Quenya/Locative
Usage
The locative corresponds to the prepositions "in", "on" and "upon".
It is always used for places:
- `V`C5 aY`C,R ëan coassë "I am in a house"
- `B aG7ÎEt^ `V`C `B aG7ÎE,R i ciryamo ëa i ciryassë "the sailor is on the ship"
- `B lDnG 9~Ct# `NjnE,R i aiwi háma olwassë "the bird sits upon a branch"
or for a moment or period in time when something happens:
- `M1~Mj%`V5 `B j~Nt%,R utúlien i lómissë "I have come in the night"
There are two situations in which we don't use the locative:
- The preposition "into" is translated by t%6 mir followed by a nominative:
- 5~V6 yE4#5$ t%6 `B t#j°$ nér vantanë mir i mallë "a man walked into the street"
- The preposition "in" can also be used to denote a condition or feeling someone has, in that case we use the preposition t% mi (or t~B mí, this is short for t% mi + `B i):
- 5~V6 yE4#5$ t% t^65%`V nér vantanë mi mornië "a man walked in darkness"
- 5~V6 yE4#5$ t~B 7Ts# nér vantanë mí ringa "a man walked in the cold"
Formation
Singular
The basic ending is \,R -ssë after vowels and \`V,R -essë after consonants.
Most words simply add this ending:
- `C7E5 aran "king" → `C7E5$,R aranessë
- 1~C7T tári "queen" → 1~C7T,R tárissë
- yR2$ vendë "girl" → yR2$,R vendessë
- 9~C5^ háno "brother" → 9~C5^,R hánossë
Words that have a stem-form use this stem-form:
- iD6 sar "pebble" → iDuR,R sardessë (stem-form iDu\ sard-)
- aU7Y curo "device" → aU7U,R curussë (stem-form aU7U\ curu-)
- j~Nt$ lómë "night" → j~Nt%,R lómissë (stem-form j~Nt%\ lómi-)
Singular Exceptions
Words ending in \8 -s contract with the ending:
- `C6zGj%8 arquilis "desert" → `C6zGj%,R arquilissë
Words ending in \1 -t only get iD -së as ending to make \1R+ - \1R¡ - \1RÇ -tsë:
- `VaR1 ecet "short sword" → `VaR1R+ ecetsë
Words ending in \j -l change j l + ,R ssë into = \m$ -ldë:
- t$5$j menel "heaven" → t$5$m$ meneldë
Words ending in \5 -n change 5 n + ,R ssë into = \2$ -ndë:
- aF5$5 cemen "earth, soil" → aFt$2$ cemendë
Words that in the nominative end on \iR -ssë don't have a locative case, when a locative would be needed they use the preposition t% mi:
- y~B7R,R Víressë "April" → t% y~B7R,R mi Víressë
Stem-forms show quite a lot of exceptions in this case (see Stem-forms):
- The locative of contracted stems doesn't use the stem-form but the nominative singular:
- 9C7E5 haran "leader" → 9C7E2$ harandë (stem-form 9C65\ harn-)
- Doubled S-stems simply add \`V -ë to the stem-form:
- eDj#8 falas "beach" → eDj#,R falassë (stem-form eDj#8\ falas-)
- T-stems that add -s also follow this rule:
- 9R5$1 henet "window" → 9R5$1R+ henetsë (stem-form 9R5$1+\ henets-)
- C-stems are changed as follows:
- zR,R1 quesset "pillow" → zR,Ra|R quessexë (stem-form zR,Ra\ quessec-)
- But nelet uses the rule of the T-stems in this case:
- 5$j$1 nelet "tooth" → 5$j$1R+ neletsë (stem-form 5$ja\ nelc-)
- M-stems use the nominative instead of the stem-form:
- 1Ej#5 talan "floor" → 1Ej#2$ talandë (stem-form 1Ej#t\ talam-)
Plural
The ending is \,R5 -ssen after vowels and \`B,R5 -issen after consonants.
- t#aGj macil "sword" → t#aGj%,R5 macilissen
- `Vm# elda "elf" → `Vm#,R5 eldassen
Plural Exceptions
In the plural the different exceptions generally aren't used, only when a word would end on \iG,R5 -sissen (or \aG,R5 -cissen) is the ending shortened: Words ending in \8 -s:
- `C6zGj%8 arquilis "desert" → `C6zGj%,R5 arquilissen
Doubled S-stems:
- eDj#8 falas "beach" → eDj#,R5 falassen (stem-form eDj#8\ falas-)
T-stems that add \8 -s:
- 9R5$1 henet "window" → 9R5$1iR5 henetsen (stem-form 9R5$1+\ henets-)
C-stems:
- zR,R1 quesset "pillow" → zR,Ra|R5 quessexen (stem-form zR,Ra\ quessec-)
- 5$j$1 nelet "tooth" → 5$j$1iR5 neletsen (stem-form 5$ja\ nelc-)
Dual
- U-duals get \,R -ssë:
- `Cm& aldu "a pair of trees" → `Cm&,R aldussë (nom.sing.: `Cm# alda)
- T-duals get \iR -së:
- aG7ÎE1 ciryat "a pair of ships" → aG7ÎE1R+ ciryatsë (nom.sing.: aG7ÎEcirya)
- `C7E5$1 aranet "a pair of kings" → `C7E5$1R+ aranetsë (nom.sing.: `C7E5 aran)
Partitive Plural
We add \,R5 -ssen or \,R -ssë to the nominative partitive plural:
- aG7ÎEj% ciryali "some ships" → aG7ÎEj%,R5 - aG7ÎEj%,R ciryalissen/ciryalissë (nom.sing.: aG7ÎE cirya)
(but the ending \,R5 -ssen is preferred)
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