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Trigonometry/Area of a quadrilateral

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Take any quadrilateral ABCD. Write AB=a, BC=b, CD=c, DA=a; σ = 12(a+b+c+d); area of ABCD = S.

Note that a+b+c-d = 2(σ-d) and similarly for the other sides.

The diagonals of ABCD are AC and BD. Let the angle between them be θ. Then S = 12AC.BD.sin(θ).

If ABCD is convex and the diagonals intersect at P, this is easily proved by considering the four triangles ABP, BCP, CDP, DAP since S is the sum of the areas of these four triangles. IF ABCD is not convex, then one of the vertices, say C, must lie inside the triangle ABD. We then find S as the area of ABD less the area of BCD.

Let angle A+C = 2α. To find S in terms of the sides and alpha;.

We can find BD2 by applying the cosine theorem to either of the triangles BAD, BCD. This means that

a2+d2-2ad.cos(A) = b2+c2-2bc.cos(C)

so

a2+d2-b2-c2 = 2ad.cos(A)-2bc.cos(C) ... (i)

Also

S = area(BAD) + area(BCD) = 12ad.sin(A) + 12bc.sin(C)

so

4S = 2ad.sin(A) + 2bc.sin(C) ... (ii)

Taking (ii)2 + (i)2,

16S2 + (a2+d2-b2-c2)2 = 4a2d2 + 4b2c2 - 8abcd.cos(A+C)

But

cos(A+C) = cos(2α) = 2cos2(α)-1

so

16S2 = 4(ad+bc)2 - (a2+d2-b2-c2)2 - 16abcd.cos2(α).

Simplifying,

S2 = (σ-a)(σ-b)(σ-c)(σ-d) - abcd.cos2(α).

This expression becomes even simpler for a cyclic quadrilateral, because then cos(α) = 0 so the last term disappears.

The diagonals and circumradius of a cyclic quadrilateral

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In the expression (i) above, for a cyclic quadrilateral cos(C) = -cos(A), so

.

From the cosine theorem,

.

Similarly,

.

Thus AC.BD = ac+bd (as we already knew) and

.

The circumcircle of ABCD is also the circumcircle of triangle ABD, so

.
.

Further results

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If a quadrilateral is circumcyclic, i.e. such that a circle can be inscribed in it touching all four sides, then a+c=b+d. This is easily proved by noting that the lengths of the two tangents from a point to a circle are equal in length.

The radius of the inscribed circle is called the inradius and equals S/σ.

Theorem: If a quadrilateral ABCD is both cyclic and circumcyclic, then

.

Proof: Since ABCD is cyclic,

.

Since a+c=b+d, a-d=b-c, i.e. a2+d2-b2-c2 = 2(ad-bc). Thus

.

If a quadrilateral ABCD is both cyclic and circumcyclic, then its area is √(abcd) and inradius is 2√(abcd)/(a+b+c+d).