Super NES Programming/65c816 reference

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Internal Registers[edit | edit source]

bits Register Description
8 or 16 A The accumulator. This is the math register. It stores one of two operands or the result of most arithmetic and logical operations.
8 or 16 X, Y The index registers. These can be used to reference memory, to pass data to memory, or as counters for loops.
16 S The stack pointer, points to the next available(unused) location on the stack.
8 DBR Data bank register, holds the default bank for memory transfers.
16 D Direct page register, used for direct page addressing modes.
8 PBR Program Bank, holds the bank address of all instruction fetches.
8 P Processor Status, holds various important flags, see below.
16 PC Program counter
Flags stored in P register[edit | edit source]
Mnemonic Value Binary Value Description
N #$80 10000000 Negative Condition codes used for branch instructions.
V #$40 01000000 Overflow
Z #$02 00000010 Zero
C #$01 00000001 Carry
D #$08 00001000 Decimal
I #$04 00000100 IRQ disable
X #$10 00010000 Index register size (native mode only)

(0 = 16-bit, 1 = 8-bit)

M #$20 00100000 Accumulator register size (native mode only)

(0 = 16-bit, 1 = 8-bit)

E not in P 6502 emulation mode
B #$10 00010000 Break (emulation mode only)

Instructions[edit | edit source]

Arithmetic and Logical Instructions[edit | edit source]

Instruction Description Arguments Flags set
ADC Add A with something and carry bit. Result is put in A. Immediate value or address n,v,z,c Arithmetic instructions
SBC Subtract something and the carry bit. n,v,z,c
AND AND A with memory, storing result in A. Immediate value or address n,z Logical instructions
EOR Exclusive or n,z
ORA OR A with memory, storing result in A. Immediate value or address n,z
TSB Test and set bits z
TRB Test and reset bits z
ASL Arithmetic shift left A or address n,z,c Shift instructions
LSR Logical shift right A or address n,z,c
ROL Rotate left A or address n,z,c
ROR Rotate right A or address n,z,c
BIT test bits, setting immediate value or address n,v,z (only z if in immediate mode) Test instructions
CMP Compare accumulator with memory n,z,c
CPX Compare register X with memory n,z,c
CPY Compare register Y with memory n,z,c
DEA Decrement Accumulator n,z
DEC Decrement, see INC n,z
DEX Decrement X register n,z
DEY Decrement Y register n,z
INA Increment Accumulator n,z
INC Increment, see DEC n,z
INX Increment X register n,z
INY Increment Y register n,z
NOP No operation none
XBA Exchange bytes of accumulator n,z

Load/Store Instructions[edit | edit source]

Instruction Description
LDA Load accumulator from memory
LDX Load register X from memory
LDY Load register Y from memory
STA Store accumulator in memory
STX Store register X in memory
STY Store register Y in memory
STZ Store zero in memory

Transfer Instructions[edit | edit source]

Instruction Description Flags affected
TAX Transfer Accumulator to index register X n,z
TAY Transfer Accumulator to index register Y n,z
TCD Transfer 16-bit Accumulator to Direct Page register n,z
TCS Transfer 16-bit Accumulator to Stack Pointer none
TDC Transfer Direct Page register to 16-bit Accumulator n,z
TSC Transfer Stack Pointer to 16-bit Accumulator n,z
TSX Transfer Stack Pointer to index register X n,z
TXA Transfer index register X to Accumulator n,z
TXS Transfer index register X to Stack Pointer none
TXY Transfer index register X to index register Y n,z
TYA Transfer index register Y to Accumulator n,z
TYX Transfer index register Y to index register X n,z

Branch Instructions[edit | edit source]

Instruction Description
BCC Branch if Carry flag is clear (C=0)
BCS Branch if Carry flag is set (C=1)
BNE Branch if not equal (Z=0)
BEQ Branch if equal (Z=1)
BPL Branch if plus (N=0)
BMI Branch if minus (N=1)
BVC Branch if overflow flag is clear (V=0)
BVS Branch if overflow flag is set (V=1)
BRA Branch Always (unconditional)
BRL Branch Always Long (unconditional)

Jump and call instructions[edit | edit source]

Instruction Description
JMP Jump
JML Jump long
JSR Jump and save return address
JSL Jump long and save return address
RTS Return from subroutine
RTL Return long from subroutine

Interrupt instructions[edit | edit source]

Instruction Description
BRK Generate software interrupt
COP Generate coprocessor interrupt
RTI Return from interrupt
STP Stop processor until RESET
WAI Wait for hardware interrupt

P Flag instructions[edit | edit source]

Instruction Description
CLC Clear carry flag
CLD Clear decimal flag (binary arithmetic)
CLI Enable interrupt requests
CLV Clear overflow flag
REP Reset status bits (for example REP #%00100000 clears the M flag)
SEC Set carry flag
SED Set decimal flag (decimal arithmetic)
SEP Set status bits (for example SEP #%00010000 sets the X flag)
SEI Disable interrupt requests
XCE Exchange carry flag with emulation flag

Stack Instructions[edit | edit source]

Instruction Description
PHA Push Accumulator Push instructions
PHX Push index register X
PHY Push index register Y
PHD Push direct page register
PHB Push data bank register
PHK Push Program Bank Register
PHP Push processor status
PEA Push effective address
PEI Push effective indirect address
PER Push effective relative address
PLA Pull Accumulator Pull instructions
PLX Pull index register X
PLY Pull index register Y
PLP Pull processor status
PLD Pull direct page register
PLB Pull data bank register

Addressing modes[edit | edit source]

Mode Example
Implied PHB
Immediate[MemoryFlag] AND #1 or 2 bytes
Immediate[IndexFlag] LDX #1 or 2 bytes
Immediate[8-Bit] SEP #byte
Relative BEQ byte (signed)
Relative long BRL 2bytes (signed)
Direct AND byte
Direct indexed (with X) AND byte, x
Direct indexed (with Y) AND byte, y
Direct indirect AND (byte)
Direct indexed indirect AND (byte, x)
Direct indirect indexed AND (byte), y
Direct indirect long AND [byte]
Direct indirect indexed long AND [byte], y
Absolute AND 2bytes
Absolute indexed (with X) AND 2bytes, x
Absolute indexed (with Y) AND 2bytes, y
Absolute long AND 3bytes
Absolute indexed long AND 3bytes, x
Stack relative AND byte, s
Stack relative indirect indexed AND (byte, s), y
Absolute indirect JMP (2bytes)
Absolute indirect long JML [2bytes]
Absolute indexed indirect JMP/JSR (2bytes,x)
Implied accumulator INC
Block move MVN/MVP byte, byte

External links[edit | edit source]