User:Fisheye~enwikibooks/sandbox

IMPORTANT - This book is still written. Please - DO NOT EDIT With consulting Fisheye, starter of this book.

Introduction

The oceans cover about 70% of Earth surface. Hence, if one wants to understand our planet he has to understand oceans. In this book we shell describe the materials which make the oceans, their uniqe characterisctics - amog all the uniqe properties of water - chemical and physical. We shall describe their origin, behavior, and history, and relationship to global systems and their relationships. After reading this book, you will have a better of our planet and its most important outer feature - the Oceans. This book is inteded for people who wish to better understand our world. I shall try keeping this book fluently readable. But in order to make the best understanding of the disscused reading here the reader better have a general knowledge of high school chemistry and physics. If you haven't got them, you still can read this book, as my purpose is being as clear as I could be, while still making this comperhensive but yet proffesional enough so students of universty could use it.

Table of contents

• User:Fisheye/sandbox/Water[Water - origin and properties]
• Heat and Radiation - Effects on our world oceans.
• The Water Cycle and Winds - How water move from the ocean and to the ocean.
• Surface Ocean Currents - What drive them, where they go, and why ?
• The Convoyer Belt - The model of three dimensinal flow in the ocean.
• Marginal Seas - Lagoons and Estuarines.
• The Dissolved Contents - Why do oceans are salt.
• Sediments in the Ocean - Where they form, what are they made of ?
• The Carbon Cycle of the Ocean - The cycle of Carbon in the ocean, implications on Green House Effect.

The oceans are ofcourse made of water. But what are water ? What makes them what They are ? Where they come from ?

The composition of water

The Water molecules are made of one Oxygen atom and 2 molecules of Hydrogen. The structure of the water molecule causes it to electrically unbalanced. The Oxygen atom at one end is much bigger then the to Hydrogen atoms, and thus more positivelly charged. The oxygen atom has 6 protones, carrying 6 units of positive charge, comparing to one positive charge each Hydrogen atom has. Thus, the water molecule has an Electric Dipol.

To do: Post a picture/drawing of a water molecule with electric dipole

The electric dipol of the water molecule is the main reason which makes the water a unique substance.

Among the special characteristics of water, we shall discuss those:

1. Super-Solvent Since water molecules have electric dippol they are the ultimate solvent and hence can disolve almost every natural occuring substance. Later on this book we shall see how this fact contributes to the chemical properties of water.

2. Large Heat Capacity

The dippole of the water molecules causes them to electricaly attract each other. Hence, liquid water tends to have micro-structres of molecules that gather around and break constantly. Those structures are basd on Hydrogen Bonds, which, again are based on the unique structure of the water molecules. The Temprature of a substance is an exprasion to the vibrations of the molecules inside the substance. So if we heat water they to not easely shake, thanks again to the Hydrogen Bonds.

Anoter important implication of the water dipole is the reltivly high boiling point and high freezing point. Comparing water to other hydrogen compounds we expect that water would boil a -100 celsius degress, and freeze at -183 celsius degress. Instead, as you probably already know, water boils at 100 celsius degrees and freezes at 0 celsius degrees. The reason water boils at such a high temprature is because the need to break all the Hydrogen Bonds before water can boil. This also leads to a high energy of heating, to be precise: If we want to raise the temperature of 1 cubic cm by 1 cels. degree we need to ivest 4.18 K Jouls, this is known also as specific heat. Thus, water has the highest specific heat of all solids and liquids (except of NH3 known as liquid amonia). This causes the oceans to be a Huge temperature buffer, as we shall later see.

2. Anomaly of specific gravity