Nanotechnology

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Infobox/Nanotechnology

The Opensource Handbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Development stage: 50% (as of {{{2}}})

Nanotechnology and nanoscience is about controlling and understanding matter on the sub-micrometer and atomic scale.

This wikibook on nanoscience and nanotechnology gathers information about the various tools, methods and systems to provide students, researchers and everyone else an open-source handbook and overview guide to this vast interdisciplinary and expanding field - a book that can be adjusted as new things appear and improved by you!

This book is under construction - hope you will join the effort to create it!

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Brief introductions to the parts

to give a quick overview

 Detailed descriptions

(Development stage: 100% (as of {{{2}}})-icons are individual web pages; Numbers are sub-sections)

Why is nanotechnology such a 'hot' subject - and is it more hype than substance? This part gives a brief introduction to the visions of nanotechnology and why so many people are working on it around the world. To help set a perspective there are overview tables with timelines, length scales and information resources.

Development stage: 100% (as of {{{2}}}) Perspective

  1. A perspective on Nanotechnology
  2. Nanocomponents, Tools, and Methods
  3. Hot and hyped

Development stage: 100% (as of {{{2}}}) Overviews

  1. Internet Resources
  2. Journals
  3. Nanotech Products
  4. A nano-timeline
  5. A nano-scale overview

Development stage: 100% (as of {{{2}}}) About the Book

  1. Vision
  2. How to contribute
  3. History
  4. Authors and Editors
  5. Support and Acknowledgments
  6. How to Reference this Book

Development stage: 100% (as of {{{2}}}) Reaching Out

  1. Teaching Nanotechnology
  2. Outreach projects
  3. Demonstration experiments

Microscopes allows us to probe the structure of matter with high spatial resolution, making it possible to see for instance individual atoms with tools such as the scanning tunneling microscope, the atomic force microscope, and the transmission electron microscope. With the related spectroscopic methods, we can study the energy levels in nanosystems. This part gives an overview of the tools and methods used in microscopy and spectroscopy of nanostructures.

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Optical Methods

  1. Optical Microscopy
  2. Confocal Microscopy
  3. X-ray Microscopy
  4. UV/VIS Spectrometry
  5. Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR)
  6. Terahertz Spectroscopy (THz)
  7. Raman Spectroscopy
  8. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)

Development stage: 50% (as of {{{2}}}) Electron Microscopy

  1. The Electron Optical System
  2. Electron Range
  3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
  4. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Development stage: 50% (as of {{{2}}}) Scanning probe microscopy

Development stage: 50% (as of {{{2}}}) Atomic force microscope (AFM)

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Scanning Near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Additional methods

  1. Point-Projection Microscopes
  2. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED)
  3. Reflection High Energy Electron diffraction (RHEED)
  4. X-ray Spectroscopy and diffraction
  5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
  6. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR /ESR)
  7. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)
  8. Mössbauer spectroscopy

On the nanoscale force that we in everyday life do not consider strong, such as contact adhesion, become much more important. In addition, many things behave in a quantum mechanical way. This chapter looks into the scaling of the forces and fundamental dynamics of matter on the nanoscale.

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Intro to Nanophysics

  1. Scaling laws
  2. Quantized Nano Systems
  3. Bulk matter and the end of bulk: surfaces

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Modelling Nanosystems

  1. The Schrödinger equation
  2. Hartree-Fock (HF) or self-consistent field (SCF)
  3. Density Functional Theory (DFT)
  4. Transport phenomena

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Physical Chemistry of Surfaces

  1. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces
  2. Surface Energy
  3. Surface Diffusion
  4. Mass transport in 1, 2, and 3D

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Background material

  1. Dispersion relations

Many unique nanostructured materials have been made, such as carbon nanotubes that can be mechanically stronger than diamond. This part provides an overview of nanoscale materials such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires, quantum dots and nanoparticles, their unique properties and fabrication methods.

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Overview of Production methods

  1. Commercial suppliers of nanomaterials

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Semiconducting Nanostructures

  1. Buckyballs - carbon 60
  2. Carbon nanotubes
  3. Semiconducting nanowires
  4. Semiconducting nanoparticles

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Metallic Nanostructures

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Organic Nanomaterials

To understand the novel possibilities in nanotechnology, this part gives an overview of some typical nanoscale systems - simple experimental devices that show unique nanoscale behavior useful in for instance electronics.

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Nanoelectronics

  1. Diffusive and Ballistic Electron Transport
  2. Double barrier systems
  3. Moletronics

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Nano-optics

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Nanomechanics

  1. Mechanics of beams and cantilevers
  2. The harmonic oscillator

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Nanofluidics

Combining nanodevices into functional units for real life application is a daunting task because making controlled structures with molecularly sized components requires extreme precision and control. Here we look at ways to assemble nanosystems into functional units or working devices with top-down or bottom-up approaches.

See also the Wikibook on Microtechnology which contains information about many fabrication and processing details.

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Top-down and bottom-up approaches

  1. Microfabrication made smaller

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Self assembly

  1. Selfassembled monolayers
  2. Bottom-up chemistry
  3. Molecular engineering

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Lithography

  1. Electron beam lithography (EBL)
  2. Nano imprint lithography (NIL)
  3. Focused Ion Beam (FIB)

Development stage: 50% (as of {{{2}}}) Electron Beam Induced Deposition (EBID or EBD)

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Nanomanipulation

  1. AFM manipulation
  2. STM manipulation
  3. In-situ SEM manipulation
  4. In-situ TEM manipulation

Your body is based on a fantastic amount of biological nanotechnology operating right now in each of your body's cells, which has evolved over aeons to an awesome level of complexity. Much of current nanotechnology research is aimed at bio-applications, such as bio-sensors and biologically active nanoparticles for medical therapy or targeting cancer. This part is an introduction to this cross-disciplinary field.

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Nano-bio Primer

  1. Biological building blocks
  2. Lenghts and masses
  3. Cells
  4. Virus
  5. Bacteria
  6. The body

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Biosensors

  1. Typical applications and Analytes
  2. Sensor principles

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Targeting Diseases

  1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  2. Cancer

People are very enthusiastic about the visions of nanotechnology, but at the same time there is a natural worry about the environmental issues of the emerging technologies. This area is being increasingly brought into focus to ensure a healthy development.

Development stage: 100% (as of {{{2}}}) Health effects of nanoparticles

  1. Nanotoxicology
  2. Production and applications of nanotech
  3. Exposure of environment and humans
  4. Nanoecotoxicology
  5. Identification of key hazard properties
  6. Hazard identification
  7. Surface chemistry and coatings
  8. Interactions in the Environment
  9. Conclusion

Development stage: 100% (as of {{{2}}}) Environmental Impact

  1. Potential environmental impacts of nanotechnology
  2. Exploitation and loss of scarce resources
  3. Energy intensity of materials
  4. Life cycle assessment (LCA)

Development stage: 25% (as of {{{2}}}) Nano and Society

  1. Surveys of nanotechnology
  2. The Nano-hype and Nano-scare
  3. Funding, science and the political aspects
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