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berikaoba-yeenobis dResaswauli saqarTveloSi

Zvel qarTul, xalxur sanaxaobaTa Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs xalxuri improvizaciis niRbebis Teatri _ berikaoba. berikaoba anu niRbosanTa dResaswauli msoflios mraval xalxSia cnobili. berikaoba-yeenoba urTulesi da mravalferovani agraruli dResaswaulia da aqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi sxvadasxva TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva. sityva “berikaoba” Tavdapirvelad sakulto wes-msaxurebis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. berikaoba, rogorc ganayofierebis da Svilierebis kultis sadidebeli sanaxaobis aRmniSvneli sityva nawarmoebi unda iyos Svilis aRmniSvneli beradan da saerTod, niSnobisa gamomxatveli belidan1. berikaoba beridan aris nawarmoebi. mesxeT-javaxeTSi berikas bers uwodebdnen2. svaneTSic, berikas bers eZaxdnen3. berikaoba ganekuTvneboda sayveliero wes-TamaSobaTa ricxvs. berikaoba Tavisi bunebiT nayofierebisa da aRorZinebisadmi miZRvnili dResaswaulia, amitomac naTelia, Tu ratom iyo, rom es dResaswauli bunebis gamoRviZebisas, gazafxulis damdegs iwyeboda. magram berikaobis svanuri variantis _ muryvamoba-kviriaobis Seswavlam gamoavlina, rom am dReobas adgili hqonda rogorc yvelierSi, ise wlis dasawyisSic. radgan berikaoba Zvelad ganayofierebis kultis wes-msaxurebas warmoadgenda, misi Sesrulebis droc da xangrZlivobac yvelieris kviras ukavSirdeboda. berikaobis sazamTro da sagazafxulo dReobebis wes-Cveulebebi msgavsia, radgan orive SemTxvevaSi es dReoba agraruli xaiaTisaa da tardeba maRalmosavlianobis, nayofiereba-baraqianobis uzrunvelsayofad da Tan orive SemTxvevaSi xdeba erTnairi moqmedeba: ucnaur samosSi, ZonZebSi gamowyobili, sxvadasxva niRbosani (Txis, daTvi, taxis, mamlis niRbiani) berikebis siaruli sofelSi,

1. janeliZe d., qarTuli Teatris istoria, (xalxuri sawyisebi) Tbilisi, 1983 w.gv.18 2. makalaTia s., mesxeT-javaxeTi, Tbilisi, 1938 w., gv. 7-8 3. oniani j., qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (muryvamoba-kviriaoba) sakanidato disertacia, Tbilisi, 1969 w., gv. 10 ojaxis dalocva da nayofiereba-baraqianobis survilis gamomxatveli simRerebis Sesruleba. berikaoba Tavisi arsebobis xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda niRbebis saimprovizacio Teatrad, romelSic berikebi Taobidan TaobisTvis gadmocemuli scenarebis mixedviT dgamdnen speqtaklebs. berikaobis siuJetebs SemorCenili aqvT sxvadasxva xanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli forma da Sinaarsi. berikaobis siuJetebis fondi (100-mde nomeri) Tavisi Sinaarsisa da wyobis mixedviT Semdegnairad daiyo1:

     I Zveli qarTuli warmarTuli berikaoba
  a. cxovelebisa da frinvelebis kulti
  b. miTologiuri motivebi
  g. Svilierebis, bunebis ganaxlebisa da ganayofierebis kulti

  II saero berikaoba 

a. salaSqro b. eklesiis msaxurTa mamxilebeli sanaxaoba g. sayofacxovrebo d. batonymobisa da saeTod, usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli berikaoba

berikaoba sxvadasxva saxis iyo , awyobdnen didsa da patara berikaobebs. Tu sofeli didi iyo z. girmiSaSvilis TqmiT, monawileobda 40-idan 100-mde berika, xolo patara berikaobaSi xSirad mxolod sam berikas uTamaSia. berikaoba adgilisa da tipis mixedviT samgvari iyo: 1. kardakar mosiarule 2. moedanze moTamaSe 3. Sereuli tipis.

 berikaobaSi mxolod mamakacebi monawileobdnen, qalis rols qalad gadacmuli mamakaci asrulebda. berikaobas Tavisi gamgebeli hyavda, romelsac “meTaurs”, “belads” an “Tamadas” uwodebdnen.

1. janeliZe d., dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 21 berikaTa gunds “dasi” an “dasta” ewodeboda, romelic Sedgeboda mTavari berikis, berika Roris, arabis, lekis, TaTris, mRvdlis, naTliis, dedoflis, mebarguleebis, mekalaTeebis da sxvadasxva musikalur instrumentebze damkvrelebisgan. berikebi sakazmad iyenebdnen cxvris, Txis da xaris tyavebs, saqonlis kudebs, gogris, nabdis, muyaosa da qaRaldis niRbebs, Rorisa da Txis gamxmar niRbebs, sxvadasxva cxovelebis rqebs, frinvelebis frTebs, inas da naxSirs, simindis, xisa da rqis wiTlad SeRebil “konkila” falosebs, xisgan gamoTlil qamar-xanjlebs, farebs. berika icvamda cxvris an Txis tyavs, cxvri gadmobrunebul tyavkabas. mas saxeze niRabi ekeTa. niRbis wver-ulvaSi Txis balniT irTveboda da Tvalebis, cxviris da kbilebis gamosaCenad iyo gamoWrili. berikas welze qamari ertya, romelzec qvis, Zvlis an xis falosi iyo Camokidebuli. qarTlSi zogan cxvris an Txis gasufTavebuli tyavis niRbebi ekeTaT, zogjer ki Txis rqebs da Tavis qalasac iyenebdnen. imereli berika tyavis samkuTxa formis quds an kvaxaberis saxeliT cnobili ayirosa da xapis niRbebs atarebda. berikas xevsureTSi Semdegnairad rTavdnen: “. . . gafxuWven kacs,Saabamen vacis ybaT, rqaTac daukeTeben, saabamen kuds raisasa. . . “1

dResaswaulis meore mTavari gmiri iyo ‘’kekela” anu dedofali,romlis rolsac vaJi asaxierebda. igi sapatarZlo kabiT, CixtiT ada leCaqiT irTveboda. “kekelas” sxvdasxva feris mZivebs hkidebdnen, saxes ki feradi sacxebliT uRebavdnen, zogjer kiriT gamurulic ki yofila,.

arabs, leks, TaTars, romlebic erTsa da imave funqcias asrulebdnen Coxa-axaluxi an raime Zvelmani ecvaT, xolo naTlia, romelsac patarZlis dacva evaleboda Tavdamsxmelebisgan da motrfialeebisgan, Coxa-axaluxSi iyo Cacmuli.

1. ruxaZe j., qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli, Tbilisi, 1966 w., gv. 6. berikaobis warmodgenebSi gamoyenebuli iyo, rogorc sakravieri, ise xmieri musika. berikebi iyenebdnen dafa-zurnas, dairas, stvirs. maT sakuTari sasimRero repertuaric gaaCndaT, romelsac “berikuli” ewodeboda. rodesac berikebi mzadyofnas daasrulebdnen, sofels daivlidnen. win berika da dedofali miuRvebodaT, ukan ki mTeli amala mihyvebodaT. berikuls mestvire mReroda. qarTlis yvela sofels sxvadsxva “berikuli” hqondaT. berikad namyofis gadmocemiT “diRmuri berikuli muxranulze kargio mosasmenia. . .”1 berikebi kargad daivlidnen mTel sofels. maT yvela sixaruliT eloda, ezoSi berika xtoda da TamaSobda, Tan faloss minas usvamda, riTac maspinZels aniSnebda sursaT-sanovage gamoitaneo. amala ki “beras” leqss dasZaxoda: “berikais karsao,

      giWyrialeb Tvalsao
      Cqara Tu ras gamomitan,
      Toro gimtvrev karsao”2 da sxv.

maspinZeli uxvad umaspinZldeboda berikebs da Tan asaCuqrebda, gamaspinZlebis Semdeg berikebs miarTmevdnen ZRvens: xorcs, fqvils, erbos, Tafls, kvercxs, Rvinos, arays da a. S. Tu berikebi gamaspinZlebiT kmayofilni ar iyvnen, maSin berika ezoSi, miwaze gagordeboda, rac ojaxisaTvis cudis momaswaveblad iTvleboda, miuxedavad imisa, rom ojaxi guluxvad umaspinZldeboda berikebs, isini amas ar sjerdebodnen da iparavdnen yvelafers, razec xeli miuwvdebodaT. amas ojaxis wevrebi didi sixaruliT xvdebodnen, radgan maTi azriT, berikebis mier saWmel-sasmelis moparva bednierebis niSani iyo. sanovagiT datvirTuli berikebi axla sxva ojaxs miakiTxavdnen da ase moivlidnen mTel sofels. zogjer berikebi erTi soflis davliT ar kmayofildebodnen da axlobel Tu Soreul soflebsac estumrebodnen. kardakar siarulisa da soflebis Semovlis dros, mTeli yuradReba dedofalze iyo gadatanili, magram dedoflis moxelTeba metad Zneli iyo, radgan xis

1. ruxaZe j., qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli, Tbilisi, 1966 w., gv. 7 2. ruxaZe j., dasaxelebuli naSromi, 1966 w., gv. 7 xmlebiT SeiraRebuli mxleblebi dedofals erTi wamiTac aSorebdnen Tvals. yvelaze metad mTavari berika gamoirCeoda. igi dedofals exveoda, kocnida. erotiul survilebs dedoflis mimarT dResaswaulis sxva monawileebic iCendnen, radgan vinc dedofals akocebda, is dovlaTiani da mdidari iqneboda. amis Semdeg moedanze iwyeboda nefe-dedoflis qorwilis inscenireba. berika ealerseboda dedofals, colobas sTxovda. dedofalic Tanxmdeboda da iwyeboda qorwilis samzadisi. nefe-dedofals urmiT waiyvandnen jvris dasawerad. maT win ”jvris puriT” xelsi naTlia miuZRodaT. Romelime moedanze meqirwileebs mRvdeli jvars daswerda. mRvdels anaforis msgavsi tanisamosi ecva da olaric ekida. igi Txis balnis wver-ulvaSiT iyo morTuli, qorwili ki simReriTa da cekva-TamaSiT mTavrdeboda. SeuRlebis Semdeg dedoflis mcvelebi TaTari an arabi nefes klavdnen. Sewuxebuli dedifali tiroda, saxes ixokavda. dResaswaulis monawileni amSvidebdnen dedofals, ukeTes qmars hpirdebodnen. Ama mosdevda berikas gacocxlebis inscenireba. mas wyals asxamdnen, saxes usresdnen _ mis gacocxlebas cdilobdnen. amasobaSi mcvelebi dedofals itacebdnen, xolo rodesac berikas CasZaxebdnen, dedofali moitaceso, is cocxldeboda, misdevda xmliT mcvelebs, dedofals ibrunebda da masTan xelmeored qorwindeboda. berikaobis dasasruls moedanze imarTeboda xelCarTuli brZola ketebiTa da xis xmlebiT. damarcxebulebs sursaTs arTmevdnen da kvercxebs umtvrevdnen. dResaswauli mTavrdeboda “saberikao sufriT”. lxini saerTo xarjiTa da Segrovili nadavliT ewyoboda. “saberiko lxins” Sairebi, cekva-TamaSi da simRerebi mohyveboda. drostarebiT guls rom ijerebdnen, dResaswaulis monawileni pirs dasavleTisken izamdnen. isini RmerTs madlobas swiravdnen da SesTxovdnen _ “momaval berikaobas ukeTesad Segvaxvedreo”. berikaobis mTel rig siuJetebSi, mxedrul, salaSqro motivebs moqmedebis warmmarTveli Zala mouxveWiaT. es albaT maSin unda momxdariyo, rodesac berikaoba sakulto mniSvnelobas gascilda, xalxis yofa-cxovrebis amsaxvel garToba-sanaxaobad iqca. gamoricxuli ar aris SesaZlebloba, rom ucxo brZolis motivi berikaobaSi Semotanili yofiliyo im miTebis rkalidan, romelnic Zvel dramatul gansaxierebis arsenals warmoadgendnen, iseve, rogorc es misteria “muryvamobis” mimarT SeniSnuli aqvs akademikos iv. javaxiSvils. cxadia, rom momdevno periodSi berikebi Zvel scenarebSi Tanamedroveobis amsaxvel scenebs urTavdnen: “arabi”, “TaTari”, “leki”, aSkaraa “daTvis”, “taxis”, “dedoflis”, “mefis”, “Txis” niSnebTan SedarebiT momdevno periodSi warmoiSva. dimitri janeliZes “xalxur sawyisebSi” aRwerili aqvs salaSqro berikaoba XVIII saukuneSi TuSeTSi. maT aseTi berikaoba mouwyviaT: “qalaqurad gadaucvamT, xelSi TiTistarebi dauWeriaT da matylis rTva dauwyiaT. mas ar iRebdnen. xalxi ekiTxeboda raTao, bolos Tqves: _ Cven vaJkacebi aRar varT! aRarc Tqvena xarT vaJkacebi, Cven TaTrebma dagviWires alvanSi da dedakacebad gamogviyvanes. Tu guSin Cven gviyves es ambavi, xval Tqven Cveni bedi dagemarTebaT. maSin yvela fSaveli Caicvams dedakacurad, daiWerT xmlis nacvlad TiTistars da TaTrebisaTvis daarTavT matyls. xalxi aRelda, iaraRi aisxa da Tavganwiruli brZoliT TaTrebi gareka saqarTvelodan.” XIX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi mTel kavkasiaSi saxelganTqmuli berika _ muSaiTi iyo abel revaziSvili, misi warmodgenebi imarTeboda yofili erevnisa da gunibis moedanze, kviracxovlobas ki _ kukiis gareTac. man TbilisSi warmoadgina “dedamiwis irgvliv mogzauroba”. oCofexebze mdgari abel revaziSvili mayurebels warudga xelSi nabdis qudiT. improvizirebuli TxrobiT berika-muSaiTi msmenelebs mouTxrobda xmeleTsa da zRvaze, afrikaSi, aziaSi, amerikasa da evropaSi mogzaurobaze. am dros misi qudic jadosnur Zalas iZenda da rodesac arabebis Sesaxeb yveboda berika, maSin qudic arabul saxes Rebulobda, TiTqos andazas asaxierebda “ra qveyanaSic mixvide, iqauri qudi daixureo”.

	Tbilisis xuroTmoZRvaris _ belis naxatiT irkveva, rom XIX s.-is 40-50-ian wlebSi xalxuri sanaxaobebisTvis erT-erTi yvelaze mosaxerxebeli saTamaSo adgili yofila gunibis moedani, romelic igive adgilas iyo, sadac axla mTavrobis win korpusia.

belis naxati gamoxatavs XIX s.-is 50-ian wlebSi gunibis moedanze gamarTul saxalxo dResaswauls. moedanze maRal oCofexebze mdgari TeTr Sarvalsa da qurTukSi gamowyobili moTamaSe Cans. vinaidan im dros TbilisSi ganTqmuli iyo oCofexebze moTamaSe abel revaziSvili da ramdenadac naxatze gamosaxuli emTxveva abel revaziSvilis garegnobas, unda vifiqroT, rom belis naxati warmoadgens abel revaziSvilis warmodgenis amsaxvel dokuments. am naxatis mixedviT abel revaziSvilis gars axvevia moTamaSeebi, romlebic albT mis dass Seadgendnen. moedani savsea etlebiT, rac imas mowmobs, rom abel revaziSvilis warmodgenebs Tavadaznauroba da mefis moxeleebic eswrebodnen. maTi saCrdiloblebi merxebTan erTad moTavsebuli yofila mTawmindis mxridan, moednis zemoT. belis minaweriT naxati naturidanaa, e.i. sinamdvilea, aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom abel revaziSvili aramarto Tbilisis, aramed mTeli XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli xalxuri Teatris yvelaze gamoCenili msaxiobia. dResaswaulis merve dRes, didmarxvis orSabaTs yeenoba iwyeboda da am orSabaTs sxvadsxva saxeli erqva: “Savi orSabaTi”, “wminda orSabaTi”, “kumeti”... Cven gvaqvs yenobis 48 aRweriloba. es masala amJRavnebs yeenobis sami safexuris arsebobas. pirveli safexuri sakulto ceremonialisa da warmarTuli misteriis gadmonaSTebs Seicavs. meore safexuri gviCvenebs, rom sakulto ceremonialisa da warmarTuli misteriis wiaRidan gamosuli yeenoba saero sanaxaobad gadaqceula da qarTveli xalxis mier dampyroblebTan brZolis asaxvis saSualeba gamxdara. mesame safexuri axali drois nayofia da masSi asxulia qarTveli xalxis brZola mefis ruseTis winaaRmdeg. Zvel qarTul sanaxaobaSi “yeenis saxeli” iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, XIII-XIV-ze adre ver gaCndeboda. XIII saukunemde dResaswaulis monawile erTi gundis meTaurs “keisari” unda rqmeoda. VI saukunis manZilze bizantiel dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebulan qarTveli tomebi da cxadia, rom es momenti qarTul sanaxaobaSi mniSvnelovan kvals datovebda, xolo “yeeni” ki im droidan Semovida xmarebaSi, rodesac saqarTvelos yeenoba ucxo Zalad moevlina1. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom yeenis magivrad erT-erTi gundis meTaurs “arabi” rqmeoda da es saxeli ki VIII saukuneze adre ver gaCndeboda. rodesac “arabi” yeeniT Seicvala, yeenobam arabis niRabi mainc SeinarCuna da igi “yeenis” mxlebelT ricxvSi mainc moeqca. yeeni SubiT xalxs dasdevs, raTa nadavli moipovos. es arabTa mier saqarTvelos awiokebis maCvenebeli SeiZleba iyos. XIX saukuneSi ki am scenam sruliad icvala saxe da igi carizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTul sanaxaobad iqca. xalxi yeenobisvis mzadebas didmarxvis orSabaTs iwyebda. irCevdnen yeens da mis amalas, arCevdnen maTTvis gankuTvnil tansacmels. dResaswaulisTvis saWiro pur-Rvinos erTi ojaxi iZleoda, romelsac Semdeg Tesva-mkaSi exmarebodnen. zogierT sofelSi yeens yovel wels irCevdnen, zogan ki Tu yeens kargi fexi ar hqonda, kargi fexis mqones irCevdnen. yeenad irCevdnen axalgazrda, Ronier, xumara mamakacs, ufro xSirad ki axaldaqorwinebuls. Tu sofelSi ramdenime axaldaqorwinebuli iyo, irCevdnen ufro brgesa da axovans, raTa im wels ufro kargi mosavali yofiliyo. yeenis amal sxvadsxva adgilas sxvadasxva SedgenilobiT iyo. aq Sediodnen: yeeni, dedofali-yeeni, arabi, leki, Sahi, kurTebi anu buRebi, berikebi, vezirebi,

1. javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, Tbilisi, 1979 w., wigni I., gv. 112

mayrebi, naTlia. aseve monawileobdnen metyeve, Jandarmi, xazindari, adiutanti, polkovniki da sxv. yeenis kostumi metad mravalfervani iyo: Tavze exura qaRaldis Wreli qudi an frinvelis bumbuliT morTuli fafaxi, kaxeTSi yeens qudis magivrad kruxis sabudari exura, romelSic zogjer kruxi ijda, raTa im wels didi mosavali mosuliyo. yeeni saxeze qaRaldisgan an muyaosgan damzadebul niRabs ifarebda, romelic xSirad wiTlad iyo SeRebili. yeeni zogjer niRbis magivrad Savad iRebavda saxes da Tmis wver-ulvaSs ikeTebda. yeens cxvris gadmobrunebuli tyavkaba ecva, zogs ki yaraCoxelis tansacmeli. yeenobaSi monawile dedofali Cixti-kopiT an abreSumis wiTeli qaRaldiT iyo morTuli da qarTuli kaba ecva. dedofals vaJi asaxierebda, romelic saxeze ferumarils isvamda da naWrebisagan mkerds ikeTebda. dResaswaulSi monawileobdnen mefe da dedofali, romelTac mefuri tansacmeli ecvaT. mefes Tavze gvirgvini edga da xelSi kverTxi eWira. didmarxvis orSabaTs megangaSeni da berikebi zariTa da sayviriT sofels yeenobis dawyebas amcnobdnen, soflisa da qalaqis moedanze xalxi gamoCndeboda, yeeni da dedofali winaswar gamzadebul taxtebze sxdebodnen, yeens muxlebze gadasaxadis Casaweri davTari edo. Semdeg xdeboda yeenisa da dedoflis “daqorwineba”. yeeni qals gvariSvilobisa da simdidris mixedviT irCevda, agreTve iTvaliswinebda mis silamzes da sxva Rirsebebs. igi maWankals ugzavnida sapatarZlos, qali uars ambobda gaTxovebaze. ganrixebuli yeeni midioda mis mosataceblad, imarTeboda xelCarTuli brZola, romelic yeenis gamarjvebiT mTavrdeboda. Semdeg yeeni da misi amala sofels Camoivlida. isini pirvelad axaldaqorwinebulTa saxlebs miakiTxavdnen. yeeni maspinZels dResaswauls miulocavda da kargi mosavlis aRebas usurvebda. yeeni dajdeboda misTvis gankuTvnil adgilas, durbindiT sofels gaxedavda da gadasaxadis Seweras iwyebda. begaras Seadgenda: arayi, Rvino, erbo, yveli, xaWapuri, qada. dResaswaulis monawileni micemuli saCuqrebiT ar kmayofildebodnen da ojaxidan saWmels itacebdnen. mTavari damrbevi “arabi” iyo. Tu vinme yeens gadasaxadis gadaxdaze uars etyoda, maSin yeeni tyved waiyvanda da ajarimebda mas, rac gadasaxadis ormagad gadaxdiT gamoixateboda. amis Semdeg Widaoba imarTeboda, romelic mdinaris piras an zogjer mdinareSic grZeldeboda. damarcxebul yeens agdebdnen tbaSi an lafSi amosvridnen. wyalSi Casuli yeeni faloss marils moayrida, Rvinos daasxamda, moixsnida, wyalSi Caagdebda da ityoda: “wadi, gamravldi qveyanaze, kargi mosavali moiyvaneo”1. Semdeg yeeni da dedofali qudebs wyliT avsebdnen, xalxs wuwavdnen da Tan ilocebodnen: “gagimravldeT Zroxa, wiwila, qaTami, cxvari da mravali mogsvlodes purio”2. kaxeTSi arc yeenis gaSiSvlebas eridebodnen. mas wylis did “navSi”, anda wylis did gejaSi agdebdnen da karg mosavals natrobdnen. qarTlis zogierT sofelSi sami yeeni hyavdaT, erTi kacebisa, ori _ qalebis. qalebis mier gamarTuli yeenoba ufro karg mosavals iZleoda da amis Semdeg ewyoboda lxini, romelic erT kviras grZeldeboda. lxinis dros sxvdasxva TamaSobebi imarTeboda. yeenobis yvela aRweriloba XIX da XX saukunebis avtorebs ekuTvnis. arsebobda mxolod zogierTi aRweriloba, Tu rogor tardeboda yeenoba XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi. XVII-XVIII saukuneebis TbilisSi yeenoba didi zar-zeimiT ewyoboda. xalxi yoveli mxridan modioda. maT win miuZRodaT spars yeenad wodebuli, romelsac saxe gamuruli hqonda da gadabrunebuli tyapuWi ecva. isini mefis sasaxles miadgebodnen. mefe maT ajildovebda. Semdeg isini didebulTa saxlebisken midiodnen iqac saCuqrebs Rebulobdnen. bolos yeenisa da mefis banakebs Soris brZola imarTeboda, romelic mefis gamarjvebiT

1. ruxaZe j., dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 13 2. igive, gv. 1

mTavrdeboda. damarcxebul yeens mdinareSi agdebdnen. amis Semdeg ki qeifi iwyeboda.Tbilisi (1817-1827 w.) “maSin is iyo, sololakis mxare Sendeboda. mTavarmarTeblis sasaxlis garSemo axali qalaqis ubani evropuli xuroTmoZRvrebis gegmazed. dadga yvelieris ukanaskneli dReebi. mTeli tfilisi qalaqi: avlabari, nariyala da CuRureTi yeenobis saTamaSod emzadeboda. Seidabadis xelosnebs, feiqrebs, xuroebs da mWedlebs bevri samuSao hqondaT aRebuli. isini amzadebdnen xis xmlebsa da xanjlebs, sacere rgolebs da Surdulebs”1. am dros mTeli Tbilisi gayofili iyo or nawilad: erTi iyo isani, meore _ nariyala. “isnis mxares iyvnen CuRureTisa da kukiis mosaxleni, xolo nariyalas emxrobdnen verisa da sololakis mcxovrebni. nariyalis maraqaSi gamodiodnen muxran-batoni, orbeliani, baraTaSvili, erisTavi da ermolovi, isnisaSi ki _ kaxeTis mebatoneni _ WavWavaZe, ColoyaSvili, vaxvaxiSvili, jandieri da sxv.”2 dResaswaulis dawyebis win yeeni da dedofali gamodiodnen amaliT da ipyrobdnen mTel qalaqs, mosaxleobas xarks uwesebdnen. ase batonobda yeeni SuadRemde. Semdeg ki yeens moaxsenebdnen, Seni Camogdeba undaTo da iwyeboda brZola mTawmindis serze. imarjvebdnen nariyalelebi. saqarTvelos mefe da misi amala yeens da dedofals saxedrebze svamdnen, Semdeg ki mtkvarSi yridnen. yeenobaSi asaxuli qarTvelTa laSqrobis ambavi xalxs warsulSi gadahqonda. am dRes XVII s.-Si xalxi misevia Sah-abasis warmomadgenels, misTvis jer muri wauglesiaT pirze, Semdeg virze SeusvamT, mTeli qalaqi SemoutarebiaT da mtkvarSi gadaugdiaT. arsebobs kidev erTi xalxuri gadmocema, romlis mixedviT Sav-orSabaT dRes, 1634 wels qarTvelebs giorgi saakaZis meTaurobiT Sah-abasis warmomadgeneli SeusvamT virze da mTeli qalaqi SemoutarebiaT.

1. janeliZe d., dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 31 2. ruxaZe r., dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 15

XIX s.-is meore naxevridan yeenoba carizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTul sanaxaobad iqca. am periodis TbilisSi erTis magivrad ramdenime yeenoba ewyoboda, romlebSic monawileobdnen berikebi, nefe-dedofali, mayrebi, frakiani da saTvaliani mosamarTle da sxv. zogierTi ubnis yeenebi “pianica kapitnebis” mundirebSi iyvnen Cacmulni da win miuZRodaT Seborkili tusaRebi, romlebsac ukan xis SubebiT SeiaraRebuli jariskacebi mihyvebodnen. erTxel evropis politikuri movlenis inscenireba mowyobila da Tavad bismarkisa da bulanJes msgavsad Cacmuli pirebic gamouyvaniaT. yeenoba saqarTveloSi carizmis gabatonebisTanave aikrZala, magram xalxi ver Seelia am sanaxaobas da mTavarmarTebelma cicianovma es akrZalva moxsna. magram nikoloz pirvelma yeenoba policiis meTvalyureobis qveS daayena. AmasTan erTad gamosca brZaneba, rom muStis garda sxva iaraRi ar yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. mefis xelisuflebam scada, moewyo yeenoba, romelic carizmis Zlevamosilebaze xazis gasmas emsaxureboda, magram xalxma am sanaxaobaSi daiwyo generlebisa da polkovnikebis gamosaxva. maT mier mosaxleobis awiokeba gaiTamaSes, xolo mefis usamarTlobis niSnad yeenobis msvlelobaSi saxrCobelebi da borkilSebmuli tusaRebi gamoiyvanes. aseT yeenobas mefis mTavroba ver Seegua da igi akrZales im mizeziT, rom viTom aseTi sanaxaobebi quCaSi moZraobis SemCerebeli iyo. amis Semdeg xalxi yeenobas orTaWalaSi marTavda, magram mas winandeli elferi aRar hqonda da amitom “yeenobis kudi” daerqva. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mopovebuli masala gvarwmunebs, rom yeenoba-berikaoba warmoSobiT ar aris ori erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli sanaxaoba. yeenoba berikaobis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli dResaswaulia, romelmac berikaobidan momdinare warmarTul elementebTan erTad asaxa qarTveli xalxis istoriuli warsulis sxvadasxva epizodebi. yeenoba-berikaobis agrarul xasiaTs mowmobs sxvadasxva ritualebi: qorwineba, sikvdilisa da sicocxlis, ferxulis, frinvelis da wylis kultis gadmonaSTebi. magaliTad, wylis kults mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs rogorc berikaoba-yeenobaSi, aseve sxva msgavs dResaswaulebSi da gvxvdeba wylis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, rogorebicaa wuwaoba, wyalkurTxeva, yeenis tbaSi an mdinareSi gadagdeba da sxv. aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania mTavari personaJis _ berika-yeenis Tavsaburavis Tavisebureba. rogorc sxvadasxva monacemebiT irkveva, berika-yeeni dResaswaulis danarCen monawileebTan SedarebiT aSkarad dawinaurebulia. igi “mefis” tituls atarebs, RvTaebrivi warmoSobis pirad miiCneva da nayofierebis RvTaebasTan wilnayaria. am personaJis garegnuli niSnebis Seswavla aucilebelia dResaswaulis mTavari ideis gasagebad. dResaswaulis mTavari moqmedi piris Tavsaburavis nairsaxeobaSi, raTqmaunda gansakuTrebuli azria Cadebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom qudi Tu qudniRbebi, romlebsac berika-yeeni atarebda da sagangebod keTdeboda, ritualuri daniSnulebis iyo. mosarTavebi _ mamlis Tavi, kruxis sabudari wiwilebiT, Zvali an xis konkila, nazuqis kveri, yurZeni, Ciri, puris TavTavi, feradi qaRaldi da mZivebi sxvadasxva emblemebs warmoadgenda. realurad arsebuli moqmedi piris sakraluri qudiTa da samkaulebiT gamoxatva, raTqmaunda SemTxveviTi ar iyo da masSi albaT, igulisxmeba nayofierebis kultis elementebi. Tavismxriv, mTavari personaJic nayofierebis RvTaebas ganasaxierebs. yeen-mefes gamorCeuli mdgomareoba aqvs mopovebuli, is Sesaferisi uflebebiTa da pativiT sargeblobs. Cans, quds, qudniRbebs samkaulebs da “mefis” tituls Soris raRac kavSiri arsebobs da savaraudoa, rom aseTi mosarTavebi, mxolod berikaoba- yeenobis dResaswaulSi gvxvdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, dResaswaulSi kultmsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze maRla dResaswaulis mTavari gmiria warmodgenili, romlisTvisac am Tavsaburavebisa da sxva mosarTavebis tareba aucilebelia. TavsaburavTan dakavSirebiT yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imas, rom arc erT masalaSi berika uqudod ar gvxvdeba. is mudam Tavdaxurulia, Tavze raRac adevs an axuravs. magaliTad, rodesac berika-yeeni wyalSi Casvlis dros Tavsaburavs moixdis, “quds wyalSi amaaTrevs”, xalxs qudiT wyals miasxams da dailoceba, Semdeg svel quds Tavze daixuravs, amiT ibrunebs Tavis Zlevamosilebas. xSirad gvxvdeba boloSi wawvetebuli formis qudebi, romlebsac sxvdasxva datvirTva aqvT da sxvaTaSoris, amgvari qudebi gvxvdeba eraySic, berikaoba-yeenobis msgavsi Tamuzis dResaswaulis drosac da gankuTvnlia mTavari monawilisTvis. e. i. orive SemTxvevaSi msgavs personaJTan gvaqvs saqme. ase rom, saqarTvelos uZveles sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli nayofierebis RvTaebis kulti msgavsebas iCens winaaziur samyaroSi gavrcelebul am rigis RvTaebebTan, romlebic wvetiani qudiT, erTi an ori rqiT an misi simboluri gamsaxulebiTaa warmodgenili. amrigad, berikaoba-yeenoba nayofierebasa da aRorZinebasTan dakavSirebuli sagazafxulo dResaswaulia. es iyo berikaoba-yeenobis pirvandeli forma, Semdeg ki am sanaxaobam didi cvlilebebi ganicada, rac gamowveuli iyo saqarTvelos mZime socialur-politikuri cxovrebiT.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. makalaTia s., mesxeT-javaxeTi, Tbilisi, 1938 w. 2. oniani j., qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (muryvamoba-kviriaoba), Tbilisi, 1969 w. 3. ruxaZe j., bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri dResaswauli saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1999 w. 4. ruxaZe j., qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli, Tbilisi, 1966 w. 5. javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t. I, Tbilisi, 1919 w. 6. janeliZe d., qarTuli Teatris istoria, Tbilisi, 1923 w.

nanuka giglemiani, 2007 weli