Lombard/How to convert Milanese dialect, written in the Milanese orthography, into the New Lombard Orthography
1. Modify the words as described in the table below
[edit | edit source]grammar-based changes | changes based on pronunciation in Milanese dialect | accents in the middle of the word to be removed | changes based on pronunciation in the other dialects |
Letter in Milanese orthgraphy |
Pronunciation IPA | Conversion in New Lombard Orthography |
Ezamples | |
---|---|---|---|---|
A a | [a] | it’s the same | gatt → gat | [gat] |
aa | [ɒ:] [a:] (past participles and some words similar to a past participle[1]) | aa → ad | cantaa → cantad | [kã:'tɒ:] |
[a] | aa → à | unitaa → unità | [yni'ta] | |
B b | [b] [p] at the end of the word |
it’s the same | bèll → bell
piomb → piomb |
[bɛl] [pjũ:p] |
bb | [b] [p] at the end of the word |
bb → b | goeubb → goeub | [gøp] |
C c | [tʃ] before “i” or “e” [k] before the other letters |
it’s the same | cèss →cess
cavagn → cavagn |
[tʃɛs] [ka'vaɲ] |
∅ before “q” | c → (remove it) | acqua → aqua | [akwa] | |
cc | [tʃ] before “i” or “e” [k] before the other letters (also before "h" when placed at the end of the word) |
cc → c | caccia → cacia
vacca → vaca gnucch →gnuch |
['katʃa] ['vaka] [ɲyk] |
[tʃ] in the middle of the word (in derived words) | rarely in the middle of the word it remains double and however just for derivation reasons | laccera → laccera (word derived form "lacc") |
[la'tʃe:ra] | |
[tʃ] at the end of the word | it’s the same | mucc → mucc | [mutʃ] | |
D d | [d] [t] at the end of the word |
it’s the same | daner → daner | [dan'e:] |
dd | [d] | dd → d | reddit → redit | ['redit] |
E e | [e] | it’s the same | reddit → redit | ['redit] |
E è | [ɛ] | è → e | cèss → cess | [tʃɛs] |
[ɛ] (at the end of the word) | it’s the same | perchè → perchè | [pər'kɛ] | |
ee | [e:] | it’s the same | adree → adree | [a'dre:] |
[e:] (feminine nouns ending in [era] or other words ending in “r” in Eastern lombard) | e → er | prestinee → prestiner mestee → mester |
[prestine:]
[meste:] | |
F f | [f] | it’s the same | facil → facil | ['fatʃil] |
ff | [f] | ff → f | difficil → dificil | [di'fitʃil] |
G g | [g] davanti a "a", "o", "u", "oeu" [g] before any consonant except "l" or "n" (see below) |
it’s the same | gatt → gat | [gat] |
[ʤ] davanti a "i", "e" | -it’s the same, when there are no dialects in which it is pronounced [z] or [ʒ]
-after s ► see below |
giustizia → giustizzia | [ʤy'stisja] | |
g → sg
(when there are dialects in which it is pronounced [z] or [ʒ] - Often it happens before "io" or "iu", "ia", "ieou" con la "i" not accented) |
giornada→ sgiornada | [ʤur'nɒda]] | ||
[:ʒ] when alone at the end of the word | g → sg | leg → lesg | ||
gg | [ʤ] in the middle of the word (see below for exceptions) | gg → g | reggia → regia | ['reʤa] |
[ʤ] at the end of the word | it’s the same | vègg → vegg | [vɛʤ] | |
[ʤ] at the end of the word | gg → sg just when there are dialects in wich it is pronounced [ʒ] | legg → lesg | [leʤ] | |
[ʤ] in the middle of the word (in derived words) | rarely in the middle of the word it remains double and however just for derivation reasons | vèggia → veggia (words derived form vegg) |
['vɛʤa] | |
gn | [ɲ] | it’s the same | campagna → campagna | [/kam'paɲa/] |
gl | [ʎ] | gl → j | famiglia → famija | [fa'miʎa] |
H h | ∅ | it’s the same | politegh → politegh | |
i | [i] not accented before a vowel [ĩ]: before "m" or "n" |
it’s the same | via → via
poresin → poresin |
['via] [pure'sĩ:] |
[j] intervocalic | i → j | moià → mojà | [mu'ja] | |
[j] o [i] between consonant e vowel | it’s the same | pioeuva → pioeuva | ['pjøva] | |
ï | [i] | ï → ih | scïa → scihà | [ʃi'a] |
ii | [i:] (past participle) | ii → id | dormii → dormid | [dur'mi:] |
[i:] | it’s the same | avii → avii | [a'vi:] | |
J j | [j] | it’s the same | tajà → tajà | [ta'ja] |
[i] | j → j/i[2] | |||
k | [k] | it’s the same | ||
L l | [l] except after [g] (see above) | it’s the same | lavell → lavell | [la'vɛl] |
ll | [l] | ll → l | allegher → alegher | [a'legər] |
[ll] [l] (at the end of the word when a short vowel accented is placed before) |
it’s the same | balla → balla
basell → basell |
['balla] [ba'zɛl] | |
L l | [l] exceopt after [g] (see above) | it’s the same | albumm → album | [al'bym] |
M m | [m] nasal before a bounded vowel or at the end of the word |
it’s the same | brumista → brumista | [bry'mista] |
mm | [m] | mm → m | albumm → album | [al'bym] |
N n | [n] nasal before a bounded vowel or at the end of the word |
it’s the same | campanin → campanin | [kã:paˈnĩ:] |
nn | [n] | nn → n | ||
[n] in the middle of the word (in derived words) | rarely in the middle of the word it remains double and however just for derivation reasons | anniversari → anniversari (word derived form "ann") |
[aniver'sa:ri] | |
[nn], [n] (vocale prima corta at the end of the word) | it’s the same | ann → ann | [an] | |
O o | [u] [ũ] before “m” or “n” |
it’s the same | dotor → dotor | [du'tu:r] |
Ò ò | [ɔ] | ò → o | còtt → cot | [kɔt] |
[ɔ] (at the end of the word) | it’s the same | cadò → cadò | [ka'dɔ] | |
Oeu oeu | [ø] [ø] |
it’s the same | incoeu → incoeu | [ĩ:kø] |
Oo oo | [u:] | it’s the same | saroo → saroo | |
Ô ô | [u] | ô → or / ol depending on the pronunciation in the other dialects | resgiô → resgior | [re'ʒu] |
P p | [p] | it’s the same | paja → paja | ['paja] |
pp | [p] | p → pp | tropp → trop | [trɔp] |
Qu qu | [kw] | it’s the same | quèll →quell | [kwɛl] |
R r | [r] | it’s the same | resta → resta | [res'ta] |
[r] | r → l (at the last syllable, when in some dialect, especially oriental it is "l") | vorè → volé | [vu'rɛ] | |
rr | [:r] | it’s the same | guerra → guerra | ['gwɛ:ra] |
[r] | it’s the same | carr → carr | [kar] | |
s | [s] (except defore "ci" or "gi" ► see below) | it’s the same | sol → sol | [su:l] |
[z] in the middle of the word o at the end of the word if it is not doubled
(except before "ci" or "gi" ► see below) |
it’s the same | auturizà → autorizà | [awturi'za]; | |
ss | [s] | it’s the same | assee → assee | [a'se:] |
Sc sc | [ʃ] before "i" or "e" or at the end of the word [sk] in the other cases |
it’s the same | rosc → rosc | [rɔʃ] |
S'c s'c | [stʃ] | it’s the same | s'ciopp → s'ciop | [stʃɔp] |
Sg sg | [ʒ] | it’s the same | resgiô → resgió | [re'ʒu] |
s'g | [sdʒ] | it’s the same | s'giafada → s'giafada | [sdʒa'fɒ:da] |
T t | [t] | it’s the same | terra → terra | ['tɛ:ra] |
tt | [t] | tt → t | gatt → gat | [gat] |
U u | [y] [ỹ] before “m” or “n” [w] in diphthongs |
it’s the same | cuna cuna cunt → cunt autorizzazion → autorizazzion |
['kyna]
[kỹ:t] [awturi'za'sjũ:] |
uu | [y:] (past participle) | uu → ud | veduu → vedud | [ve'dy:] |
[y:] | it’s the same | cuu → cul (about this word see also the rule "I" below) |
[ky:] | |
V v | [v] [f] at the end of the words ∅ tra "o" e "a" o tra "a" e "o" o tra "u" e "i" |
it’s the same | vin → vin lavorà → lavorà |
[vĩ:]
[lau'ra] |
w | [w] | it’s the same | wikizzionari → wikizzionari | |
[v] | it’s the same | wikizzionari → wikizzionari | ||
x | [ks] | it’s the same | boxoeur → boxoeur | [bɔk'sø:r] |
y | [i] [j] |
it’s the same | ||
Z z | [s] | z → zz | autorizzazion → autorizazzion | [awturi'za'sjũ:] |
zz | [s] | it’s the same | vizzi → vizzi | ['visi] |
[z] | zz → z | autorizzazion → autorizazzion | [awturi'za'sjũ:] |
- ↑ for example praa → prad
- ↑ The “j” used at the end of nouns in the plural has normally has to be changed into an "i" in the New Lombard Orthography although there is not yet a single decision about this so there is still someone that uses the "j" also in the New Lombard Orthography
2. Something else to add
[edit | edit source]►A. Add "e" to the end of the feminine plural of nouns and adjectives that end in "a" in the singular
- Example:
- In Milanese orthography: Singolare: "cagna" → plural: "cagn"
- In New Lombard Orthography: Singolare: "cagna" → plural: "cagne" (see also regular plural of nouns)
- Example:
►B. Add er to the verbs of the third conjugation in the infinitive mood
- Example:
- In Milanese orthography: "mètt"
- In New Lombard Orthography: "meter"
- Example:
►C. Add "h" ahead of all the voices of the verb ‘’havé’’ (avè in Milanese orthography – to have)
►D. Do not put '"h" ahead of the voicese of the verb ‘’vesser‘’(vèss in Milanese orthography – to be)
►E. Insert an intravocalic "v" between "o" and "a" or between "a" e "o" or between "u" and "i", when it is present in the same word in any of the other Lombard dialects (many times just look if the same word contains a ‘’’v’’’ in Italian)
- Example:
- in Milanese orthography: Gioann
- In New Lombard Orthography: Giovann (Italian: Giovanni)
- Example:
►F. Add "l" at the end of singular nouns ending in "oeu"
- Example:
- In Milanese orthography: "fieou"
- In New Lombard Orthography: "fioeul"
- Example:
►G. Add "i" at the end of plural nouns ending in "oeu"
- Example:
- In Milanese orthography: "fieou"
- In New Lombard Orthography: "fioeui"
- Example:
►H. leave the accent written in the infinitive verbs in reflexive form
- Example:
- In Milanese orthography: "vardà" → reflexive form "vardass"
- In New Lombard Orthography: "vardà" → reflexive form "vardàss"
- Example:
►I. for some words ending in a long vowel, for etymological reasons a final consonant must be added which is different from the cases indicated in the table, there is no precise rule, however these are very rare cases.
- Example:
- In Milanese orthography: "boeu", "cuu"
- In New Lombard Orthography: "boeuv", "cul"
- Example:
►L. As for the articulated prepositions with "in": if you use the older Milanese spelling you must transform "ind el", "ind i" into "in del" "in di".