Flora of New York/Ginkgoales, Pinales
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Flora of New York — Pinales | → Nymphaeales & magnoliids | |||
Table of contents |
Genus index |
Protected species index | Invasive species index | ||
This page contains the Gymnosperms of New York. This includes both the conifers (in the Pinales) and the seemingly dissimilar Ginkgo tree, the only extant member of the Ginkgoales.
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Clade | Order | Family | Subfamily | Genus | Common names | # |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gymnosperms | Ginkgoales | Ginkgoaceae | — | Ginkgo | maidenhair tree, ginkgo | 1 |
Pinales | Pinaceae | Pinoideae | Pinus subg. Strobus | soft pine | 1 | |
Pinus subg. Pinus | hard pines | 8 | ||||
Piceoideae | Picea | spruce | 5 | |||
Laricoideae | Pseudotsuga | Douglas-fir | 1 | |||
Larix | larch, tamarack | 3 | ||||
Abietoideae | Tsuga | hemlock | 1 | |||
Abies | fir (true firs) | 4 | ||||
Cupressaceae | Taxodioideae | Taxodium | cypress | 1 | ||
Cupressoideae | Thuja | arborvitae, white-cedar | 1 | |||
Juniperus | juniper, red-cedar | 4 | ||||
Chamaecyparis | cedar, false cypress | 2 | ||||
Taxaceae | — | Taxus | yew | 3 |
Order Ginkgoales
The order Ginkgoales contains a single existing species: Ginkgo biloba.
Family Ginkgoaceae
As the sole family of the Ginkgoales, Ginkgoaceae (the ginkgo family) contains Ginkgo biloba as the only extant species.[1]
Ginkgo
The ginkgo or maidenhair tree is widely planted worldwide, including New York state, but the dioecious tree rarely escapes cultivation, and is unlikely to reach maturity as a naturalized tree in this region. This tree has been excluded from the New York Flora Atlas.[2]
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Genus Ginkgo | Maidenhair tree | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1771. Ginkgo biloba L. 1797. Salisburia adiantifolia Sm. 1824. Salisburia biloba Hoffmanns. 1826. Salisburia ginkgo (L.) Rich. nom.illeg. 1866. Pterophyllus salisburiensis J.Nelson |
Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree Noyer du Japon, Ginkgo biloba |
Introduced from Asia, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Order Pinales
The order Pinales contains the conifers, or cone-bearing seed plants. In New York, this includes the three families Pinaceae (pine, fir, spruce, and larch), Cupressaceae (cypress, juniper, and arborviteae), and Taxaceae (yew).
Most of the Pinales are "evergreen," maintaining most of their foliage and its green color through the winter. The exception is the genus Larix (larch) in the Pinaceae. Larix trees are deciduous and lose their needle-like leaves in the winter. Most Pinales also have "needle-like" leaves, often referred to simply as needles. Though many are very flat needles, such as the yews, spruces, and firs. And most of the Cupressaceae leaves could be described as more "scale-like". |
Family Pinaceae
The Pinaceae (pine family)...[1]
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Subfamily Pinoideae
Pinus
Pinus subg. Strobus
Subgenus Strobus contains the soft pines, only one of which is found in New York.
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Pinus subg. Strobus sect. Quinquefoliae
The only member of the Quinquefoliae (white-pines) found outside of cultivation in New York is Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), and it has been reported from every county in the state. The members of this section normally have their needle-like leaves grouped in bundles (fascicles) of five, though some may occasionally be found in bundles of three or four.
The oldest living eastern white pine on record dates to the mid 16th century, and was found in Nelson Swamp, Madison County, in 1997.[1][2]
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Genus Pinus subg. Strobus sect. Quinquefoliae | Soft, white pines | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Pinus strobus L. 1903. Strobus strobus (L.) Small 1932. P. strobusfo. prostrata 1940. P. strobusvar. chiapensis 1964. P. chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen |
Eastern white pine, Northern white pine, Weymouth pine (UK), Soft pine Pin blanc, Pin strobus, Pin du Lord Weymouth |
Native, CoC: 3, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ FEIS Images Wikispecies Note: SNA | |
Pinus subg. Pinus
Subgenus Pinus contains the hard pines, and has two sections represented in New York.
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Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Trifoliae
The Trifoliae contains most of the North American hard pines, four of which are native to New York.
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Genus Pinus sect. Trifoliae subsect. Australes | Hard pines: southern yellow |
N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Mill. 1768. Pinus rigida Mill. |
Pitch pine, Northern pitch pine, Torch pine, Sap pine Pin rigide, Pin à feuilles rigides |
Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies | |
Mill. 1768. Pinus echinata Mill. |
Shortleaf pine, Short-leaved pine, Arkansas pine, Southern yellow pine |
Native, CoC: 10, Endangered Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Pinus sect. Trifoliae subsect. Contortae | Hard pines: scrub pines |
N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Lamb. 1789. Pinus sylvestrisvar. divaricata 1803. Pinus banksiana Lamb. 1893. Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Sudw. |
Jack pine, Scrub pine, Banksian pine, Black pine, Gray pine, Hudson Bay pine Pin gris, Pin de Banks |
Native, CoC: 9, Rare FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 3 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: SNA | |
Mill. 1768. Pinus virginiana Mill. |
Virginia pine, Scrub pine, Jersey pine Pin de Virginie |
Native, CoC: 3, Endangered, NE-5[1] Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-NX ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies Note: SNA | |
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Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Pinus
Section Pinus contains mostly Old-World hard pines, but it also includes the commercially important red pine (Pinus resinosa), which is native to North America, including parts of New York.
The three other species of this section found in New York are non-native introductions. This group has needles in bundles of two. |
Genus Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Pinus | Hard pines | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Aiton 1789. Pinus resinosa Aiton |
Red pine, Norway pine[1] Pin rouge, Pin résineux |
Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: SNA | |
L. var. sylvestris 1753. Pinus sylvestris L. |
Scots pine, Scotch pine, Caledonian pine Pin sylvestre, Pin d'Écosse[2] |
Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive, CP-5[3] WW |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies Note: SNA | |
J.F.Arnold 1785. Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold 1828. Pinus pallasiana Lamb. 1910. Pinus nigra var. austriaca Asch. & Graebn. 1914. Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana Holmboe |
Austrian pine, European black pine Pin noir, Pin noir d'Autriche |
Introduced, Eurasia native, N. Africa native |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies Note: SNA | |
Parl. 1868. Pinus thunbergii Parl.
1949. Pinus thunbergiana Franco |
Japanese black pine | Introduced from Japan, South Korea, Invasive, NYIS: 59%[4], NE-4[5] |
NYFA: X |
USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies Note: SNA | |
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Picea
There are three spruce species that are native to New York State, but the two non-native species seem to be more well-known.
Spruce trees can be easily distinguished from other conifers by their needles, which
Spruce cones are also papery, unlike most other conifers. However, it's usually more difficult to differentiate spruces trees from each other. Douglas fir can also be misidentified as a spruce because of their needles, which are also square in cross-section, but not as stiff. |
Spruce species |
Leaf length (inches) | Cone length (inches) | Height (feet) | Width (feet) | Growth form | Habitat | Twig color | Bark color |
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Red | 1/2 - 5/8 | 1.0 - 1.5 | 60 - 80 | 15-20 | pyramid | upland | orange-brown | gray-brown, red-brown |
Black | 1/4 - 1/2 | 0.75 - 1.5 | 40 - 50 | 15-20 | slender | bog | brown | gray-brown, red-brown |
White | 1/3 - 3/4 | 1.5 - 2.5 | 40 - 90 | 10 - 20 | conical | upland | light brown, pale | gray-brown |
Norway | 1/2 - 1 | 4 - 6 | > 120 | conical | orange-brown | red-brown, later gray | ||
Blue | 1/2 - 5/4 | 2 - 4 | 50 - 80 | conical | upland |
Genus Picea | Spruce | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Sarg. 1771. Pinus marianavar. rubra Du Roi 1831. Picea rubra Link 1879. Picea nigravar. rubra Engelm. 1898. Picea rubens Sarg. 1903. Picea australis Small |
Red spruce Épinette rouge |
Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
(Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1768. Abies mariana Mill. 1770. Pinus abiesvar. mariana Münchh. 1785. Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold 1831. Picea nigra Link 1888. Picea mariana Britton, et al. |
Black spruce, Bog spruce, Swamp spruce Épinette noire, Épinette à bière, Épicéa marial, Épicéa noir |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
(Moench) Voss 1768. Abies canadensis Mill. 1785. Pinus glauca Moench 1831. Picea alba (Aiton) Link 1897. Picea canadensisvar. glauca Sudw. 1907. Picea glauca Voss |
White spruce, Cat spruce, Black Hills spruce, Canadian spruce, Skunk spruce Épinette blanche, Épinette glauque, Épicéa blanc, Épicéa glauque |
Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 4-5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Tropicos BONAP LBJ FEIS Images Wikispecies | |
(L.) Karst. 1753. Pinus abies L. 1779. Pinus excelsa Lamb. 1842. Picea excelsa (Lamb.) Link 1881. Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. |
Norway spruce, White spruce Épinette de Norvège, Épicéa élevé, Épicéa commun |
Introduced from Europe, Potentially invasive, CP-4[1][2] Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Engelm. 1879. Picea pungens Engelm. 1883. Picea pungensvar. glauca Regel 1897. Picea parryana Sarg. |
Blue spruce, Colorado blue spruce, Colorado spruce, Silver spruce Épinette de Colorado, Épinette bleue, Épicéa de Colorado |
Introduced from U.S. Rocky Mts., Probably not naturalized FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: X |
USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
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Pseudotsuga
Although commonly called Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga trees are not true firs. The genus name means "false hemlock," but phylogenetically, Douglas firs are more often grouped in the Pinoideae with the pines, spruces and larches than with either the firs or hemlocks, which are placed in the Abietoideae. Recent studies, in fact, place Douglas fir closer to the larches, in the subfamily Laricoideae.[1]
Douglas-firs are often planted in New York but seldom if ever naturalize permanently. |
Genus Pseudotsuga | Douglas fir | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NPT |
(Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco 1884. Tsuga douglasiivar. glauca Beissn. 1890. P. douglasiivar. glauca Mayr 1897. P. taxifoliavar. glauca Sudw. 1934. Pseudotsuga flahaultii Flous 1950. P. menziesiivar. glauca Franco |
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, Douglas-fir, Blue Douglas-fir, Colorado Douglas-fir, Inland Douglas-fir Douglas bleu, Douglas de Menzies bleu |
Introduced, ¿Naturalized? |
NYFA: X |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Larix
The larches (Larix spp.) are deciduous conifers. Of the three species found in New York, only the American larch or tamarack is native. The European and Japanese larches occasionally naturalize near plantations and individuals that have been planted.
Among the other words for tamarack is hackmatack, which means "wood used for snowshoes" in the Abenaki language.[1] |
Genus Larix sect. Larix | Larch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(DuRoi) K.Koch 1771. Pinus laricina Du Roi 1803. Larix americana Michx. 1839. L. intermedia Lodd. ex J.Forbes 1873. L. laricina (Du Roi) K.Koch 1908. L. alaskensis W.Wight 1947. L. laricinavar. alaskensis 2008. L. laricinassp. alaskensis |
Tamarack, American larch, Eastern larch, Red larch, Hackmatack, Alaska larch Mélèze laricin, Épinette rouge, Fausse épinette rouge |
Native, CoC: 5, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Mill. 1753. Pinus larix L.
1768. Larix decidua Mill.
1805. Larix europaea DC. |
European larch ⓘ
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Introduced from Europe, Naturalized Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies | |
(Lam.) Carrière 1856. Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière
1858. Larix leptolepis (Siebold & Zucc.) Gordon
1858. Pseudolarix kaempferi (Lamb.) Gordon |
Japanese larch | Introduced from eastern Asia, Naturalized Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Subfamily Abietoideae
Tsuga
Tsuga contains the hemlocks, of which, the only New York native is the eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. Hemlocks in eastern North America are threatened by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae).
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Genus Tsuga | Hemlock | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) Carrière 1763. Pinus canadensis L. 1842. Picea canadensis Link 1855. Tsuga canadensis Carrière 1862. Abies canadensisvar. gracilis |
Eastern hemlock, Canadian hemlock, Canada hemlock Pruche du Canada, Pruche de l'Est, Tsuga du Canada |
Native, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Abies
The genus Abies contains the "true" firs. It does not include the Douglas-firs of the genus Pseudotsuga.
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Genus Abies | Fir | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) Mill. 1753. Pinus balsamea L. 1768. Abies balsamea Mill. 1770. Pinus abiesvar. balsamea 1810. Peuce balsamea Rich. |
Balsam fir, Canada balsam Sapin baumier, Sapin |
Native, CoC: 6, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
(Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl. 1833. Abies grandis (Douglas ex D.Don) Lindl. |
Grand fir, Lowland white fir |
Introduced from western N.A., No specimens |
NYFA: X0 |
USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Abies | Fir | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
A.Murray bis 1863. Abies magnifica A.Murray bis 1875. Picea magnifica Gordon 1876. Pseudotsuga magnifica W.R.McNab 1876. Pinus magnifica W.R.McNab |
California red fir, Shasta red fir, Red fir |
Introduced from western US, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
(Pursh) Poir. Pinus fraseri Pursh Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. |
Fraser fir | Introduced from western VA & NC, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies | |
Siebold & Zucc. Abies homolepis Siebold & Zucc. |
Nikko fir | Introduced from Asia, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies | |
(Gordon & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. 1858. Picea concolor Gordon & Glend. 1861. Abies concolor Lindl. ex Hildebr. |
White fir, Colorado white fir, Silver fir, Colorado fir, Rocky Mountain white fir |
Introduced from western US, No specimens |
NYFA: 0 |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies | |
Family Cupressaceae
The Cupressaceae (cypress family)...[1]
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Subfamily Taxodioideae
The Taxodioideae contains the three genera: Cryptomeria (1 Japanese species), Glyptostrobus (1 Asian species), and Taxodium (1-3 North American species).
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Taxodium
There are about three Taxodium taxa, all of which are native to southeastern North America. Of these, Taxodium distichum var. distichum has been reported in New York, mainly along the Hudson River and on Long Island. Whether it has truly naturalized in the state in uncertain.
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Genus Taxodium | Cypress | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NPT |
(L.) Rich. var. distichum 1753. Cupressus disticha L. 1789. C. distichavar. nutans Aiton 1810. Taxodium distichum Rich. 1827. T. distichumvar. nutans Sweet 1927. T. ascendensvar. nutans Rehder |
Baldcypress, Bald cypress, Swamp cypress |
Introduced from southern US, N. America native OBL Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: X |
USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Subfamily Cupressoideae
Most of the Cupressoideae in New York go by the common names "cedar" or "juniper." But there is some resistance to calling any of them "cedar," as this could be seen to imply that they are of the Eurasian genus Cedrus, which does not have any naturalized populations in New York, and is normally included in the Pinaceae, not Cupressoideae. Instead, many prefer the common names "arborvitae" or "whitecedar" for Thuja occidentalis, and "red juniper" or "redcedar" for Juniperus virginiana.
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Thuja
Thuja (pronounced either thoo-juh or thoo-yuh) is Greek for juniper and other trees with aromatic wood. There are two North American Thuja species: T. occidentalis (eastern arborvitae or northern whitecedar) and T. plicata (western redcedar). There are also three asian Thuja species. Of the five Thuja species, only T. occidentalis is known to occur in New York.
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Genus Thuja | Arborvitae | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Thuja occidentalis L. |
Eastern arborvitae, Eastern white cedar, Northern whitecedar, Swamp cedar Thuya occidental, Cèdre, Balai, Cèdre blanc |
Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACW-UPL Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos ADF Images Wikispecies | |
Juniperus
Genus Juniperus | Juniper | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. var. virginiana 1753. Juniperus virginiana L. 1857. Sabina virginianavar. virginiana |
Eastern red cedar, Eastern redcedar, Pencil cedar, Virginia cedar, Eastern juniper, Red juniper Genévrier de Virginie, Genévrier rouge, Cèdre rouge |
Native, CoC: 3, Secure FAC-UPL Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
L. var. depressa Pursh 1787. J. canadensis Lodd. ex Burgsd. 1814. J. communisvar. depressa 1818. J. depressa Raf. 1838. J. communisvar. canadensis 1962. J. communisssp. depressa |
American common juniper, Dwarf juniper, Prostrate juniper, Ground juniper Genévrier commun déprimé, Genévrier nain, Genévrier du Canada |
Native, CoC: 4, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
L. var. communis 1753. Juniperus communis L. 1768. J. suecica Mill. 1822. J. hemisphaerica C.Presl 1881. J. communisssp. hemisphaerica 1887. J. communisfo. suecica |
Eurasian ommon juniper, Common juniper Genévrier commun |
Introduced from Eurasia, No specimens FACU Perennial, Tree |
NYFA: X |
USDA-0 Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Moench 1794. Juniperus horizontalis Moench 1807. J. prostrata Pers. 1814. J. sabinavar. procumbens 1838. J. sabinavar. humilis 1843. J. virginianavar. prostrata 1857. Sabina prostrata Antoine 1912. S. horizontalis Rydb. |
Creeping juniper, Trailing juniper, Prostrate juniper, Horizontal juniper, Creeping savin Genévrier horizontal, Genévrier rampant, Savinier |
Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1[1] FACU Perennial, Shrub, subshrub |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Juniperus sabina L. |
Savin Sabine |
Introduced from Eurasia, Cultivated Perennial, Tree-shrub |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Chamaecyparis
Genus Chamaecyparis | False cypress | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1753. Cupressus thyoides L. 1888. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1962. Ch. henryae H.L.Li 1966. Ch. thyoidesvar. henryae |
Atlantic white cedar, Southern white cedar, Atlantic white cypress |
Native, CoC: 10, Threatened OBL Perennial, Tree, Part shade |
NYFA: 2 |
USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
(Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1844. Retinispora squarrosa Zucc.
1847. Ch. pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl.
1867. Ch. obtusa f. plumosa Carriere |
Sawara false cypress ⓘ
Sawara-cypress ⓘ
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Introduced from Japan, Not naturalized |
NYFA: Xm |
USDA-W0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
Genus Chamaecyparis | False cypress | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1844. Retinospora obtusa Siebold & Zucc. 1847. Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1871. Cupressus obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) F. Muell. |
Hinoki false cypress | Introduced from Taiwan & Japan, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA-X Go Botany-0 VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN FoC Images Wikispecies | |
Family Taxaceae
The Taxaceae (yew family)...[1]
Taxus
The American yew (Taxus canadensis) is the only Taxus species native to New York. The Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata) and the English yew (Taxus baccata) are widely cultivated in New York and occasionally escape. The Japanese yew has been found to naturalize and has become common in the forests of some New York counties. Its invasive tendencies deserve monitoring.
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Genus Taxus | Yew | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Marshall 1785. Taxus canadensis Marshall 1803. Taxus baccatavar. minor Michx. 1856. Taxus baccatavar. canadensis A.Gray 1894. Taxus minor Britton 1903. Taxus baccatassp. canadensis Pilg. 2007. Taxus canadensisvar. minor Spjut |
American yew, Canada yew, Ground hemlock, Shinwood Buis de sapin, L'if du Canada, Sapin trainard |
Native, CoC: 9, Secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Shrub |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies Note: WBA | |
Siebold & Zucc. 1846. Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 1867. Taxus baccatavar. cuspidata 1903. Taxus baccatassp. cuspidata auct. Taxus baccata non L. |
Japanese yew, Rigid branched yew |
Introduced from eastern Asia, Potentially invasive, CP-5[1] NE-4,[2], WW |
NYFA: X |
USDA-X0 Go Botany VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Taxus baccata L. 1829. Taxus fastigiata Lindl. |
English yew, European yew, Common yew L'if commun |
Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Rare escape |
NYFA: X |
USDA-X0 Go Botany VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Taxus × media Rehder Taxus baccata × Taxus cuspidata 1923. Taxus × media Rehder |
Anglo-Japanese yew, Anglojap yew, Hybrid of English yew & Japanese yew |
Introduced, No specimens, IO |
USDA-00 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies | ||
Taxus × hunnewelliana Rehder Taxus canadensis × Taxus cuspidata 1925. Taxus × hunnewelliana Rehder |
Hunnewell yew, Hybrid of American yew & Japanese yew |
Introduced, No specimens, Cultivated |
ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | ||
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Taxus species differentiation
Character[1] | Taxus canadensis American yew |
Taxus cuspidata Japanese yew |
Taxus baccata English yew | ||
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Habit | low, straggling, diffusely branched, spreading to prostrate |
upright | upright | ||
Mature height (m) | 2 | up to 16 | 10 - 20(-40) | ||
Mature dbh (m) | 4 | ||||
Winter bud scales | sharply pointed to cuspidate, keeled or folded |
sharply pointed to cuspidate, keeled or folded |
blunt at the apex, slightly keeled | ||
Leaf blade taper to apex | abrupt | abrupt | gradual | ||
Leaf blade width (mm) | 1 – 2.4 | 2 - 3 | 2 - 3 | ||
Leaf blade length (mm) | 10 - 25 | 15 - 25 | 10 - 40 | ||
Leaf upper (dorsal) surface | dark green to yellow-green | dark green, prominent midrib when dry |
dark green | ||
Leaf lower (ventral) surface | pale green, mostly without cuticular papillae along stomatal bands | 2 wide tawny stomatal bands | dark green | ||
Number of cells from margin to stomata band | (8-) 16 - 18 (-22) | 11 - 13 | 4 - 7 | ||
Stomata rows per band | (4-) 5 - 7 (-11) | 7 - 15 (-19) | 8 – 10 | ||
Petiole | gradually curved or abrupt bend near the junction of the branch, not clasping the branchlet | abrupt bend near the junction of the blade, clasping the branchlet | |||
Seed shape near apex | round or somewhat compressed | 4- or 5-angled | |||
Bark | reddish, very thin | brown, thin, scaly | |||
Cone (aril) all red when ripe |
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← Polypodiales |
Flora of New York — Pinales | → Nymphaeales & magnoliids | |||
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Genus index |
Protected species index | Invasive species index | ||