Neo-Quenya/U-stems

Nouns in -o that keep -o in all cases

They are declined as follows (we use carpo "frog"):

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	carpo	carpor	carpot	carpoli
genitive	carpo	carporon	carpoto	carpolion
possessive	carpova	carpoiva	carpotwa	carpolíva
dative	carpon	carpoin	carpont	carpolin
ablative	carpollo	carpollon(r)	carpolto	carpolillo(n)(r)
allative	carponna	carponnar	carponta	carpolinna(r)
locative	carpossë	carpossen	carpotsë	carpolisse(n)
instrumental	carponen	carpoinen	carponten	carpolínen
respective	carpos	carpois	carpotes	carpolis

The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use ondo "stone"):

Nom. ondu, Gen. onduo, Poss. onduva, Dat. ondun,

Abl. ondullo, All. ondunna, Loc. ondussë, Instr. ondunen, Resp. ondus.

Nouns in -u that keep -u in all cases

There also exist words that end in the nominative in –u, these are however not U-stems. They differ from the U-stems in the nominative and the genitive plural. They also always have a t-dual.

They are declined as follows (we use heru "lord"):

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	heru	herur	herut	heruli
genitive	heru	heruron	heruto	herulion
possessive	heruva	heruiva	herutwa	herulíva
dative	herun	heruin	herunt	herulin
ablative	herullo	herullon(r)	herulto	herulillo(n)(r)
allative	herunna	herunnar	herunta	herulinna(r)
locative	herussë	herussen	herutsë	herulisse(n)
instrumental	herunen	heruinen	herunten	herulínen
respective	herus	heruis	herutes	herulis

Nouns in -o with a U-stem

These are the real U-stems. But there are two exceptional categories: the nouns in -co and the nouns in -go.

The others are declined as follows (we use malo, malu- "pollen"). Note that these nouns don't follow the normal rule for the formation of the plural: they get -i as extension instead of the -r that ordinarily follows vowels.

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	malo	malui	malut	maluli
genitive	maluo	maluion	maluto	malulion
possessive	maluva	maluiva	malutwa	malulíva
dative	malun	maluin	malunt	malulin
ablative	malullo	malullon(r)	malulto	malulillo(n)(r)
allative	malunna	malunnar	malunta	malulinna(r)
locative	malussë	malussen	malutsë	malulisse(n)
instrumental	malunen	maluinen	malunten	malulínen
respective	malus	maluis	malutes	malulis

The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use sito, situ- "habit"):

Nom. situ, Gen. situo, Poss. situva, Dat. situn,

Abl. situllo, All. situnna, Loc. situssë, Instr. situnen, Resp. situs.

Note that these forms are, except for the nominative, all equal to the singular.

The noun tuo "muscle" behaves rather strangely because its Old-Elvish stem was túu-. This long ú appears when the ending begins in a single consonant; when the ending starts in a consonant cluster or a vowel, we find u instead of ú, e.g.

Dative singular: tún

Ablative singular: tullo

U-stems in -co

The special feature here is that the combination cui changes in qui. As an example we look at urco, urcu- "bogey":

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	urco	urqui	urcut	urculi
genitive	urcuo	urquion	urcuto	urculion
possessive	urcuva	urquiva	urcutwa	urculíva
dative	urcun	urquin	urcunt	urculin
ablative	urcullo	urcullon(r)	urculto	urculillo(n)(r)
allative	urcunna	urcunnar	urcunta	urculinna(r)
locative	urcussë	urcussen	urcutsë	urculisse(n)
instrumental	urcunen	urquinen	urcunten	urculínen
respective	urcus	urquis	urcutes	urculis

The u-duals are just as in the example of sito, except for the nominative, all equal to the singular.

Two nouns behave irregularly:

• rauco "demon" is only a U-stem in the singular, partitive plural and dual. The plural is formed with the stem rauca-.
• telco "leg, stem" is only a U-stem in the plural and the dual. The singular and partitive plural are formed with the stem telco- (see above for nouns that end in -o).

U-stems in -go

The special feature here is that the combination gui changes in gwi. As an example we look at ango, angu- "snake":

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	ango	angwi	angut	anguli
genitive	anguo	angwion	anguto	angulion
possessive	anguva	angwiva	angutwa	angulíva
dative	angun	angwin	angunt	angulin
ablative	angullo	angullon(r)	angulto	angulillo(n)(r)
allative	angunna	angunnar	angunta	angulinna(r)
locative	angussë	angussen	angutsë	angulisse(n)
instrumental	angunen	angwinen	angunten	angulínen
respective	angus	angwis	angutes	angulis

The u-duals are just as in the example of sito, except for the nominative, all equal to the singular.

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