Punjabi/Shahmukhi/Lesson 2

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Lesson 1Lesson 2Lesson 3Lesson 4Lesson 5Lesson 6Lesson 7Lesson 8Lesson 9Lesson 10Lesson 11

Lesson 2[edit | edit source]

Welcome to Lesson 2. In this lesson, you will be taught the next row:

ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ


Jīm, chē, baṛī hē, and xē all change form in the same way, only differing with dot diacritics.

Likewise, dāl, ḍāl, and zāl all also change form in the same way with differing diacritics.

A Note on Non-Connectors[edit | edit source]

Dāl, ḍāl, and zāl are also what are called non-connectors. This means that when one of these letters occur in the beginning or the middle a word, the letter coming after the non-connector will be in its initial form. If the non-connector is the second last letter in the word, the letter coming after it will be in its independent form.


An example of the first instance:

ریڈیٔو - rēḍīō - radio

Here, rē and ḍāl are the non-connectors.


An example of the second instance:

رباج - rabāj - fashion

Here, alef is the non-connector.


If a non-connector comes after another non-connector, it simply takes its independent form:

درد - dard - pain

Here, dāl and rē are the non-connectors.


Now on to the lesson:

jīm - ج[edit | edit source]

Jīm is pronounced like the English "j". It will be represented by "j" in romanization.

Initial[edit | edit source]

جوکر - jōkar - joker

جیل - jēl - jail

Medial[edit | edit source]

پجاما - pajāmā - pajama

پنجاب - panjāb - Punjab

Final[edit | edit source]

سج - saj - decoration

ججّ - jajj - judge

chē - چ[edit | edit source]

Chē is pronounced like the English "ch". It will be represented by "ch" in romanization.

Initial[edit | edit source]

چین - chīn - China

چیتا - chīṭā - cheetah (animal)

Medial[edit | edit source]

سچل - sachal - Sachal (a name)

چیچہ وطنی - chīchahwatnī - Chichawatni (a town in Punjab, Pakistan)

Final[edit | edit source]

نیمچ - nīmach - Nimach (a town in Madhya Pradesh, India)

پنج - panj - five

baṛī hē - ح[edit | edit source]

Baṛī hē is pronounced like the English "h". It will be represented by "h" in romanization.

Initial[edit | edit source]

حیدرآباد - haidarābād - Hyderabad (a city in Sindh, Pakistan)

حلايب - halāīb - Hala'ib (a town in Egypt)

Medial/Final[edit | edit source]

By looking at jīm and chē, it shouldn't be difficult to determine the medial and final forms of baṛī hē.

xē - خ[edit | edit source]

Xē is pronounced a little like the Scottish "ch" or the Russian "x". It will be represented by "x" in romanization.

Initial[edit | edit source]

خضدار - xuzdār - Khuzdar (a town in Balochistan, Pakistan)

خرگوش - xargōsh - rabbit

Medial[edit | edit source]

سخت - saxat - strict

مخّں - maxxaṇ - butter

Final[edit | edit source]

رخ - raxx - keep

کخّ - kaxx - straw

dāl - د[edit | edit source]

Dāl is pronounced a little like the English "d" however, just like the dental t, this is a dental d. Therefore, you need to place the tip of your tongue behind your upper teeth instead of on the roof of your mouth to produce this sound. It will be represented by "d" in romanization.

Initial[edit | edit source]

دوات - davāt - ink pot

دادا - dādā - grandfather

Medial[edit | edit source]

سدا - sadā - always

ندان - nadān - innocent

Final[edit | edit source]

لدّ - ladd - load

سدّ - sadd - call

ḍāl - ڈ[edit | edit source]

Ḍāl is pronounced like the English "d". It will be represented by "ḍ" in romanization.

Initial[edit | edit source]

ڈیسک - ḍaisk - desk

ڈالر - ḍālar - dollar

Medial[edit | edit source]

اکیڈمی - akaiḍamī - academy

ریڈیٔو - rēḍīō - radio

Final[edit | edit source]

پونڈ - paunḍ - pound

چیڈ - chaiḍ - Chad (an African country)

zāl - ذ[edit | edit source]

Zāl is pronounced like the English "z". It will be represented by "z" in romanization.

Initial/Medial/Final[edit | edit source]

By looking at dāl, it shouldn't be difficult to determine zāl's forms. Just add a dot on top of the letter.

Summary[edit | edit source]

You have now completed Lesson 2. You have now learned jīm, chē, baṛī hē, xē, dāl, ḍāl, and zāl. That's 7 letters, but only 2 positional methods.

Thus far you have been taught the following:

ب پ ت ٹ ث

ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ

Remember these well, and feel free to go through Lesson 1 or 2 again if you feel you need to do so to help you remember the letters.

When you are ready, proceed to Lesson 3.