User:Sinus46/sandbox
This article covers the copula in deeper detail. We had learnt how to build nominal sentences in another article, and in this article we will talk about building nominal sentences in the past, future and declined for other moods explained before in the articles about grammar.
The pseudoverb imek[edit | edit source]
imek used to be a verb similar to the English to be, but turned into a suffix in modern Turkish. It has only 4 declensions: idi, imiş, ise, iken (with their suffix forms -(y)dı, -(y)mış, -(y)sa, -(y)ken).
Formation[edit | edit source]
Nouns ending in vowels get a y inserted before any of the suffixes. The d in -(y)dı obeys consonant harmony. -(y)dı and -(y)mış undergoes 4-way vowel harmony, -(y)sa undergoes 2-way vowel harmony, and -(y)ken is invariable.
| kedi | kediydi | kediymiş | kediyse | kediyken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uçak | uçaktı | uçakmış | uçaksa | uçakken |
| üzüm | üzümdü | üzümmüş | üzümse | üzümken |
| soğuk | soğuktu | soğukmuş | soğuksa | soğukken |
All of these suffixes may be added to nouns, adjectives, as well as declined verbs, the latter of which will be covered in another article in greater detail.
Personal endings may be added to -(y)dı, -(y)mış, -(y)sa, but not -(y)ken.
| kelim | kelmişim | keldim | kelsem |
|---|---|---|---|
| kelsin | kelmişsin | keldin | kelsen |
| kel | kelmiş | keldi | kelse |
| keliz | kelmişiz | keldik | kelsek |
| kelsiniz | kelmişsiniz | keldiniz | kelseniz |
| keller | kelmişler | keldiler | kelseler |
Copular markers may be added after değil, var/yok, and even mı/mi/mu/mü, forming negative, existential and interrogative sentences, examples of which will be provided in the usage section.
Usage[edit | edit source]
The past copular marker -(y)dı[edit | edit source]
The past copular marker -(y)dı is used to create nominal sentences in the past.