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                                                    Chapter I
                                INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study Despite of decades of dramatic progress in the medical field, communicable diseases remains the major cause of death. The millions of people across the globe are getting affected by the communicable diseases. Malaria, Dengue and Leptospirosis are some of the dangerous diseases that are yet to be cured. Dengue is the viral disease caused by the infection of one of the serotypes of dengue virus which gets transmitted by the mosquito bite. After the bite of mosquito of genus aedes, dengue begins with symptoms like fever, rash and pain often behind the eyes, bones and the joints. There are different types of Dengue:-Serotype 1 (Den 1), Serotype 2 (Den 2), Serotype 3 (Den 3), and Serotype 4 (Den 4). The dengue transferring mosquitos are abundant in the city areas rather than rural. Ades mosquito look black, and a white spot within. These are active at day time and passive at the night. They reside in the dirty and the stagnant water. In dengue a person's white blood and pallets count is massively reduced. The sick pellets are destroyed by the microbes inoculated by the mosquito bite so the white blood count is reduced. (Dionesia Mondeja Navales, 2006). There is no available vaccine, but measures to reduce the habitat and the number of mosquitoes, and limiting exposure to bites, are used to decrease the incidence of dengue. Treatment of acute dengue is supportive, using either oral or intravenous rehydration for mild and moderate disease and intravenous fluids and blood transfusion for more severe cases (Dr.Jeremy Hawker,Dr.Norman Begg,Dr.Lain Blair,Prof. Rail Reintjes, Prof.Julius Weinberg, 2001).

       Malaria is one of the potentially fatal infectious disease caused by protozoan. Increasing number of patient presenting to a health care facility in Europe will have travelled to a place where they have been exposed to Malaria. There is also a risk of airport and transfusion malaria. It is a endemic more than 100 countries throughout Africa, Central and South America, Oceania. (Dr.Jeremy Hawker,Dr.Norman Begg,Dr.Lain Blair,Prof. Rail Reintjes, Prof.Julius Weinberg, 2001).

Malaria may present with almost any clinical pattern. The most classical symptom is the malarial rigor; the periodic nature of the attacks of fever may give a clue as to the diagnosis. The disease must be considered in anyone who has been exposed to the parasite, by travelled, blood transfusion or the rare airport malaria. It may follow a progressive course with high motality in non-immune subjects. The rise in chloroquine resistance means that there are few areas in the world where chloroquine can be relied on for the treatment. Malaria is an epidemic in more than 100 countries throughout Africa, Central and South America, Asia and Oceania; more than 2 billion people Malaria is a potentially fatal plasmodial infection. Increasing number of patient presenting to a health care facility in Europe will have The four species of malaria are plasmodium Falciparum, plasmodium Vivax, plasmodium Malariae and plasmodium Ovale P.Falciparum and P.Vivax are most common spices P.Falciparum is the pre-dominant spices in Africa and Papua New Guinea. P.Vivax dominates in South America and Asia. P.Malariae is widely distributed but is less much common. P.Ovale is mainly found in Africa. (Dionesia Mondeja Navales, 2006).

Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease commonly known as wail's disease, swine herd disease, hemorrhagic jaundice, canicola fever or mud fever. It caused by zoonotic genus Leptospira, which occurs worldwide. When the contaminated water or food when ingested or inoculated through skin inside the body, a person is supposed to have this zoonotic disease. Leptospirosis is carried by domestic and wild animals. Leptospirosis, which is capable of infecting mammals, reptiles, birds and other animals was firstly described by Adolf Weil in 1886. Leptospirosis is an acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice andnephritis. spirochaete bactarium called leptospira species is the main cause of this fetal disease. There is no human vaccine made yet, and the vaccine made for the animals are also effective just for few months. It is an occupational hazard to those exposed to urine –contaminated water as a result of occupation and recreation, e.g. Farmers, sewage workers, vets, miners, solders, swimmers, canoeists, drivers and sailors etc. World wide it is seen in the area of poverty where there can be epidemic. In United Kingdom, The most commonly identified serovars are L.hardjo and L.icterohaemorrhagiae, associated with cattle and rats respectively Fewer than 50 cases a year have been reported in England and Wales (1989-1999). Dr.Jeremy Hawker,Dr.Norman (Begg,Dr.Lain Blair,Prof. Rail Reintjes, Prof.Julius Weinberg, 2001). The clinical spectrum of disease is wide, any serovar can cause many clinical presentations. Classically there is an abrupt onset with headache, myalgia, conjunctival suffusion and fever. Following a week of illness the fever may settle only to rise again. During the later phase, meningism, renal and vasulitic manifestation may occur. (Dionesia Mondejar Navales, 2006).

Statement of the Problem This study will attempt to find out incidence of dengue malaria and leptospirosis cases among people of barangay. It will seek to answer the following questions: 1. What is the total number of cases of dengue, malaria and leptospirosis in Barangay? 2. Which gender is mostly prone to the dengue, malaria and leptospirosis? 3. What age group of people are mostly prone to dengue ,malaria and leptospirosis? 4. What prevention mechanisms are undertaken to overcome dengue, malaria and leptospirosis? What is the most common symptoms of dengue, malaria and leptospirosis among residents of barangay?

Hypothesis This study will formulate the following null hypothesis. 1. There is no exact calculation of the cases of dengue, malaria and leptospirosis in the community of research. 2. There is no common symptom seen in the peoples seen in the community of research that directly relates the diseases like dengue, malaria and leptospirosis. 3. Dengue, malaria and leptospirosis cases are not age and gender bounded. 4. No prevention measure is undertaken by the people in the community of research for dengue, malaria and leptospirosis.

Significance of the study The study will be fruitful to the community for the increasing of awareness and consciousness of these deadly diseases. People of the community can take preventive measures for the deadly diseases of dengue, malaria and leptospirosis by the aid of this research. The target of the study is focused for the merits of the followings.

Community of research The people of the community can get the required knowledge for the diseases. They can know the hazards done by the diseases to them. The study will be fruitful in changing the habits that results people to the exposure of such diseases. Students and researchers The students and researchers can get the authentic data for the further studies on the related topic of study. The study will also turn helpful to the students and researchers to get the knowledge of the diseases.

Definitions of the Terms The terms of the research to be defined conceptually are Cases: An occurrence of disease or disorder. (Elsevier, 2007) Gender: is a set of characteristic distinguishing male n female, particularly in the cases of men and women. (Boston, 2000)