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Hyperprolactinaemia, or excess serum prolactin, is associated with hypoestrogenism, anovulatory infertility, oligomenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, unexpected lactation, and loss of libido in women, and erectile dysfunction and loss of libido in men.[ 1]
1. Physiological
Coitus
Exercise
Lactation
Pregnancy
Sleep
Stress
Anesthetics
Anticonvulsant
Antihistamines (H2)
Antihypertensives
Cholinergic agonist
Drug-induced hypersecretion
Catecholamine depletor
Dopamine receptor blockers
Dopamine synthesis inhibitor
Estrogens
Oral contraceptives
Oral contraceptive withdrawal
Neuroleptics
Antipsychotics
Neuropeptides
Opiates and opiate antagonists
3. Pathological
Hypothalamic-pituitary stalk damage
Granulomas
Infiltrations
Irradiation
Rathke's cyst
Trauma
Pituitary stalk resection
Suprasellar surgery
Tumors
Craniopharyngioma
Germinoma
Hypothalamic metastases
Meningioma
Suprasellar pituitary mass extension
Surgery
Pituitary
Acromegaly
Idiopathic
Lymphocytic hypophysitis or parasellar mass
Macroadenoma (compressive)
Macroprolactinemia
Plurihumoral adenoma
Prolactinoma
Systemic disorders
Chest-neurologic chest wall trauma
Herpes Zoster
Chronic renal failure
Cirrhosis
Cranial radiation
Epileptic seizures
Polycystic ovarian disease
Pseudocyesis
Chronic low levels of thyroid hormone
↑ Melmed S, Kleinberg D 2008 Anterior pituitary. 1n: Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Willams textbook of endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 185-261