Kannada

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Introduction

Kannada language is spoken in India predominantly in the state of Karnataka.

Native speakers of Kannada are called Kannadigas and number roughly 38 million. It is one of the 40 most spoken languages in the world. It is one of the scheduled languages of India and the official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka. The Kannada language is written using the Kannada script. Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia, and literary Old Kannada flourished in the 6th century Ganga dynasty and during 9th century Rashtrakuta Dynasty. With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years, the excellence of Kannada literature continues to the present day. Works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards and fifty-six Sahitya Akademi awards. Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Linguistic Experts, appointed by the Ministry of Culture, the Government of India officially recognised Kannada as a classical language. In July 2011, a centre for the study of classical Kannada was established under the aegis of Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) at Mysore to facilitate research related to the language.

Influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit

The sources of influence on Kannada grammar appear to be three-fold; Panini's grammar, non-Paninian schools of Sanskrit grammar, particularly Katantra and Sakatayana schools, and Prakrit grammar. Literary Prakrit seemed to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times. The vernacular Prakrit speaking people, may have come in contact with the Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada was used for administrative or liturgical purpose. Kannada phonetics, morphology, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax show significant Sanskrit and Prakrit influence.

Some examples of naturalised (tatbhava) words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are baṇṇa derived from vaṇṇa, arasu (king), and from Sanskrit, varṇa (color), hunnime (new moon) from puṇṇivā, paurṇimā (full moon), and rāya from rāja (king). Kannada has numerous borrowed (tatsama) words such as dina, kopa, surya, mukha, nimiṣa, anna.

Literature

Old Kannada

The oldest existing record of Kannada poetry in tripadi metre is the Kappe Arabhatta record of 700 AD. Kavirajamarga by King Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I (850 AD) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardize various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King Durvinita of the 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 AD. Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier. An early Extant literature|extant prose work, the Vaddaradhane by Shivakotiacharya of 900 AD provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola. Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the Kavirajamarga are not yet traced. Some ancient texts now considered extinct but referenced in later centuries are Prabhrita (650 AD) by Syamakundacharya, Chudamani (Crest Jewel—650 AD) by Srivaradhadeva, also known as Tumbuluracharya, which is a work of 96,000 verse-measures and a commentary on logic (Tatwartha-mahashastra). The Karnateshwara Katha, a eulogy for King Pulakesi II, is said to have belonged to the 7th century; the Gajastaka, a work on elephant management by King Shivamara II, belonged to the 8th century, and the Chandraprabha-purana by Sri Vijaya, a court poet of King Amoghavarsha I, is ascribed to the early 9th century. Tamil Buddhist commentators of the 10th century AD (in the commentary on Nemrinatham, a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that Kannada literature must have flourished as early as the 4th century AD. The late classical period gave birth to several genres of Kannada literature, with new forms of composition coming into use, including Ragale (a form of blank verse) and meters like Sangatya and Shatpadi. The works of this period are based on Jainism|Jain and Hinduism|Hindu principles. Two of the early writers of this period are Harihara (poet)|Harihara and Raghavanka, trailblazers in their own right. Harihara established the Ragale form of composition while Raghavanka popularized the Shatpadi (six-lined stanza) meter. The Vachana|Vachana Sahitya tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature, and the sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were pithy poems on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include Basavanna, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi.

Middle Kannada

During the period between the 15th and 18th centuries, Hinduism had a great influence on Middle Kannada (Nadugannada) language and literature. Kumara Vyasa, who wrote the Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari, was arguably the most influential Kannada writer of this period. His work, entirely composed in the native Bhamini Shatpadi (hexa-meter), is a sublime adaptation of the first ten books of the Mahabharata. During this period, the Sanskritic influence is present in most abstract, religious, scientific and rhetorical terms. During this period, several Hindi and Marathi words came into Kannada, chiefly relating to feudalism and militia.

Hindu saints of the Vaishnava sect such as Kanakadasa, Purandaradasa, Naraharitirtha, Vyasatirtha, Sripadaraya, Vadirajatirtha, Vijaya Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Prasanna Venkatadasa produced devotional poems in this period. Kanakadasa's Ramadhanya Charite is a rare work, concerning with the issue of class struggle. This period saw the advent of Haridasa Sahitya (lit Dasa literature) which made rich contributions to bhakti literature and sowed the seeds of Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa is widely considered the Father of Carnatic music.

The Kannada works produced from the 19th century make a gradual transition and are classified as Hosagannada or Modern Kannada. Most notable among the modernists was the poet Nandalike Muddana whose writing may be described as the "Dawn of Modern Kannada", though generally, linguists treat Indira Bai or Saddharma Vijayavu by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary works in Modern Kannada. The first modern movable type printing of "Canarese" appears to be the Canarese Grammar of William Carey (missionary)|Carey printed at Serampore in 1817, and the "Bible translations into Kannada|Bible in Canarese" of John Hands in 1820. The first novel printed was John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, along with other texts including Canarese Proverbs, The History of Little Henry and his Bearer by Mary Martha Sherwood, Christian Gottlob Barth's Bible Stories and "a Canarese hymn book.” Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably Navodaya, Navya, Navyottara, Dalita and Bandaya. Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith|Jnanpith awards and fifty six Sahitya Academy awards.

Dialects

An example of spoken Kannada.

There is also a considerable difference between the spoken and written forms of the language. Spoken Kannada tends to vary from region to region. The written form is more or less consistent throughout Karnataka. The Ethnologue reports "about 20 dialects" of Kannada. Among them are Kundagannada (spoken exclusively in Kundapura), Nadavar-Kannada (spoken by Nadavaru), Havigannada (spoken mainly by Havyaka Brahmins), Are Bhashe (spoken by Gowda community mainly in the Sullia region of Dakshina Kannada), Soliga, Gulbarga Kannada, Dharawad Kannada etc. All of these dialects are influenced by their regional and cultural background Ethnologue also classifies a group of four languages related to Kannada, which are, besides Kannada proper, Badaga language|Badaga, Holiya and Urali.

Geographic distribution

Kannada is mainly spoken in Karnataka in India, and to a good extent in the border areas of neighbouring states Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa, as well as in sizeable communities in the USA, Europe, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Middle Eastern countries, Canada, Malaysia, Australia, the UK, and Singapore.

Official status

Kannada is one of the 23 official languages of India and is an administrative language of the State of Karnataka. It is also one of the six classical languages of India.

Writing system

The language uses forty-nine phonemic letters, divided into three groups: swaragalu (vowels – thirteen letters); vyanjanagalu (consonants – thirty-four letters); and yogavaahakagalu (neither vowel nor consonant – two letters: the anusvara ಂ and the visarga ಃ), The character set is almost identical to that of other Languages of India|Indian languages. The script itself, derived from Brahmi script, is fairly complicated like most other languages of India owing to the occurrence of various combinations of "half-letters" (glyphs), or symbols that attach to various letters in a manner similar to diacritical marks in the Romance languages. The Kannada script is almost perfectly phonetic, but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a half m). The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the forty-nine characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottakshara). Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable, as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English. The Kannada script is syllabic.

Obsolete Kannada letters

Kannada literary works employed the letters ಱ (transliterated 'rh') and ೞ (transliterated 'ḻ', 'lh' or 'zh'), whose manner of articulation most plausibly could be akin to those in present-day Malayalam and Tamil language|Tamil. The letters dropped out of use in the 12th and 18th centuries, respectively. Later Kannada works replaced 'rh' and 'lh' with ರ (ra) and ಳ (la) respectively. Another letter (or unclassified vyanjana (consonant)) that has become extinct is 'nh' or 'inn'. (Likewise, this has its equivalent in Malayalam and Tamil.) The usage of this consonant was observed until the 1980s in Kannada works from the mostly coastal areas of Karnataka (especially the Dakshina Kannada district). Now hardly any mainstream works use this consonant. This letter has been replaced by ನ್ (consonant n).

Kannada script evolution

The image below shows the evolution of Kannada script from prehistoric times to modern period. The Kannada script evolved in stages like:

Proto Kannada -> Pre-Old Kannada -> Old Kannada -> Modern Kannada.

The ProtoKannada script has its root in ancient Brahmi and evolved around c.3rd century BCE. The Pre-Old Kannada script evolved around c.4th century CE. Old Kannada script can be traced to c.10th Century CE. while Modern Kannada script came around c.17th Century CE.

Grammar

The canonical word order of Kannada is SOV(subject–object–verb) as is the case with Dravidian languages.Kannada is a highly inflected language with three Grammatical gender|genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter or common) and two numbers (singular and plural). It is inflected for gender, number and tense, among other things. The first authoritative known book on Kannada grammar is Shabdhamanidarpana by Keshiraaja. The first available Kannada book is a treatise on poetry: Kavirajamarga. The most influential account of Kannada grammar is Keshiraja's Shabdamanidarpana (c. 1260 CE). The earlier grammatical works include portions of Kavirajamarga (a treatise on alańkāra) of the 9th century, and Kavyavalokana and Karnatakabhashabhushana (both authored by Nagavarma II in the first half of the 12th century).

Compound bases

Compound bases, called samāsa in Kannada, are a set of two or more words compounded together. There are several types of compound bases, based on the rules followed for compounding Examples: tangaaLi, hemmara, immadi.

Gender

According to Keshiraja's Shabdamanidarpana, there are nine gender forms in Kannada. However, in modern Kannada literature only three gender forms are used in practice: masculine, feminine, and neutral.

Masculine Pullinga

Words that denote male persons are considered to have masculine gender.

Examples: Shiva, Bhima, Rama, arasa 'king'

Feminine Stree linga

Words that denote female persons are considered to have feminine gender.

Examples: Parvati, Lakshmi, Saraswati, amma 'mother'

Neuter Napunsaka

Nouns that do not belong to either of the above two classes are considered to have neuter gender.

Alphabet

Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ) is written with the Kannada alphabet (ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ). It is an abugida of the Brahmic family. The Kannada and Telugu alphabets are essentially regional calligraphic variants of a single script. The form of Kannada was strongly influenced by stone carving, and therefore most of the characters are round with straight strokes/wedges. This script is also used to write the Telugu language, Tulu Language, Banada Language,onkani by the Konkani diaspora in coastal Karnataka. what is called for kagunita in English.

General

Kannada script has forty-nine characters in its alphasyllabary and is phonemic. The Kannada character set is almost identical to that of other Languages of India|Indian languages. The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the 49 characters in the alphasyllabary, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottaksharas). Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable, as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English language|English. The Kannada writing system is an abugida, with consonants appearing with an inherent vowel.

The characters are classified into three categories: swaras (vowels), vyanjanas (consonants) and Yogavaahakas (part vowel, part consonants).

The name given for a pure, true letter is akshara, akkara or varna. Each letter has its own form (ākāra) and sound (shabda); providing the visible and audible representations, respectively. Kannada is written from left to right.Kannada alphabet (aksharamale or varnamale) now consists of 49 letters.

Each sound has its own distinct letter, and therefore every word is pronounced exactly as it is spelt; so the ear is a sufficient guide. After the exact sounds of the letters have been once gained, every word can be pronounced with perfect accuracy. The accent falls on the first syllable.

Vowels

There are fourteen vowels (swaras).

Kannada	ISO notation	IPA Notation	Unicode name
ಅ	a	a	KANNADA LETTER A
ಆ	ā	a:	KANNADA LETTER AA
ಇ	e	e	KANNADA LETTER E
ಈ	e	e:	KANNADA LETTER EE
ಉ	u	u	KANNADA LETTER U
ಊ	ū	u:	KANNADA LETTER UU
ಋ	r̥	ru	KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC Ru
ೠ	r̥̄	ru:	KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC Ruu^[1]
ಎ	i	i	KANNADA LETTER AE
ಏ	ii	i:	KANNADA LETTER AEE
ಐ	ai	ai	KANNADA LETTER AI
ಒ	o	o	KANNADA LETTER O
ಓ	ō	o:	KANNADA LETTER OO
ಔ	au	au	KANNADA LETTER AU

Yogavaahaka's

The Yogavaahaka's (part-vowel, part consonant) include two letters:

The anusvara: ಅಂ (am)
The visarga: ಅಃ (aha)

Consonants

Two types of consonants are identified in Kannada: the structured consonants and the unstructured consonants. The structured consonants are classified according to where the tongue touches the palate of the mouth and are classified accordingly into five structured groups.

Structured consonants

These consonants are shown here with the IAST symbols and the unicode name following.

	voiceless	aspirate	voiced	aspirate	nasal
Velars	ಕ (ka)	ಖ (kha)	ಗ (ga)	ಘ (gha)	ಙ (nga)
Palatals	ಚ (cha)	ಛ (chha)	ಜ (ja)	ಝ (jha)	ಞ (nya)
Retroflex	ಟ (tta)	ಠ (ttha)	ಡ (dda)	ಢ (ddha)	ಣ (nna)
Dentals	ತ (ta)	ಥ (tha)	ದ (da)	ಧ (dha)	ನ (na)
Labials	ಪ (pa)	ಫ (pha)	ಬ (ba)	ಭ (bha)	ಮ (ma)

See place of articulation for more information on tongue positions.

Unstructured consonants

The unstructured consonants are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures:

ಯ (ya), ರ (ra), ಱ (ṟ) (obsolete), ಲ (la), ವ (va), ಶ (sha), ಷ (ssa), ಸ (sa), ಹ (ha), ಳ (lla), ೞ (ll) (obsolete).

Numerals

The decimal numerals in the script are:

Kannada		Arabic numerals
೦	sonne	0	Zero
೧	ondu	1	One
೨	eraḍu	2	Two
೩	mūru	3	Three
೪	nālku	4	Four
೫	aidu	5	Five
೬	āru	6	Six
೭	ēḷu	7	Seven
೮	enṭu	8	Eight
೯	oṃbattu	9	Nine

Akshara

Written Kannada is composed of akshara or kagunita, corresponding to syllables. The signs for consonants may combine with the signs for vowels to form Typographic ligature|ligatures. Each kagunita corresponds to a syllable. In the table below the top row lists the vowels, and the leftmost column from row 2 down the consonants (actually represented by kagunita, namely that obtained by combining each consonant with the "neutral" vowel 'a'). The remaining cells contain the corresponding kagunita obtained by combining the consonant of that row with the vowel of that column.

Formation example:

consonant(IPA)	vowels sign(Vowel, IPA)	Kagunita	IPA
ದ್ (p)	(ಅ, a)	ದ	da
ದ್	ಾ (ಆ, aː)	ದಾ	da:
ದ್	ಿ(ಇ, i)	ದಿ	di
ದ್	ೀ(ಈ, iː)	ದೀ	di:
ದ್	ು(ಉ, u)	ದು	du
ದ್	ೂ(ಊ, uː)	ದೂ	du:
ದ್	ೃ(ಋ, r<)	ದೃ	dr<
ದ್	ೆ(ಎ, e)	ದೆ	de
ದ್	ೇ(ಏ, e:)	ದೇ	de:
ದ್	ೈ(ಐ, ai)	ದೈ	dai
ದ್	ೊ(ಒ, o)	ದೊ	do
ದ್	ೋ(ಓ, o:)	ದೋ	do:
ದ್	ೌ(ಔ, au)	ದೌ	dau
ದ್	ಂ(ಅಂ, aṃ)	ದಂ	daṃ
ದ್	ಃ(ಅಃ, aḥ)	ದ:	daḥ


ಅ	ಆ	ಇ	ಈ	ಉ	ಊ	ಋ	ಎ	ಏ	ಐ	ಒ	ಓ	ಔ	ಅಂ	ಅಃ	(no vowel)
ಕ	ಕಾ	ಕಿ	ಕೀ	ಕು	ಕೂ	ಕೃ	ಕೆ	ಕೇ	ಕೈ	ಕೊ	ಕೋ	ಕೌ	ಕಂ	ಕಃ	ಕ್
ಖ	ಖಾ	ಖಿ	ಖೀ	ಖು	ಖೂ	ಖೃ	ಖೆ	ಖೇ	ಖೈ	ಖೊ	ಖೋ	ಖೌ	ಖಂ	ಖಃ	ಖ್
ಗ	ಗಾ	ಗಿ	ಗೀ	ಗು	ಗೂ	ಗೃ	ಗೆ	ಗೇ	ಗೈ	ಗೊ	ಗೋ	ಗೌ	ಗಂ	ಗಃ	ಗ್
ಘ	ಘಾ	ಘಿ	ಘೀ	ಘು	ಘೂ	ಘೃ	ಘೆ	ಘೇ	ಘೈ	ಘೊ	ಘೋ	ಘೌ	ಘಂ	ಘಃ	ಘ್
ಙ	ಙಾ	ಙಿ	ಙೀ	ಙು	ಙೂ	ಙೃ	ಙೆ	ಙೇ	ಙೈ	ಙೊ	ಙೋ	ಙೌ	ಙಂ	ಙಃ	ಙ್
ಚ	ಚಾ	ಚಿ	ಚೀ	ಚು	ಚೂ	ಚೃ	ಚೆ	ಚೇ	ಚೈ	ಚೊ	ಚೋ	ಚೌ	ಚಂ	ಚಃ	ಚ್
ಛ	ಛಾ	ಛಿ	ಛೀ	ಛು	ಛೂ	ಛೃ	ಛೆ	ಛೇ	ಛೈ	ಛೊ	ಛೋ	ಛೌ	ಛಂ	ಛಃ	ಛ್
ಜ	ಜಾ	ಜಿ	ಜೀ	ಜು	ಜೂ	ಜೃ	ಜೆ	ಜೇ	ಜೈ	ಜೊ	ಜೋ	ಜೌ	ಜಂ	ಜಃ	ಜ್
ಝ	ಝಾ	ಝಿ	ಝೀ	ಝು	ಝೂ	ಝೃ	ಝೆ	ಝೇ	ಝೈ	ಝೊ	ಝೋ	ಝೌ	ಝಂ	ಝಃ	ಝ್
ಞ	ಞಾ	ಞಿ	ಞೀ	ಞು	ಞೂ	ಞೃ	ಞೆ	ಞೇ	ಞೈ	ಞೊ	ಞೋ	ಞೌ	ಞಂ	ಞಃ	ಞ್
ಟ	ಟಾ	ಟಿ	ಟೀ	ಟು	ಟೂ	ಟೃ	ಟೆ	ಟೇ	ಟೈ	ಟೊ	ಟೋ	ಟೌ	ಟಂ	ಟಃ	ಟ್
ಠ	ಠಾ	ಠಿ	ಠೀ	ಠು	ಠೂ	ಠೃ	ಠೆ	ಠೇ	ಠೈ	ಠೊ	ಠೋ	ಠೌ	ಠಂ	ಠಃ	ಠ್
ಡ	ಡಾ	ಡಿ	ಡೀ	ಡು	ಡೂ	ಡೃ	ಡೆ	ಡೇ	ಡೈ	ಡೊ	ಡೋ	ಡೌ	ಡಂ	ಡಃ	ಡ್
ಢ	ಢಾ	ಢಿ	ಢೀ	ಢು	ಢೂ	ಢೃ	ಢೆ	ಢೇ	ಢೈ	ಢೊ	ಢೋ	ಢೌ	ಢಂ	ಢಃ	ಢ್
ಣ	ಣಾ	ಣಿ	ಣೀ	ಣು	ಣೂ	ಣೃ	ಣೆ	ಣೇ	ಣೈ	ಣೊ	ಣೋ	ಣೌ	ಣಂ	ಣಃ	ಣ್
ತ	ತಾ	ತಿ	ತೀ	ತು	ತೂ	ತೃ	ತೆ	ತೇ	ತೈ	ತೊ	ತೋ	ತೌ	ತಂ	ತಃ	ತ್
ಥ	ಥಾ	ಥಿ	ಥೀ	ಥು	ಥೂ	ಥೃ	ಥೆ	ಥೇ	ಥೈ	ಥೊ	ಥೋ	ಥೌ	ಥಂ	ಥಃ	ಥ್
ದ	ದಾ	ದಿ	ದೀ	ದು	ದೂ	ದೃ	ದೆ	ದೇ	ದೈ	ದೊ	ದೋ	ದೌ	ದಂ	ದಃ	ದ್
ಧ	ಧಾ	ಧಿ	ಧೀ	ಧು	ಧೂ	ಧೃ	ಧೆ	ಧೇ	ಧೈ	ಧೊ	ಧೋ	ಧೌ	ಧಂ	ಧಃ	ಧ್
ನ	ನಾ	ನಿ	ನೀ	ನು	ನೂ	ನೃ	ನೆ	ನೇ	ನೈ	ನೊ	ನೋ	ನೌ	ನಂ	ನಃ	ನ್
ಪ	ಪಾ	ಪಿ	ಪೀ	ಪು	ಪೂ	ಪೃ	ಪೆ	ಪೇ	ಪೈ	ಪೊ	ಪೋ	ಪೌ	ಪಂ	ಪಃ	ಪ್
ಫ	ಫಾ	ಫಿ	ಫೀ	ಫು	ಫೂ	ಫೃ	ಫೆ	ಫೇ	ಫೈ	ಫೊ	ಫೋ	ಫೌ	ಫಂ	ಫಃ	ಫ್
ಬ	ಬಾ	ಬಿ	ಬೀ	ಬು	ಬೂ	ಬೃ	ಬೆ	ಬೇ	ಬೈ	ಬೊ	ಬೋ	ಬೌ	ಬಂ	ಬಃ	ಬ್
ಭ	ಭಾ	ಭಿ	ಭೀ	ಭು	ಭೂ	ಭೃ	ಭೆ	ಭೇ	ಭೈ	ಭೊ	ಭೋ	ಭೌ	ಭಂ	ಭಃ	ಭ್
ಮ	ಮಾ	ಮಿ	ಮೀ	ಮು	ಮೂ	ಮೃ	ಮೆ	ಮೇ	ಮೈ	ಮೊ	ಮೋ	ಮೌ	ಮಂ	ಮಃ	ಮ್
ಯ	ಯಾ	ಯಿ	ಯೀ	ಯು	ಯೂ	ಯೃ	ಯೆ	ಯೇ	ಯೈ	ಯೊ	ಯೋ	ಯೌ	ಯಂ	ಯಃ	ಯ್
ರ	ರಾ	ರಿ	ರೀ	ರು	ರೂ	ರೃ	ರೆ	ರೇ	ರೈ	ರೊ	ರೋ	ರೌ	ರಂ	ರಃ	ರ್
ಱ	ಱಾ	ಱಿ	ಱೀ	ಱು	ಱೂ	ಱೃ	ಱೆ	ಱೇ	ಱೈ	ಱೊ	ಱೋ	ಱೌ	ಱಂ	ಱಃ	ಱ್
ಲ	ಲಾ	ಲಿ	ಲೀ	ಲು	ಲೂ	ಲೃ	ಲೆ	ಲೇ	ಲೈ	ಲೊ	ಲೋ	ಲೌ	ಲಂ	ಲಃ	ಲ್
ವ	ವಾ	ವಿ	ವೀ	ವು	ವೂ	ವೃ	ವೆ	ವೇ	ವೈ	ವೊ	ವೋ	ವೌ	ವಂ	ವಃ	ವ್
ಶ	ಶಾ	ಶಿ	ಶೀ	ಶು	ಶೂ	ಶೃ	ಶೆ	ಶೇ	ಶೈ	ಶೊ	ಶೋ	ಶೌ	ಶಂ	ಶಃ	ಶ್
ಷ	ಷಾ	ಷಿ	ಷೀ	ಷು	ಷೂ	ಷೃ	ಷೆ	ಷೇ	ಷೈ	ಷೊ	ಷೋ	ಷೌ	ಷಂ	ಷಃ	ಷ್
ಸ	ಸಾ	ಸಿ	ಸೀ	ಸು	ಸೂ	ಸೃ	ಸೆ	ಸೇ	ಸೈ	ಸೊ	ಸೋ	ಸೌ	ಸಂ	ಸಃ	ಸ್
ಹ	ಹಾ	ಹಿ	ಹೀ	ಹು	ಹೂ	ಹೃ	ಹೆ	ಹೇ	ಹೈ	ಹೊ	ಹೋ	ಹೌ	ಹಂ	ಹಃ	ಹ್
ಳ	ಳಾ	ಳಿ	ಳೀ	ಳು	ಳೂ	ಳೃ	ಳೆ	ಳೇ	ಳೈ	ಳೊ	ಳೋ	ಳೌ	ಳಂ	ಳಃ	ಳ್
ೞ	ೞಾ	ೞಿ	ೞೀ	ೞು	ೞೂ	ೞೃ	ೞೆ	ೞೇ	ೞೈ	ೞೊ	ೞೋ	ೞೌ	ೞಂ	ೞಃ	ೞ್

Greetings

Kannada	Transliteration	English
ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ, ಹೇಗಿದ್ದೀರಾ?	Namaskara, hegiddeera?	Hi/Hello, how are you?
ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ, ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿದ್ದೀರಾ?	Namaskara, chennagiddeera?	Hi, are you keeping well?
ಶುಭ ಮುಂಜಾನೆ/ಶುಭೋದಯ	Shubha munjaane/shubhodaya	Good morning
ಶುಭ ರಾತ್ರಿ	Shubha raathri	Good night

Talking about oneself


Kannada	English Transliteration	English Translation
ನನ್ನ ಹೆಸರು ಮಾಯ.	Nanna hesaru Maya.	My name is Maya.
ನಿಮ್ಮ ಹೆಸರು ಏನು?	Nimma hesaru yenu?	What is your name? (formal/plural)
ನಿನ್ನ ಹೆಸರು ಏನು?	Ninna hesaru yenu?	What is your name? (informal/singular)
ನನ್ನ ಊರು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು.	Nanna Ooru Bengaluru.	My native place is Bangalore. (More commonly worded as "I am from Bangalore.")

Questions

Kannada	Transliteration	English
ನಿಮ್ಮ ಹೆಸರೇನು?	Nimma Hesarenu?	What's your name?
ಹೇಗಿದ್ದೀರಾ?	Hegiddira?	How are you?
ಏನು ಮಾಡುತಿದ್ದೀರಾ?	Yenu Maaduthiddira?	What are you doing?

Food and Drink

ಆಹಾರ/Food

Kannada	Transliteration	English
ಬೆಳಗ್ಗಿನ ಉಪಹಾರ	Belaggina Upahara	Morning Tiffin
ಮಸಾಲೆ ದೋಸೆ ಮತ್ತು ಚಟ್ನಿ/ಸಾಂಬಾರ್	Masale Dose matthu chatni/sambar	Masala Dosa and chutney/sambar
ಚಪಾತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಚಟ್ನಿ/ಸಾಂಬಾರ್	Chapathi matthu chatni	Chapathi and chutney
ಪೂರಿ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಗೂ/ಚಟ್ನಿ	Poori matthu saagoo/chatni	Poori and saagoo/chutney
ಇಡ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ಚಟ್ನಿ/ಸಾಂಬಾರ್	Edli matthu chatni/sambar	Idli and chutney/sambar
ಉದ್ದಿನ ವಡೆ ಮತ್ತು ಚಟ್ನಿ/ಸಾಂಬಾರ್	Uddina vade matthu chatni/sambar	Uddina vade and chutney/sambar
ಪಲಾವ್	Palav	Pulav
ಚಿತ್ರಾನ್ನ	Chitranna	Lemon Rice
ಉಪ್ಪಿಟ್ಟು	Uppittu	Upma
ಬಿಸಿಬೇಳೆಬಾತ್	Bisibelebath	Bisibelebath
ಶಾವಿಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ಚಟ್ನಿ	Shaavige matthu chutney	Noodles and chutney
ಗಂಜಿ	Ganji	Ganji
ಖಾರ ಬಾತ್	Khara bath	Khara bath
ಚೌಚೌಬಾತ್	Chou chou bath	Chow chow bath
ಮಧ್ಯಾನ್ಹದ ಭೋಜನ	Madhyanada Bhojana	Afternoon Meals
ಅನ್ನ ಹುಳಿ	Anna Huli	Rice and Sambar
ರಾಗಿ ಮುದ್ದೆ	Raagi Mudde	Raagi Balls
ಅನ್ನ ತಂಬುಳಿ	Anna Thambuli	Rice Thambuli
ಗಂಜಿ	Ganji	Ganji
ಪಲಾವ್	Palav	Pulav

ಪಾನೀಯಗಳು /Drinks

Kannada	Transliteration	English
ಆಪಲ್ ಶರಬತ್ತು	Apple Sharabatthu	Apple juice
ನಿಂಬೆಹಣ್ಣು ಶರಬತ್ತು	Nimbehannu Sharabatthu	Lemon juice
ಮಾವಿನಹಣ್ಣು ಶರಬತ್ತು	Maavinahannu Sharabatthu	Mango juice
ಕಲ್ಲಂಗಡಿ ಶರಬತ್ತು	Kallangadi Sharabatthu	Watermelon juice
ಅನಾನಸ್ ಶರಬತ್ತು	Ananas Sharabatthu	Pineapple juice
ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ ಶರಬತ್ತು	Kasthuri Sharabatthu	Muskmelon juice
ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ ಶರಬತ್ತು	Drakshi Sharabatthu	Grape juice
ಮೂಸಂಬಿ ಶರಬತ್ತು	Moosambi Sharabatthu	Sweet lime juice
ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ ಶರಬತ್ತು	Kittale Sharabatthu	Orange juice
ಬೆಣ್ಣೆ ಹಣ್ಣು ಶರಬತ್ತು	Benne Hannu Sharabatthu	Butterfruit juice

Numbers

Kannada numbers

English		Transliteration in Kannada
	(Short scale Western) symbol	sankhye (galu)		Numbers in Kannada
Zero	0	sonne	ಸೊನ್ನೆ	೦
One	1	ondu	ಒಂದು	೧
Two	2	yeradu	ಎರಡು	೨
Three	3	mooru	ಮೂರು	೩
Four	4	naalku	ನಾಲ್ಕು	೪
Five	5	aidu	ಐದು	೫
Six	6	aaru	ಆರು	೬
Seven	7	aelu	ಏಳು	೭
Eight	8	entu	ಎಂಟು	೮
Nine	9	ombatthu	ಒಂಬತ್ತು	೯
Ten	10	hatthu	ಹತ್ತು	೧೦
Eleven	11	hannondu	ಹನ್ನೊಂದು	೧೧
Twelve	12	hanneradu	ಹನ್ನೆರಡು	೧೨
Thirteen	13	hadimooru	ಹದಿಮೂರು	೧೩
Fourteen	14	hadinalku	ಹದಿನಾಲ್ಕು	೧೪
Fifteen	15	hadinaidu	ಹದಿನೈದು	೧೫
Sixteen	16	hadinaaru	ಹದಿನಾರು	೧೬
Seventeen	17	hadinelu	ಹದಿನೇಳು	೧೭
Eighteen	18	hadinentu	ಹದಿನೆಂಟು	೧೮
Nineteen	19	hathombattu	ಹತ್ತೊಂಬತ್ತು	೧೯
Twenty	20	ippatthu	ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತು	೨೦
Twenty-One	21	ippattondu	ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತೊಂದು	೨೧
Thirty	30	moovatthu	ಮೂವತ್ತು	೩೦
Forty	40	nalavatthu	ನಲವತ್ತು	೪೦
Fifty	50	aivatthu	ಐವತ್ತು	೫೦
Sixty	60	aravatthu	ಅರವತ್ತು	೬೦
Seventy	70	yepatthu	ಎಪ್ಪತ್ತು	೭೦
Eighty	80	embatthu	ಎಂಬತ್ತು	೮೦
Ninety	90	thombatthu	ತೊಂಬತ್ತು	೯೦
Hundred	100	nooru	ನೂರು	೧೦೦
Thousand	1000	saavira	ಸಾವಿರ	೧,೦೦೦
Ten Thousand	10000	hatthu saavira	ಹತ್ತುಸಾವಿರ	೧೦,೦೦೦
Lakh	100000	laksha	ಲಕ್ಷ	೧,೦೦,೦೦೦
Ten Lakh	1000000	hattulaksha	ಹತ್ತುಲಕ್ಷ	೧೦,೦೦,೦೦೦
Crore	10000000	koti	ಕೋಟಿ	೧,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦
Ten Crore	100000000	dhashkoti	ಹತ್ತುಕೋಟಿ	೧೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦
One Billion	1000000000	abja(shatkoti,mahaburdh)	ಅಬ್ಜ(ಶತಕೋಟಿ,ಮಹರ್ಬುಧ)	೧,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦
Ten Billion	10000000000	kharwa	ಖರ್ವ	೧೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦
One hundred billion	100000000000	nikharwa(Akshit)	ನಿಖರ್ವ(ಅಕ್ಷಿತ)	೧,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦
One trillion	1000000000000	Mahapadma	ಮಹಾಪದ್ಮ	೧೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦
Ten trillion	10000000000000	shankhu	ಶ೦ಖು	೧,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦
One hundred trillion	100000000000000	Jaladhi	ಜಲಧಿ	೧೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦
One quadrillion	1000000000000000	anthia	ಅ೦ತ್ಯ	೧,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦
Ten quadrillion	10000000000000000	madhya	ಮಧ್ಯ	೧೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦
One hundred quadrillion	100000000000000000	Padhe(mahā-śaṅku)	ಪ್ರಧೆ(ಮಹಾ ಶ೦ಖು)	೧,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦
Ten sextillion	10²²	vṛnda	ವ್ರ್ನದಾ	೧೦²²
One octillion	10²⁷	mahā vṛnda	ಮಹಾವ್ರ್ನದಾ	೧೦²⁷
Ten sexdecillion	10⁵²	Samudra	ಸಮುದ್ರಾ	೧೦⁵²
One octillion	10⁵⁷	ogha	ಒಘಾ	೧೦⁵⁷
One hundred novemdecillion	10⁶²	ogha	ಮಹಾಒಘಾ	೧೦⁶²

Accomodations


English	Transliteration	Kannada
house	mane	ಮನೆ
storey	mahaDi	ಮಹಡಿ
room	kONe	ಕೋಣೆ

Zodiac Signs

Zodiac/ರಾಶಿಗಳು	Transl.	Zodiac Signs	Gloss/ಅರ್ಥ	Dates/ ದಿನಾಂಕ	Planet/ಗ್ರಹ (Symbol/ಚಿನ್ಹೆ)	Element/ಅಂಶ (Symbol/ಚಿನ್ಹೆ)	Polarity/ ಧ್ರುವೀಯತೆ	Modality/ಕ್ರಮಬದ್ಧತೆ (Symbol/ಚಿನ್ಹೆ)
ಮೇಷ	Mesha	Aries	The Ram/ ಟಗರು	Mar 21 - Apr 19	Mars/ಮಂಗಳ ()	Fire/ಅಗ್ನಿ ()	Positive(+)	Cardinal/ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕ ()
ವೃಷಭ	Vrushabha	Taurus	The Bull/ ಗೂಳಿ	Apr 20 - May 20	Venus/ಶುಕ್ರ ()	Earth/ಭೂಮಿ ()	Negative (-)	Fixed/ಸ್ಥಿರ ( )
ಮಿಥುನ	Mithuna	Gemini	The Twins/ ಗಂಡು ಹೆಣ್ಣು (ಅವಳಿ)	May 21 - Jun 20	Mercury/ಬುಧ ()	Air/ವಾಯು ()	Positive (+)	Mutable/ ಬದಲಾಗುವಂಥದ್ದು ()
ಕರ್ಕಾಟಕ	Karkataka	Cancer	The Crab/ ಏಡಿ	Jun 21 - Jul 22	Moon/ಚಂದ್ರ ()	Water/ಜಲ ()	Negative (-)	Cardinal/ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕ ()
ಸಿಂಹ	Simha	Leo	The Lion/ ಸಿಂಹ	Jul 23 - Aug 22	Sun/ಸೂರ್ಯ ()	Fire/ಅಗ್ನಿ ()	Positive (+)	Fixed/ಸ್ಥಿರ ( )
ಕನ್ಯಾ	Kanya	Virgo	The Maiden/ ಕನ್ಯೆ	Aug 23 - Sep 22	Mercury/ಬುಧ ()	Earth/ಭೂಮಿ ()	Negative (-)	Mutable/ ಬದಲಾಗುವಂಥದ್ದು ()
ತುಲಾ	Thula	Libra	The Scales/ ತಕ್ಕಡಿ	Sep 23 - Oct 22	Venus/ಶುಕ್ರ ()	Air/ವಾಯು ()	Positive (+)	Cardinal/ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕ ()
ವೃಶ್ಚಿಕ	Vrishchika	Scorpio	The Scorpion/ ಚೇಳು	Oct 23 - Nov 21	Mars/ಮಂಗಳ ()	Water/ಜಲ ()	Negative (-)	Fixed/ಸ್ಥಿರ ( )
^***ಧನು	Dhanu	Sagittarius	The Archer/ ಬಿಲ್ಲುಗಾರ	Nov 22 - Dec 21	Jupiter/ಗುರು ()	Fire/ಅಗ್ನಿ ()	Positve (+)	Mutable/ ಬದಲಾಗುವಂಥದ್ದು ()
ಮಕರ	Makara	Capricorn	The Crocodile/ ಮೊಸಳೆ	Dec 22 - Jan 21	Saturn/ಶನಿ ()	Earth/ಭೂಮಿ ()	Negative (-)	Cardinal/ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕ ()
ಕುಂಭ	Kumbha	Aquarius	The Water -bearer/ ನೀರು ಹೂಜಿ	Jan 22 - Feb 18	Saturn/ಶನಿ ()	Air/ವಾಯು ()	Positve (+)	Fixed/ಸ್ಥಿರ ( )
ಮೀನ	Meena	Pisces	The Fish/ ಮೀನು	Feb 19 - Mar 20	Jupiter/ಗುರು ()	Water/ಜಲ ()	Negative (-)	Mutable/ ಬದಲಾಗುವಂಥದ್ದು ()

^*** Ophiuchus (Kannada:ಒಫಿಯುಕಸ್) (November 29 to December 18) has sometimes been used in sidereal astrology as a thirteenth sign in addition to the twelve signs of the tropical Zodiac.^[1]^[2]

References

↑ "About the Controversial 13th Zodiac Sign". cosmopolitan.com. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
↑ "Born under the sign of Ophiuchus?". earthsky.org. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.

Noun

Noun: Naamavachakagalu or Hesarugalu. Ex: Manjunatha, Bengalooru, Karnataka.

Verb

English	Transliteration in Kannada	Kannada
eat	thinnu / unnu	ತಿನ್ನು / ಉಣ್ಣು
come	baa	ಬಾ
go	hogu	ಹೋಗು
drink	kudi	ಕುಡಿ
sleep	Malagu	ಮಲಗು
read	odhu	ಓದು
write	bari	ಬರಿ
sit	Kulituko / kutko / kooru / kundru	ಕುಳಿತುಕೋ / ಕೂತ್ಕೋ / ಕೂರು / ಕುಂಡ್ರು
stand	ninduko / nill(u)	ನಿಂತ್ಕೋ / ನಿಲ್ಲು
ask	kelu	ಕೇಳು
call	kare / kari	ಕರೆ / ಕರಿ
do	madu	ಮಾಡು
gulp	nungu	ನುಂಗು
walk	nade / nadi	ನಡೆ / ನಡಿ
run	odu	ಓಡು
give	kodu	ಕೊಡು
take	tagedko / tago	ತೆಗೆದುಕೊ / ತಗೊ
shout	Kirachu / odaru	ಕಿರಚು / ಒದರು
talk	matadu	ಮಾತಾಡು
tell	helu	ಹೇಳು
jump	egaru / jigi / kudi	ಎಗರು / ಜಿಗಿ / ಕುದಿ
bend	baggu / baagu	ಬಗ್ಗು / ಬಾಗು
push	Tallu / doodu / nooku / dabbu	ತಳ್ಳು / ದೂಡು / ನೂಕು / ದಬ್ಬು
snatch	kitthuko / keelu	ಕಿತ್ತುಕೊ / ಕೀಳು
look	nodu / kaanu	ನೋಡು / ಕಾಣು
listen	kelisiko / aalisu	ಕೇಳಿಸಿಕೊ / ಆಲಿಸು

Animals

English	Transliteration
Animal	prANi
Domestic animal	sAku prANi
Wild animal	kADu prANi
Elephant	Ane
Bird	pakshi
Rat	Heggana/Ili
Bullock	etthu
Female buffalo	eMMe
Camel	OnTe
Donkey	katte
Frog	kappe
Bear	karaDi
Horse	kudure
Sheep	kuri
Ox	ettu
Male buffalo	kona
Monkey	kOthi, kapi
Rhinoceros	gEnDamruga
Leopard	chirate
Deer	jinke
Wolf	tOLa
Fox	nari
Dog	nAyi
Hippopotamus	neerAne
Cat	beKKu
Goat	mEke
Rabbit	mola
Lion	simha
Pig	handi
Cow	hasu
Snake	hAvu
Tiger	huli
Zebra	hEsaragatte
Boar	Kadu handi
Fish	Meenu
Crocodile	Mosale

Birds

English	Transliteration	Kannada
Birds	hakki/pakshi	ಹಕ್ಕಿ/ಪಕ್ಷಿ
Cock	hunja	ಹುಂಜ
Crow	kaage	ಕಾಗೆ
Duck	baatukoli	ಬಾತುಕೋಳಿ
Eagle	haddu	ಹದ್ದು
Hen	koli	ಕೋಳಿ
Owl	goobe	ಗೂಬೆ
Parrot	gili	ಗಿಳಿ
Peacock	navilu	ನವಿಲು
Pigeon	paarivaala	ಪಾರಿವಾಳ
Sparrow	gubbacchhi	ಗುಬ್ಬಚ್ಚಿ
Stork	kokkare	ಕೊಕ್ಕರೆ
Coucal	kembhuta	ಕೆಂಭೂತ
Red wattled lapwing	tittiba	ಟಿಟ್ಟಿಬ
Falcon	Lagada	ಲಗಡ
Vulture	Ranahaddu	ರಣಹದ್ದು
Woodpecker	Marakutaka	ಮರಕುಟಕ ಹಕ್ಕಿ
Red-whiskered bulbul	Juttina hakki	ಜುಟ್ಟಿನ ಹಕ್ಕಿ
Baya weaver bird	Geejaga hakki	ಗೀಜಗ ಹಕ್ಕಿ
Swallows	Thale thirugina hakki	ತಲೆತಿರುಗಿನ ಹಕ್ಕಿ
Jungle bush quail	Purule hakki	ಪುರುಲೆ ಹಕ್ಕಿ
Ostrich		ಉಷ್ಟ್ರಪಕ್ಷಿ

Body

English . . .	Transliteration	Kannada
Back	Benu	ಬೆನ್ನು
Bone	moole/elubu	ಮೂಳೆ/ಎಲುಬು
Cheek	kenne/ galla	ಕೆನ್ನೆ/ಗಲ್ಲಾ
Chest	edhe	ಎದೆ
Chin	gaddha	ಗದ್ದಾ
Ear	kivi	ಕಿವಿ
Eye	kannu	ಕಣ್ಣು
Eyebrow	hubbu	ಹುಬ್ಬು
Eyelash	kannu reppe	ಕಣ್ಣು ರೆಪ್ಪೆ
Face	mukha	ಮುಖ
Finger	beralu	ಬೆರಳು
Foot	paada	ಪಾದ
Fore Finger	toruberalu	ತೋರುಬೆರಳು
Forehead	hane	ಹಣೆ
Hair	koodalu	ಕೂದಲು
Hand	kai	ಕೈ
Head	tale	ತಲೆ
Heel	himmadi, keelu	ಹಿಮ್ಮಡಿ, ಕೀಲು
Knee	mandi	ಮಂಡಿ
Leg	kaalu	ಕಾಲು
Lips	thuti	ತುಟಿ
Little Finger	kiruberaLu	ಕಿರುಬೆರಳು
Middle Finger	madhyada beraLu	ಮಧ್ಯದ ಬೆರಳು
Mouth	baayi	ಬಾಯಿ
Neck	kattu	ಕತ್ತು
Shoulder	Bhuja	ಭುಜ
Nerve	nara	ನರ
Nose	moogu	ಮೂಗು
Palm	angai	ಅಂಗೈ
Ring Finger	anaamika	ಅನಾಮಿಕ
Skin	charma	ಚರ್ಮ
Stomach	hotte	ಹೊಟ್ಟೆ
Teeth	hallu	ಹಲ್ಲು
Thigh	tode	ತೊಡೆ
Throat	gantalu	ಗಂಟಲು
Thumb Finger	hebbettu	ಹೆಬ್ಬೆಟ್ಟು
Tongue	naalige	ನಾಲಿಗೆ

Colors

English	Transliteration	Kannada
Black	Kappu	ಕಪ್ಪು
Blue	Neeli	ನೀಲಿ
Brown	Kandu	ಕಂದು
Green	Haseru	ಹಸಿರು
Grey	Boodu	ಬೂದು/ನರುಗು
Orange	Kitteli	ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ/ಪೀತ ರಕ್ತ
Pink	Gulaabi	ಗುಲಾಬಿ/ಪಾಟಲ
Purple	Nerali	ನೇರಳೆ/ಧೂಮಲ
Red	Kempu	ಕೆಂಪು
Violet	Nerali
White	Billi	ಬಿಳಿ
Yellow	Haladi	ಹಳದಿ/ಅರಿಶಿಣ/ಪೀತ

Days and Months

Days And Months in Kannada

As per Kannada the week begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday.

Lunar calendar days (14)

Padyah (day 1), Bidhigay (day 2),Thadhigay (day 3), Chowthi (day 4), Panchami (day 5) Shashtee (day 6), Sapthamee (day 7), Ashtami (day 8), Navamee (day 9), Dashamee (day 10), Ekadashee (day 11), Dwadhashe (day 12), Traiyodashee (day 13), Chaturadashee (day 14) and Poornimay (full moon 🌝 ) or Aamavasyah New moon 🌚)— starts from top again.

Days

English	Pronunciation	Kannada
Day(s)	dhina(gallu)	ದಿನ(ಗಳು)
Sunday	bhanuvaara/ravivaara	ಭಾನುವಾರ/ರವಿವಾರ
Monday	somavaara	ಸೋಮವಾರ
Tuesday	mangalavaara	ಮಂಗಳವಾರ
Wednesday	budhavaara	ಬುಧವಾರ
Thursday	guruvaara	ಗುರುವಾರ
Friday	shukravaara	ಶುಕ್ರವಾರ
Saturday	shanivaara	ಶನಿವಾರ

Months in a year

English	Pronunciation	Kannada
Month(s)	maasa(galu)	ಮಾಸ(ಗಳು)
April	Chaitra	ಚೈತ್ರ
May	Vaishaakha	ವೈಶಾಖ
June	Jyeshta	ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠ
July	Aashadha	ಆಷಾಢ
August	Shravana	ಶ್ರಾವಣ
September	Bhaadrapada	ಭಾದ್ರಪದ
October	Aashvija	ಆಶ್ವಿಜಾ
November	Kaarthika	ಕಾರ್ತೀಕ
December	margashira	ಮಾರ್ಗಶಿರ
January	Pushya	ಪುಷ್ಯ
February	Maagha	ಮಾಘ
March	Phaalguna	ಫಾಲ್ಗುಣ

As per Kannada, the year starts from chaitra maasa (March/April month) which is also celebrated as Yugadi/Ugadi. This is inherited from the Hindu calendar, which is why the months don't match with the Gregorian calendar. When speaking in Kannada and you want to refer to a particular month, you can always use the English name of the month.

Directions

English	Transliteration	Kannada
Directions	dikkugalu	ದಿಕ್ಕುಗಳು
East	Poorva, MoodaNa	ಪೂರ್ವ, ಮೂಡಣ
West	paschima, paDuvaNa	ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ, ಪಡುವಣ
North	uttara, baDagaNa	ಉತ್ತರ, ಬಡಗಣ
South	dakshina, tenkaNa	ದಕ್ಷಿಣ, ತೆ೦ಕಣ
South-east	Agneya	ಆಗ್ನೇಯ
South-west	Nairuthya	ನೈರುತ್ಯ
North-west	Vayuvya	ವಾಯುವ್ಯ
North-east	Eeshanya	ಈಶಾನ್ಯ
Up	mEle	ಮೇಲೆ
Down	keLage	ಕೆಳಗೆ
Right	bala	ಬಲ
Left	eDa	ಎಡ
Backward	hinde	ಹಿಂದೆ
Forward	munde	ಮುಂದೆ
Here	illi	ಇಲ್ಲಿ
There	alli	ಅಲ್ಲಿ
Straight	nEra, neTTa	ನೇರ, ನೆಟ್ಟ
Sideways	aDDaDDa	ಅಡ್ಡಡ್ಡ
This Way	ee kaDe	ಈ ಕಡೆ
That Way	Aa kade	ಆ ಕಡೆ

Dressing


English	Transliteration	Kannada
shirt	angi	ಅಂಗಿ
trousers	SarAyi	ಷರಾಯಿ
lungi	lungi	ಲುಂಗಿ
shoe	kera	ಕೆರ
ring	ungura	ಉಂಗುರ

Flowers

English	Transliteration	Kannada
Flower(s)	hoovu(gaLu)	ಹೂವು(ಗಳು)
Arabian Jasmine	dunDu mallige	ದುಂಡು ಮಲ್ಲಿಗ
Blue Water Lily	naidile hoovu	ನೈದಿಲೆ ಹೂವು(ಗಳು)
Crossandra	kanakaambara	ಕನಕಾಂಬರ
Cypress Vine	kaamalathe (kempu mallige)	ಕಾಮಲತೆ (ಕೆಂಪು ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ)
Hibiscus	daasavaaLa	ದಾಸವಾಳ
Jasmine	mallige	ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ
Lotus	tavare	ತಾವರೆ
Marigold	chenDu hoovu	ಚೆಂಡು ಹೂವು
Rose	gulaabi	ಗುಲಾಬಿ
Sunflower	suryakaanti	ಸೂರ್ಯಕಾಂತಿ
Coral Jasmine	paarijaata	ಪಾರಿಜಾತ
Champa	sampige	ಸಂಪಿಗೆ
Oleander	kaNagile	ಕಣಗಿಲೆ
Chrysanthemum	sEvantige	ಸೇವಂತಿಗೆ
Skean	suragi	ಸುರಗಿ
Crape Jasmine	nandi battalu	ನಂದಿ ಬಟ್ಟಲು
Plumeria	dEva kaNagile	ದೇವ ಕಣಗಿಲೆ
Dahlia	dEre	ಡೇರೆ
Nerium Oleander	kaNagala hoovo	ಕಣಗಳ ಹೂವು(ಗಳು)
Tuberose	SugAndha Raja	ಸುಗಂಧ ರಾಜ

Foods

Traditional Kannada Dishes:-

Pronunciation	Kannada
aalugaDDe bonDa	ಆಲುಗಡ್ಡೆ ಬೊಂಡ
baadusha	ಬಾದುಶ
bELe obbaTTu	ಬೇಳೆ ಒಬ್ಬಟ್ಟು
bisi bELe baath	ಬಿಸಿ ಬೇಳೆ ಬಾತ್
chakkuli	ಚಕ್ಕುಲಿ
chirOTi	ಚಿರೋಟಿ
chitraanna	ಚಿತ್ರಾನ್ನ
Coffee	ಕಾಫಿ
daavaNagere beNNe dOse	ದಾವಣಗೆರೆ ಬೆಣ್ಣೆ ದೋಸೆ
damrOT	ದಮ್ರೋಟ್
dhaaravaaDa pEDa	ಧಾರವಾಡ ಪೇಡ
hOLige	ಹೋಳಿಗೆ
iDli	ಇಡ್ಲಿ
kEsari baath	ಕೇಸರಿ ಬಾತ್
khaara baath	ಖಾರ ಬಾತ್
kobbari miTaayi	ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿ ಮಿಠಾಯಿ
kODubaLe	ಕೋಡುಬಳೆ
kOsambari	ಕೋಸಂಬರಿ
laaDu	ಲಾಡು
maddooru vaDe	ಮದ್ದೂರು ವಡೆ
majjigehuLi	ಮಜ್ಜಿಗೆಹುಳಿ
mangaLooru bajji	ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಬಜ್ಜಿ
masaale dOse	ಮಸಾಲೆ ದೋಸೆ
meNasinakaayui bajji	ಮೆಣಸಿನಕಾಯಿ ಬಜ್ಜಿ
mOsaru vaDe	ಮೊಸರು ವಡೆ
Mysooru pak	ಮೈಸೂರು ಪಾಕ
mysooru pak	ಮೈಸೂರು ಪಾಕ್
nippaTTu	ನಿಪ್ಪಟ್ಟು
paayasa	ಪಾಯಸ
palya	ಪಲ್ಯ
pENi	ಪೇಣಿ
puLiyogare	ಪುಳಿಯೋಗರೆ
raagi roTTi	ರಾಗಿ ರೊಟ್ಟಿ
Tambli	ತಂಬ್ಳಿ
Tea	ಟೀ
uppittu	ಉಪ್ಪಿಟ್ಟು
vaDe	ವಡೆ
uppinakayi	ಉಪ್ಪಿನಕಾಯಿ

Grains

Group

English Common name

Transliteration

Kannada

Cereals & grains:

1 Rice	Akki	ಅಕ್ಕಿ, (cooked Rice - ಅನ್ನ)
2 Poha/Beaten Rice	avalakki	ಅವಲಕ್ಕಿ
3 Puffed Rice	manDakki, Mandalu	ಮಂಡಕ್ಕಿ, ಮಂಡಾಳು
4 wheat	Godhi	ಗೋಧಿ
5 Semolina	Rave	ರವೇ
6 Finger Millet	Raagi	ರಾಗಿ
7 Jowar	Jola	ಜೋಳ
8 Corn	Mekke Jola	ಮೆಕ್ಕೆಜೋಳ
9 Barley	Barley/jave godhi	ಬಾರ್ಲಿ/ಜವೆ ಗೋಧಿ
10 Oats	sadhak
11 Tapioca Root / Cassava	Sabbakki	ಸಬ್ಬಕ್ಕಿ
12 Flour	Hittu	ಹಿಟ್ಟು
13 Quinoa	Varadakki	ವರದಕ್ಕಿ
14 Foxtail Millet / Millet groats	navane	ನವಣೆ ಅಕ್ಕಿ

Lentils / Dhals / legumes :( whole beans are called Kaalu ಕಾಳು & split beans are calles Bele ಬೇಳೆ respectively.)

Bele & Kaalugalu

1 Arhar or masoor Dhal or Toor Dal / Pigeon Pea	Thogari Bele	ತೊಗರಿ ಬೇಳೆ
2 Green Gram or Moong Dhal	Hesaru Bele	ಹೆಸರು ಕಾಳು
3 Black gram or Urud Dhal	Uddina Bele	ಉದ್ದಿನ ಬೇಳೆ
4 Bengal gram or Channa Dhal or Split Chickpea	kadale Bele	ಕಡಲೆ ಕಾಳು
4 Fried Bengal gram	HurigaDale	ಹುರಿಗಡಲೆ -	5 Horse gram	Hurali kaaLu	ಹುರಳಿ ಕಾಳು
6 Cow Peas	Alsande kaaLu	ಅಲ್ಸಂದೆ ಕಾಳು
7 Beans	Hurali Kaayi	ಹುರಳಿಕಾಯಿ
8 Peas	Battani	ಬಟಾಣಿ

misc

Salt	Uppu..Kalluppu(crystal salt) & Pudiuppu(powdered salt)	ಉಪ್ಪು
Sugar	sakkare	ಸಕ್ಕರೆ
Jaggery	bella	ಬೆಲ್ಲ

Spices :

Black Pepper	Kari meNasu	ಕರಿ ಮೆಣಸು
Cardamom	Elakki	ಏಲಕ್ಕಿ
Cinnamon	chakke	ಚಕ್ಕೆ
Cloves	lavanga	ಲವಂಗ
Cumin Seeds	jeerige	ಜೀರಿಗೆ
Asafoetida	iNgu	ಇಂಗು
Fenugreek	menthya	ಮೆಂತ್ಯ
Bay Leaf	palaav ele	ಪಲಾವ್ ಎಲೆ
Raisins	oNa draakshi	ಒಣ ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ
Tamarind	huNase haNNu	ಹುಣಸೆ ಹಣ್ಣು
Mustard	saasive	ಸಾಸಿವೆ
Poppy Seeds	gasagase	ಗಸಗಸೆ
Flax Seeds	agase beeja	ಅಗಸೆ ಬೀಜ
Tea Powder	Chahapudi	ಚಹಾಪುಡಿ
Coffee	Kaafee Pudi (powder) / Kaffee Beeja (Seeds)	ಕಾಫಿ ಪುಡಿ / ಕಾಫಿ ಬೀಜ

Cooking-Oil seeds, other nuts & seeds :

1 Coconut	tenginakaayi	ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ
Dry Coconut/Copra	kobbari	ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿ
2 Groundnut	kaDalekaayi beeja	ಕಡಲೆಕಾಯಿ ಬೀಜ
3 Cashewnut	gODaMbi	ಗೋಡಂಬಿ
4 Almond	baadami	ಬಾದಾಮಿ
5 Peanut	Kadalekayi	ಕಡಲೆಕಾಯಿ
6 Pickle	Uppinakayi	ಉಪ್ಪಿನಕಾಯಿ

ಕಡಲೆ ಪಪ್ಪು

Fruits

English	Kannada	Transliteration
Apple	ಸೇಬು	sebu
Pear	ಮರಸೇಬು	Marasebu
Avocado	ಬೆಣ್ಣೆ ಹಣ್ಣು	Benne Hannu
Banana	ಬಾಳೆ ಹಣ್ಣು	Baale Hannu
Chikku	ಸಪೋಟ	Sapota
Custard Apple	ಸೀತಾಫಲ	Seethaphala
Grapes	ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ	Dhraakshi
Guava	ಪೇರಲ, ಸೀಬೆಹಣ್ಣು, ಚೇಪೆಕಾಯಿ	Perala, Seebe Hannu, Chepekaayi
Muskmelon	ಖರ್ಬೂಜ	Kharbooja
Mango	ಮಾವಿನ ಹಣ್ಣು	Maavina Hannu
Moosambi	ಮೂಸಂಬಿ	Moosambi
Orange	ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ	Kittale
Pomegranate	ದಾಳಿಂಬೆ	Daalimbe
Papaya	ಪರಂಗಿ	Parangi
Pineapple	ಅನಾನಸ್	Ananas
Watermelon	ಕಲ್ಲಂಗಡಿ ಹಣ್ಣು	Kallangadi Hannu
Jackfruit	ಹಲಸಿನ ಹಣ್ಣು	Halasina hannu
Lemon	ನಿಂಬೆ ಹಣ್ಣು	Nimbe hannu

Objects

English	Kannada
Chair	ಕುರ್ಚಿ
Bed	ಹಾಸಿಗೆ / ಗಾಧಿ
Cot	ಮಂಚ
Table	ಮೇಜು

Music

karnataka and Hindustani are the two major types of music, practiced in Karnataka

Plants

Leaves names

English	Transliteration	Kannada names of trees
Tree(s)	mara(gaLu)	ಮರ(ಗಳು)
Sacred fig (Bodhi)	arali	ಅರಳಿ
Banyan	aala	ಆಲ
Bamboo	bidiru	ಬಿದಿರು
Banana	baaLe	ಬಾಳೆ
Cashew	godambi	ಗೋಡಂಬಿ
Jack Fruit	halasu	ಹಲಸು
Rosewood	beete	ಬೀಟೆ
Teak	thega	ತೇಗ
Mango	mavina mara	ಮಾವಿನ ಮರ
coconut tree	Thengina mara	ತೆಂಗಿನ ಮರ
Cedar	Matthi mara	ಮಥಿ ಮರದ
Teak	Saguvani	ಸಾಗುವಾನಿ
Drumstick Tree	Nuggemara	ನುಗ್ಗೆಮರ
Sandalwood Tree	Sriganadamara	ಶ್ರೀಗಂಧದ ಮರ
Neem Tree	Bevinamara	ಬೇವಿನ ಮರ
Tamarind Tree	Hunasemara	ಹುಣಸೆ ಮರ
Golden Champa Tree	sampige mara	ಸಂಪಿಗೆ
Curry Tree	karibevu mara	ಕರಿಬೇವಿನ ಮರ
Arecanut tree	adaki mara	ಅಡಿಕೆ ಮರ

Relations

English	Transliteration	Kannada
Relatives	nentaru	ನೆಂಟರು
Mother	amma, taayi	ಅಮ್ಮ, ತಾಯಿ
Father	appa, tande	ಅಪ್ಪ, ತಂದೆ
Son	maga, putra	ಮಗ, ಪುತ್ರ
Daughter	magalu, putri	ಮಗಳು, ಪುತ್ರಿ
Elder Brother	anna	ಅಣ್ಣ
Younger Brother	tamma	ತಮ್ಮ
Elder Sister	akka	ಅಕ್ಕ
Younger Sister	tangi	ತಂಗಿ
Grandfather	ajja, taata	ಅಜ್ಜ, ತಾತ
Grandmother	ajji	ಅಜ್ಜಿ
Maternal Grandmother	ammamma	ಅಮ್ಮಮ್ಮ
Husband	ganda	ಗಂಡ
Wife	hendathi, madadi	ಹೆಂಡತಿ, ಮಡದಿ
Father in Law, Paternal Aunt's Husband	maava	ಮಾವ
Maternal Uncle	Sodara maava	ಸೋದರ ಮಾವ
Mother in Law, Maternal Uncle's wife	atte	ಅತ್ತೆ
Paternal Aunt	Sodara atte	ಸೋದರತ್ತೆ
Son in Law	aliya	ಅಳಿಯ
Man's Elder or Younger Brother's son	[Sodara] Maga	[ಸೋದರ] ಮಗ
Man's Elder or Younger Brother's Daughter	[Sodara] Maghalu	[ಸೋದರ] ಮಗಳು
Man's Elder or Younger sister's son	Sodaraliya	ಸೋದರಳಿಯ
Daughter in Law	sose	ಸೊಸೆ
Man's Elder or Younger sister's Daughter	sodarasose	ಸೋದರಸೊಸೆ
Father’s Younger Brother, Mother’s Younger Sister’s Husband	chikkappa	ಚಿಕ್ಕಪ್ಪ
Mother’s Younger Sister, Father’s Younger Brother’s Wife	chikkamma	ಚಿಕ್ಕಮ್ಮ
Father’s Elder Brother, Mother’s Elder Sister’s Husband	doDDappa	ದೊಡ್ಡಪ್ಪ
Mother’s Elder Sister, Father’s Elder Brother’s Wife	doDDamma	ದೊಡ್ಡಮ್ಮ
wife’s Elder Brother	bhamaida	ಭಾಮೈದ
Elder Sister's Husband, Husband's elder brother	Bhava	ಭಾವ
Children	makkalu	ಮಕ್ಕಳು
Spouse’s elder sister, Elder brother's wife	attige	ಅತ್ತಿಗೆ
Husband’s Younger Brother	maiduna	ಮೈದುನ
Spouse’s Younger Sister, Younger brother's wife	Naadini	ನಾದಿನಿ
Male Friend	geLeya, geLathi	ಗೆಳೆಯ, ಸ್ನೇಹಿತ
Female Friend	snehitha, snehithe	ಗೆಳತಿ, ಸ್ನೇಹಿತೆ
Friendship	geLethana	ಗೆಳೆತನ
Orphan	Anatha	ಅನಾಥ
Wife’s Sister's Husband.	Shadka	ಶಡ್ಕ
Husband's Brother's wife.	Vaaragitti	ವಾರಗಿತ್ತಿ
Great Grand Mother	Muthajji	ಮುತ್ತಜ್ಜಿ
Great Grand Father	muttajja/muthaata	ಮುತ್ತಜ್ಜ/ಮುತ್ತಾತ
Great Grand Daughter	Mari-mommagalu	ಮರಿ ಮೊಮ್ಮಗಳು
Great Grand Son	Mari-mommaga	ಮರಿ ಮೊಮ್ಮಗ
Grand Son	Mommaga	ಮೊಮ್ಮಗ
Grand Daughter	Mommagalu	ಮೊಮ್ಮಗಳು
Husband's Another Wife	Savati	ಸವತಿ

Vegetables

English	Kannada Transliteration	Kannada
Vegetable	Tarakari	ತರಕಾರಿ
Beans /Green Beans	Hurali kaayi	ಹುರಳೀಕಾಯಿ
Bitter gourd	Haagala kaayi	ಹಾಗಲಕಾಯಿ
Bottle gourd	Sore kaaye	ಸೋರೆಕಾಯಿ
Brinjal	Badane kaayi	ಬದನೇಕಾಯಿ
Cabbage	Yele kosu	ಎಲೆ ಕೋಸು
Capsicum	Donne Menasina kaayi / Dappa Menasina kaayi	ದೊಣ್ಣೆ ಮೆಣಸಿನಕಾಯಿ / ದಪ್ಪ ಮೆಣಸಿನಕಾಯಿ
Carrot	Gajjari	ಗಜ್ಜರಿ
Cauliflower	Hoo kosu	ಹೂ ಕೋಸು
Chow-chow	Seemebadne	ಸೀಮೆಬದನೆ ಕಾಯಿ
Coriander leaves	Kotthambari Soppu	ಕೊತ್ತಂಬರಿ ಸೊಪ್ಪು
Cucumber	Southe kaayi	ಸೌತೇಕಾಯಿ
Curry leaves	Karibevu	ಕರಿಬೇವು
Flat Beans	Avarekāyi	ಅವರೆಕಾಯಿ
Garlic	Belulli	ಬೆಳ್ಳುಳ್ಳಿ
Knol khol	GeDDee kosu	ಗೆಡ್ಡೆ ಕೋಸು/ನವಿಲು ಕೋಸು
Ginger	Shunti	ಶುಂಠಿ
Green chilli	Hasiru menasina kaayi	ಹಸಿರು ಮೆಣಸಿನಕಾಯಿ
Greens	Soppu	ಸೊಪ್ಪು
Lady's finger / Okra	Bende kaayi	ಬೆಂಡೇಕಾಯಿ
Lemon	Nimbe hannu	ನಿಂಬೆ ಹಣ್ಣು
Onion	Eerulli, Ullagadde	ಈರುಳ್ಳಿ, ಉಳ್ಳಾಗೆಡ್ಡೆ
Peas	Batani	ಬಟಾಣಿ
Potato	Aaloo gadde	ಆಲೂ ಗಡ್ಡೆ
Radish	Moolangi Mulli	ಮೂಲಂಗಿ
Pumpkin	Kumbal kaayi	ಕುಂಬಳಕಾಯಿ
Raw plantain	Baale kaayi	ಬಾಳೇಕಾಯಿ
Plantain Stem	Bale Dindu	ಬಾಳೆ ದಿಂಡು
Ridge Gourd/Chinese Okra	Hīrekāyi	ಹೀರೆಕಾಯಿ
Snake gourd	Padavala kaayi	ಪಡವಲಕಾಯಿ
Sweet Potato	Genasu	ಗೆಣಸು
Tomato	Tamtekayi, Tometo, Tomyato/Gore hannu	ಟಮಟೆಕಾಯಿ,ಟೊಮೆಟೊ/ಟೊಮ್ಯಾಟೊ/ಗೊರೆಹಣ್ಣು
Coconut	Thengina kayi	ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ
Beetroot	Kanduberu	ಕಂದು ಬೇರು(ಕೆಂಪು ಮೂಲಂಗಿ)
Cocina/Ivy Gourd	Tondekayi	ತೊಂಡೆಕಾಯಿ
Elephant Yam	suvarna Gedde	ಸುವರ್ಣ ಗೆಡ್ದೆ
Mushroom	Nayi Kode/Anabe	ನಾಯಿ ಕೊಡೆ/ಅಣಬೆ
Mint leaves	Pudina soppu	ಪುದಿನ ಸೊಪ್ಪು
Fenugreek leaves	Menthya soppu	ಮೆಂತ್ಯ ಸೊಪ್ಪು
Spinach	palak soppu	ಪಾಲಕ್ ಸೊಪ್ಪು
cluster beans	Chavalikai/Gorikai	ಚವಳಿಕಾಯಿ
Malabar spinach	Basale soppu	ಬಸಳೆ ಸೊಪ್ಪು
Amaranth	rajgira	ರಾಜಗಿರಿ ಸೊಪ್ಪು
Bread fruit	Beru halasinakayi	ಬೇರು ಹಲಸಿನಕಾಯಿ
Taro root	kesu gedde	ಕೆಸುವಿನ ಗೆಡ್ಡೆ
Groundnut	sheng/kadle kayi	ಶೇಂಗಾಕಾಳು/ಕಡ್ಲೆಕಾಯಿ

taciona/Cassava maragenasu ಮರಗೆಣಸು

Appendix A

Kannada (Dravidian)

Translation	Phrase	ITRANS transliteration	Pronunciation	Literal meaning
Kannada	ಕನ್ನಡ	kannaDa	(kanna Dah (‘D’ is with retroflex))
Hello	ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ	namaskAra	(namas kārā)	Salutations
Hello (informal)	ಏನು ಸಮಾಚಾರ	Enu samAchAra	(eh nu sa maah chaah rah)	What's up?
Good bye (when leaving)	ಹೋಗಿ ಬರುತ್ತೇನೆ	hOgi baruttEne	(hoe gee barut tey ney ('T' is retroflex))	see you later
Good bye (when being left)	ಹೋಗಿ ಬನ್ನಿ	hOgi banni	(hoe gee bun knee ('T' is retroflex)	see you later
How are you?	ನೀವು ಹೇಗಿದ್ದೀರ?	nIvu hEgiddIra?	(nee voo hey gay id dee rah)
What is your name?	ನಿನ್ನ ಹೆಸರೇನು?	ninna hesarEnu?	(ni nna he sa rE nu?)
Please	ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು	dayaviTTu	(da yah viTTu ('T' is retroflex))	With mercy
Thank you	ಧನ್ಯವಾದ	dhanyavAda	(dhan yah vaada)	Many thanks
Sorry, Excuse Me, Forgive Me	ಕ್ಷಮಿಸಿ	kshamisi	(ksha mi si)	sorry
That one	ಅದು	adu	(ah du)
How much?	ಎಷ್ಟು?	eshTu?	(esh Tu ('T' is retroflex)
English	ಆಂಗ್ಲ	aangla	(ahng lah)
Yes	ಹೌದು,ಹೂ	houdu, huu	(how doo)(Huu(nasal))
No	ಇಲ್ಲ	illa	(ill ah)

[1] "About the Controversial 13th Zodiac Sign". cosmopolitan.com. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.

[2] "Born under the sign of Ophiuchus?". earthsky.org. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.

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