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Control Systems/Examples/Second Order Systems

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Second Order Systems: Examples

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Example 1

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A damped control system for aiming a hydrophonic array on a minesweeper vessel has the following open-loop transfer function from the driveshaft to the array.

The gain parameter K can be varied. The moment of inertia, J, of the array and the force due to viscous drag of the water, Kd are known constants and given as:

Tasks

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  1. The system is arranged as a closed loop system with unity feedback. Find the value of K such that, when the input is a unit step, the closed loop response has at most a 50% overshoot (approximately). You may use standard response curves. Should K be greater or less than this value for less overshoot?
  2. Find the corresponding time-domain response of the system.
  3. The system is now given an input of constant angular velocity, V. For the limiting value of K found above, calculate the maximum value of V such that the array follows the input with at most 5° error.

Task 1

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First, let us draw the block diagram of the system. We know the open-loop transfer function, and that there is unit feedback. Therefore, we have:

R(s) instead of X(s)

The closed-loop gain is given by:

 
 

We now need to express the closed-loop transfer function in the standard second order form.

 

We can now express the natural frequency ωn and damping ratio, ζ:

We now look at the standard response curves for second order systems.

We see that for 50% overshoot, we need ζ=0.2 or more.

This is the maximum permissible value, thus K should be less than this value for less overshoot. We can now evaluate the natural frequency fully:

Task 2

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The output of the second order system is given by the following equation:

 
 

We can plot the output of this system:

Task 3

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The tracking error signal, E(s), is equal to the output's deviation from the input.

Now, we can find the gain from the reference input, R(s) to the error tracking signal:

The gain from the input to the error tracking signal of a unity feedback system like this is simply .

 

Now, R(s) is given by the Laplace transform of a ramp of slope V:

We now use the final value theorem to find the value of E(s) in the steady state:

 
 

We require this to be less than