Principles of Biochemistry/Glycolysis

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Glycolysis is the first step of glucose catabolism. Glycolysis is divided into two categories: aerobic (chemical reactions that occur with the presence of oxygen) and anaerobic (chemical reactions that do not require oxygen). An example of anaerobic glycolysis is fermentation. Glucose is the reactant; while ATP and NADH are the products of the Glycolysis reaction. There are three stages in an aerobic glycolysis reaction: 1) decarboxylation of pyruvate 2) Citric Acid Cycle (also known as the Krebs Cycle) 3) Electron transport chain.

Glycolysis consists of a total of 10 chemical reactions that starts with the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate and NADH which takes place in the cytoplasm.

  • Step 1: Phosphorylation of Glucose
This reaction is irreversible under intracellular condition, transferase class
Catalyzed by hexokinase-soluble and cytosolic protein (glucokinase in liver)
Requires ATP, and Mg2+ as substrates, generates ADP
ΔG′°= -16.7 kJ/mol
  • Step 2: Conversion of Glucose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate
This reaction is reversible, isomerase class
Catalyzed by phosphohexo isomerase
Requires Mg2+ as a substrate
ΔG′°= 1.7 kJ/mol
  • Step 3: Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-Phospate to Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
Irreversible reaction, transferase class
Catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1 which is highly regulate allosteric enzyme
Requires ATP, and Mg2+ as substrates, generates ADP
ΔG′°= -14.2 kJ/mol
  • Step 4: Cleavage of Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
Reversible reaction, lyase class
Catalyzed by aldose
Yields 2 different triose phosphates: G3P (an aldose), and DHAP (a ketose)
ΔG′°= 23.8 kJ/mol
  • Step 5: Interconversion of the Triose Phosphate
Reversible reaction, isomerase class
Catalyzed by triose phosphate isomerase
ΔG′°= 7.5 kJ/mol
  • Step 6: Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Reversible reaction, oxidoreductase class
Catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Requires NAD+, yields NADH
ΔG′°= 6.3 kJ/mol
  • Step 7: Phosphoryl Transfer from 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to ADP
Reversible reaction, transferase class
Catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase
Requires ADP and Mg2+, generates ATP
ΔG′°= -18.5 kJ/mol
  • Step 8: Conversion of 3-Phosphoglycerate to 2-Phosphoglycerate
Reversible reaction, isomerase class
Catalyzed by phosphoglycerate mutase
Requires Mg2+
ΔG′°= 4.4 kJ/mol
  • Step 9: Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to Phosphoenolpyruvate
Reversible reaction,, lyase class
Catalyzed by enolase
ΔG′°= 7.5 kJ/mol
  • Step 10: Transfer of the Phosphoryl Group from Phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP
Irreversible reaction, transferase class
Catalyzed by pyruvate kinase
Requires ADP, Mg2+, K+, generates ATP
ΔG′°= -31.4 kJ/mol
The product pyruvate first appears in enol form, then tautomerizes to keto form.

The net reaction for Glycolysis is :

Glucose+2ADP+2P1+2NAD+ --> 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP+2NADH+2H++2H2O


Fermentation Glycolysis in fermentation occurs under anaerobic condition, thus, NAD+ has to be regenerated. In order to do obtain NAD+, pyruvate is reduced into ethanol or lactic acid. During fermentation, only 2 ATP per glucose are produced; therefore, it is not too efficient. There are two types of fermentation: 1) Alcohol fermentation which occurs in yeast and some bacteria and 2) Lactic acid fermentation which occurs in some fungi and bacteria, and muscles cells.