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Electronics/Noise in electronic circuits

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Electrical Noise
any unwanted form of energy tending to interfere with the proper and easy reception and reproduction of wanted signals.

Contents

[edit] Classification

[edit] Based on Origin

  1. External noise
    1. Atmospheric
    2. Extraterrestrial
      1. solar
      2. Cosmic
    3. Industrial
  2. Internal noise
    1. Thermal Agitation Noise
    2. Shot Noise
    3. Transit Time Noise
    4. Flicker Noise
    5. Miscellaneous Sources

[edit] Thermal noise

Thermal Agitation Noise
Also known as Johnson noise or White noise.
P_n \propto\ T\;\delta\!f = k\,T\;\delta\!f


where k = Boltzmann's constant = 1.38x10-23J/K

T = absolute temperature, K = 273 + °C
δ f = bandwidth of interest
Pn = maximum noise power output of a resistor


P_n = \frac{V^2}{R_L} = \frac{\left(\frac{V_n}{2}\right)^2}{R} = \frac{V_n^2}{4R}
V_n^2 = 4RP_n = 4RkT\;\delta\!f
V_n = \sqrt{4kT\;\delta\!f\;R}

[edit] Shot Noise

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shot noise#In electronic devices
i_n = \sqrt{2ei_p\;\delta\!f}

where in = r.m.s. shot-noise current

e = charge of an electron = 1.6x10-19C
ip = direct diode current
δ f = bandwidth of system

[edit] Noise Calculations

[edit] Addition due to several sources

noise voltages:

V_n1 = \sqrt{4kT\,\delta\!f\,R_1}, V_n2 = \sqrt{4kT\,\delta\!f\,R_2}...and so on, then
V_{n,tot} = \sqrt{{V_n1^2}+{V_n2^2}+...} = \sqrt{4kT\,\delta\!f\,R_{tot}}

where Rtot = R1+R2+...

[edit] Addition due to Cascaded Amplifier stages

Req = R1+R'2
R_{eq} = R_1 + \frac{R_2}{A_1^2} + \frac{R_3}{{A_1^2}{A_2^2}}

[edit] Analog Noise Models

[edit] CMOS

[edit] BJT

[edit] Noise in digital circuits:

[edit] Methods of reducing noise

[edit] Differential signaling

Differential signaling is a method of transmitting information electrically by means of two complementary signals sent on two separate wires. The technique can be used for both analogue signaling, as in some audio systems, and digital signaling, as in RS-422, RS-485, PCI Express and USB.

[edit] Good grounding

An ideal signal ground maintains zero voltage regardless of how much electrical current flows into ground or out of ground.

[edit] References

Kennedy, George 'Electronic Communication Systems' , 3rd Ed. ISBN 0-07-034054-4

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