDA-NN Images, wsp
Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers.	Purple keman	Introduced, Rare			NYFA-X USDA-00 Images, wsp
Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv.	Spring corydalis	Introduced, Naturalized			NYFA-Xn Images, wsp
Corydalis (excluded taxa)	Fumewort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Corydalis capnoides (L.) Pers. 1753. Fumaria capnoides L. 1768. Fumaria alba Mill. 1790. Neckeria capnoides (L.) Neck. 1797. Pseudofumaria capnoides (L.) Borkh. 1806. Corydalis capnoides (L.) Pers. 1823. Corydalis gebleri Ledeb. 1831. Corydalis ochroleuca W.D.J.Koch 1841. Capnoides albida Bernh. ex Steud. 1939. Corydalis alba (Mill.) Mansf. 1986. Pseudofumaria alba (Mill.) Lidén	Pale corydalis	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-EXCLD ARS Trop. IPN Images, wsp

Subtribe Fumariineae[edit]

Fumaria[edit]

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Fumarioideae — Fumariineae — Fumaria
Fumaria	Fumitory	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Fumaria officinalis L. 1753. Fumaria officinalis L.	Common Fumitory, Drug fumitory, Earth smoke, Wax dolls Fumeterre officinal	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-XX NEW ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Fumaria (excluded taxa)	Fumitory	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Fumaria capreolata L. 1753. Fumaria capreolata L. 1907. Fumaria officinalis var. capreolata	White ramping fumitory, Climbing fumitory	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Fumaria parviflora Lam.	Fine-leaf fumitory, Small-flower fumitory, Indian fumitory	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, N.Y. excluded Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 ARS Images, wsp

Pseudofumaria[edit]

Ranunculales — Papaveraceae — Fumarioideae — Fumariineae — Pseudofumaria
Pseudofumaria	Rock fumitory	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NE
Pseudofumaria lutea (L.) Borkh. 1771. Fumaria lutea L. 1790. Capnoides luteum Gaertn. 1797. Pseudofumaria lutea Borkh. 1805. Corydalis lutea DC.	Rock fumewort, Yellow corydalis, Rock corydalis, Rock fumitory	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp

← Commelinales, Zingiberales, Ceratophyllales	Flora of New York — Ranunculales : Lardizabalaceae, Menispermaceae, Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae				→ Proteales… Saxifragales
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

References[edit]

[1] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Akebia quinata: Moderate (52).

[CP4-2] Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)

[nynhp-3] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Jeffersonia diphylla. Threatened, S2/G5.

[4] Berberis, New York Metropolitan Flora Project, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 2015

[5] Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry, USDA Plant Pest Info]

[6] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Berberis thunbergii: Very highly invasive (91%).

[CP2-7] Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)

[NE1-8] Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[9] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Berberis vulgaris: 69 (all).

[CP3-10] Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)

[NE2-11] Category 2 Plants - moderately invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[12] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Hydrastis canadensis. Threatened, S2/G4.

[13] New York Flora Atlas recognizes this plant as T. venulosum var. confine, while Flora of North America sees it a separate species T. confine.

[14] James A. Compton, Alastair Culham and Stephen L. Jury (1998). "Reclassification of Actaea to Include Cimicifuga and Souliea (Ranunculaceae): Phylogeny Inferred from Morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL-F Sequence Variation." Taxon, 47(3) (Aug., 1998), pp. 593-634.

[15] Bruce A. Ford (1997). "Actaea (Linnaeus)." Flora of North America north of Mexico. 3(9)

[16] Flora of North America lists Actaea racemosa as Cimicifuga racemosa. Other sources treat C. racemosa as a synonym.

[17] Florian Jabbour & Susanne S. Renner (2011) "Consolida and Aconitella are an annual clade of Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) that diversified in the Mediterranean basin and the Irano-Turanian region." TAXON 60(4), August 2011:1029-1040

[DECA-18] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered. DEC Active Inventory List

[19] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Aconitum noveboracense. Endangered, S1/G3.

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