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Structured Query Language (SQL) is a widely-used programming language for working with relational databases. The name of the language is generally pronounced as the three letters of its abbreviation ˈɛs kjuː ˈɛl or, in some people's usage, as ˈsiːkwəl.

This Wikibook provides a short description of SQL, its origins, basic concepts and components, and a lot of examples. The book follows the specifications of the SQL:2011 standard, which is developed by a common committee of ISO and IEC. Their publications are not freely available, but can be ordered online. Or you may want to refer to a working draft, which you can download from Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation.

Introduction

About the Book

Database Management Systems (DBMS)

Relational DBMS (rDBMS)

SQL: A Language for Working with rDBMS

SQL: The Standard ISO IEC 9075 and various Implementations

Language Elements

Learning by Doing

The Snippets Corner

SELECT code FROM examples WHERE topic = ...

Two Parallel Tracks: Standard and Classic

Standard Track

Classic Track

Foundation Create a simple Table Handle Data Example Database Structure Example Database Data Basic Commands SELECT Fundamentals COMMIT and ROLLBACK INSERT UPDATE DELETE Daily Operations SELECT Join Operation Grouping IS NULL Predicate Predefined Functions Set Operations Case Expression Subquery Views INSERT UPDATE MERGE DELETE TRUNCATE Advanced Topics Managing Tables CREATE TABLE Data Types Foreign Key Alter Table Drop Table Temporary Table Managing Indexes Managing Rights (GRANT / REVOKE) Advanced SELECT features Pattern Matching (LIKE Predicate and much more) IN, SOME/ANY, ALL, EXISTS Advanced Grouping: Rollup / Cube Window functions (Data Warehouses, OLAP) With Clause (Common Table Expression CTE) Recursions NULLs and the Three Valued Logic Transactions / Isolation Levels Some Notes on typical SQL (non-trivial) Tasks Retrieve Top N Rows per Group Eliminate Duplicates

Relational Databases Data Query Language Data Manipulation Language Data Definition Language Performance Data Control Language DB2 Return Codes

End of Parallel Tracks

Appendices

Warnings and Exceptions (SQLSTATE)

Glossary

See also

• Wikibook Microsoft SQL Server
• Wikibook MySQL
• Wikibook Oracle Database
• Wikibook PostgreSQL
• Wikibook SQLite

Please add {{alphabetical}} only to book title pages.