Lombard/How to convert Milanese dialect, written in the Milanese orthography, into the New Lombard Orthography

1. Modify the words as described in the table below

grammar-based changes

changes based on pronunciation in Milanese dialect

accents in the middle of the word to be removed

changes based on pronunciation in the other dialects

Letter in Milanese orthgraphy	Pronunciation IPA	Conversion in New Lombard Orthography	Ezamples
A a	[a]	it’s the same	gatt → gat	[gat]
aa	[ɒ:] [a:] (past participles and some words similar to a past participle)	aa → ad	cantaa → cantad	[kã:'tɒ:]
	[a]	aa → à	unitaa → unità	[yni'ta]
B b	[b] [p] at the end of the word	it’s the same	bèll → bell piomb → piomb	[bɛl] [pjũ:p]
bb	[b] [p] at the end of the word	bb → b	goeubb → goeub	[gøp]
C c	[tʃ] before “i” or “e” [k] before the other letters	it’s the same	cèss →cess cavagn → cavagn	[tʃɛs] [ka'vaɲ]
	∅ before “q”	c → (remove it)	acqua → aqua	[akwa]
cc	[tʃ] before “i” or “e” [k] before the other letters (also before "h" when placed at the end of the word)	cc → c	caccia → cacia vacca → vaca gnucch →gnuch	['katʃa] ['vaka] [ɲyk]
	[tʃ] in the middle of the word (in derived words)	rarely in the middle of the word it remains double and however just for derivation reasons	laccera → laccera (word derived form "lacc")	[la'tʃe:ra]
	[tʃ] at the end of the word	it’s the same	mucc → mucc	[mutʃ]
D d	[d] [t] at the end of the word	it’s the same	daner → daner	[dan'e:]
dd	[d]	dd → d	reddit → redit	['redit]
E e	[e]	it’s the same	reddit → redit	['redit]
E è	[ɛ]	è → e	cèss → cess	[tʃɛs]
	[ɛ] (at the end of the word)	it’s the same	perchè → perchè	[pər'kɛ]
ee	[e:]	it’s the same	adree → adree	[a'dre:]
	[e:] (feminine nouns ending in [era] or other words ending in “r” in Eastern lombard)	e → er	prestinee → prestiner mestee → mester	[prestine:] [meste:]
F f	[f]	it’s the same	facil → facil	['fatʃil]
ff	[f]	ff → f	difficil → dificil	[di'fitʃil]
G g	[g] davanti a "a", "o", "u", "oeu" [g] before any consonant except "l" or "n" (see below)	it’s the same	gatt → gat	[gat]
	[ʤ] davanti a "i", "e"	-it’s the same, when there are no dialects in which it is pronounced [z] or [ʒ] -after s ► see below	giustizia → giustizzia	[ʤy'stisja]
		g → sg (when there are dialects in which it is pronounced [z] or [ʒ] - Often it happens before "io" or "iu", "ia", "ieou" con la "i" not accented)	giornada→ sgiornada	[ʤur'nɒda]]
	[:ʒ] when alone at the end of the word	g → sg	leg → lesg
gg	[ʤ] in the middle of the word (see below for exceptions)	gg → g	reggia → regia	['reʤa]
	[ʤ] at the end of the word	it’s the same	vègg → vegg	[vɛʤ]
	[ʤ] at the end of the word	gg → sg just when there are dialects in wich it is pronounced [ʒ]	legg → lesg	[leʤ]
	[ʤ] in the middle of the word (in derived words)	rarely in the middle of the word it remains double and however just for derivation reasons	vèggia → veggia (words derived form vegg)	['vɛʤa]
gn	[ɲ]	it’s the same	campagna → campagna	[/kam'paɲa/]
gl	[ʎ]	gl → j	famiglia → famija	[fa'miʎa]
H h	∅	it’s the same	politegh → politegh
i	[i] not accented before a vowel [ĩ]: before "m" or "n"	it’s the same	via → via poresin → poresin	['via] [pure'sĩ:]
	[j] intervocalic	i → j	moià → mojà	[mu'ja]
	[j] o [i] between consonant e vowel	it’s the same	pioeuva → pioeuva	['pjøva]
ï	[i]	ï → ih	scïa → scihà	[ʃi'a]
ii	[i:] (past participle)	ii → id	dormii → dormid	[dur'mi:]
	[i:]	it’s the same	avii → avii	[a'vi:]
J j	[j]	it’s the same	tajà → tajà	[ta'ja]
	[i]	j → j/i
k	[k]	it’s the same
L l	[l] except after [g] (see above)	it’s the same	lavell → lavell	[la'vɛl]
ll	[l]	ll → l	allegher → alegher	[a'legər]
	[ll] [l] (at the end of the word when a short vowel accented is placed before)	it’s the same	balla → balla basell → basell	['balla] [ba'zɛl]
L l	[l] exceopt after [g] (see above)	it’s the same	albumm → album	[al'bym]
M m	[m] nasal before a bounded vowel or at the end of the word	it’s the same	brumista → brumista	[bry'mista]
mm	[m]	mm → m	albumm → album	[al'bym]
N n	[n] nasal before a bounded vowel or at the end of the word	it’s the same	campanin → campanin	[kã:paˈnĩ:]
nn	[n]	nn → n
	[n] in the middle of the word (in derived words)	rarely in the middle of the word it remains double and however just for derivation reasons	anniversari → anniversari (word derived form "ann")	[aniver'sa:ri]
	[nn], [n] (vocale prima corta at the end of the word)	it’s the same	ann → ann	[an]
O o	[u] [ũ] before “m” or “n”	it’s the same	dotor → dotor	[du'tu:r]
Ò ò	[ɔ]	ò → o	còtt → cot	[kɔt]
	[ɔ] (at the end of the word)	it’s the same	cadò → cadò	[ka'dɔ]
Oeu oeu	[ø] [ø]	it’s the same	incoeu → incoeu	[ĩ:kø]
Oo oo	[u:]	it’s the same	saroo → saroo
Ô ô	[u]	ô → or / ol depending on the pronunciation in the other dialects	resgiô → resgior	[re'ʒu]
P p	[p]	it’s the same	paja → paja	['paja]
pp	[p]	p → pp	tropp → trop	[trɔp]
Qu qu	[kw]	it’s the same	quèll →quell	[kwɛl]
R r	[r]	it’s the same	resta → resta	[res'ta]
	[r]	r → l (at the last syllable, when in some dialect, especially oriental it is "l")	vorè → volé	[vu'rɛ]
rr	[:r]	it’s the same	guerra → guerra	['gwɛ:ra]
	[r]	it’s the same	carr → carr	[kar]
s	[s] (except defore "ci" or "gi" ► see below)	it’s the same	sol → sol	[su:l]
	[z] in the middle of the word o at the end of the word if it is not doubled (except before "ci" or "gi" ► see below)	it’s the same	auturizà → autorizà	[awturi'za];
ss	[s]	it’s the same	assee → assee	[a'se:]
Sc sc	[ʃ] before "i" or "e" or at the end of the word [sk] in the other cases	it’s the same	rosc → rosc	[rɔʃ]
S'c s'c	[stʃ]	it’s the same	s'ciopp → s'ciop	[stʃɔp]
Sg sg	[ʒ]	it’s the same	resgiô → resgió	[re'ʒu]
s'g	[sdʒ]	it’s the same	s'giafada → s'giafada	[sdʒa'fɒ:da]
T t	[t]	it’s the same	terra → terra	['tɛ:ra]
tt	[t]	tt → t	gatt → gat	[gat]
U u	[y] [ỹ] before “m” or “n” [w] in diphthongs	it’s the same	cuna cuna cunt → cunt autorizzazion → autorizazzion	['kyna] [kỹ:t] [awturi'za'sjũ:]
uu	[y:] (past participle)	uu → ud	veduu → vedud	[ve'dy:]
	[y:]	it’s the same	cuu → cul (about this word see also the rule "I" below)	[ky:]
V v	[v] [f] at the end of the words ∅ tra "o" e "a" o tra "a" e "o" o tra "u" e "i"	it’s the same	vin → vin lavorà → lavorà	[vĩ:] [lau'ra]
w	[w]	it’s the same	wikizzionari → wikizzionari
	[v]	it’s the same	wikizzionari → wikizzionari
x	[ks]	it’s the same	boxoeur → boxoeur	[bɔk'sø:r]
y	[i] [j]	it’s the same
Z z	[s]	z → zz	autorizzazion → autorizazzion	[awturi'za'sjũ:]
zz	[s]	it’s the same	vizzi → vizzi	['visi]
	[z]	zz → z	autorizzazion → autorizazzion	[awturi'za'sjũ:]

2. Something else to add

►A. Add "e" to the end of the feminine plural of nouns and adjectives that end in "a" in the singular

Example:

In Milanese orthography: Singolare: "cagna" → plural: "cagn"

In New Lombard Orthography: Singolare: "cagna" → plural: "cagne" (see also regular plural of nouns)

►B. Add er to the verbs of the third conjugation in the infinitive mood

Example:

In Milanese orthography: "mètt"

In New Lombard Orthography: "meter"

►C. Add "h" ahead of all the voices of the verb ‘’havé’’ (avè in Milanese orthography – to have)

►D. Do not put '"h" ahead of the voicese of the verb ‘’vesser‘’(vèss in Milanese orthography – to be)

►E. Insert an intravocalic "v" between "o" and "a" or between "a" e "o" or between "u" and "i", when it is present in the same word in any of the other Lombard dialects (many times just look if the same word contains a ‘’’v’’’ in Italian)

Example:

in Milanese orthography: Gioann

In New Lombard Orthography: Giovann (Italian: Giovanni)

►F. Add "l" at the end of singular nouns ending in "oeu"

Example:

In Milanese orthography: "fieou"

In New Lombard Orthography: "fioeul"

►G. Add "i" at the end of plural nouns ending in "oeu"

Example:

In Milanese orthography: "fieou"

In New Lombard Orthography: "fioeui"

►H. leave the accent written in the infinitive verbs in reflexive form

Example:

In Milanese orthography: "vardà" → reflexive form "vardass"

In New Lombard Orthography: "vardà" → reflexive form "vardàss"

►I. for some words ending in a long vowel, for etymological reasons a final consonant must be added which is different from the cases indicated in the table, there is no precise rule, however these are very rare cases.

Example:

In Milanese orthography: "boeu", "cuu"

In New Lombard Orthography: "boeuv", "cul"

►L. As for the articulated prepositions with "in": if you use the older Milanese spelling you must transform "ind el", "ind i" into "in del" "in di".