Proto-Germanic/Pronunciation

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Welcome to the pronunciation lesson of Proto-Germanic!

Consonants[edit | edit source]

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plain Labial
Nasal m
⟨m⟩
n
⟨n⟩
Stop Unvoiced p
⟨p⟩
t
⟨t⟩
k
⟨k⟩

⟨kw⟩
Voiced b
⟨b⟩
d
⟨d⟩
ɡ
⟨g⟩
ɡʷ
⟨gw⟩
Fricative Unvoiced ɸ
⟨f⟩
θ
⟨þ⟩
s
⟨s⟩
x
⟨h⟩

⟨hw⟩
Voiced z
⟨z⟩
Approximants j
⟨j⟩
w
⟨w⟩
Lateral l
⟨l⟩
Trill r
⟨r⟩
  • In some positions, voiced stops /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are pronounced as [β], [ð], and [ɣ] instead:
    • in intervocalic positions;
    • in word-initial positions in the case of /ɡ/ [ɣ]; and
    • sometimes after /r/ in the case of /d/ [ð], varying with its stop allophone.
  • /n/ before velar stops /k/ and /ɡ/ (both of which can be labialized) is pronounced as /ŋ/.

Vowels[edit | edit source]

Oral vowels
Type Front Back
short long overlong short long overlong
Close i
⟨i⟩

⟨ī⟩
u
⟨u⟩

⟨ū⟩
Mid e
⟨e⟩

⟨ē²⟩
eːː ~ æːː
⟨ê⟩

⟨ō⟩
oːː
⟨ô⟩
Open æː
⟨ē¹⟩
ɑ
⟨a⟩
ɑː
⟨ā⟩
Nasal vowels
Type Front Back
short long short long
Close ĩ
⟨į⟩
ĩː
⟨į̄⟩
ũ
⟨ų⟩
ũː
⟨ų̄⟩
Mid õː
⟨ǭ⟩
Open ɑ̃
⟨ą⟩
ɑ̃ː
⟨ą̄⟩