Fortran/Fortran control
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[edit] Selection
[edit] if
- if (...) then ... else ... end if
Fortran has a block-if statement of the form:
if (logical expression1) then Lines of Fortran else if (logical expression2) then Lines of Fortran else if (logical expression3) then Lines of Fortran else Lines of Fortran end if
The following operators can be used when making the logical expression:
- Greater than or less than
.GT. .LT. > <
- Greater than or equal to or less than or equal to
.GE. .LE. >= <=
- Equal to and Not equal to
.EQ. .NE. == /=
To check more than one statement, use .AND., .OR., and .NOT.:
IF ((a .GT. b) .AND.NOT. (a .LT. c)) THEN
The following program generates a random number between 0 and 1 and tests if it is between 0 and 0.3, 0.3 and 0.6, or between 0.6 and 1.0.
program xif
implicit none
real :: x
real, parameter :: x1 = 0.3, x2 = 0.6
call random_seed()
call random_number(x)
if (x < x1) then
print*,x,"<",x1
else if (x < x2) then
print*,x,"<",x2
else
print*,x,">=",x2
end if
end program xif
There are two interesting archaic forms of IF:
IF (logicalExpression) GO TO lineNumber IF (arithmeticExpression) firstLineNumber, secondLineNumber, thirdLineNumber
In the first form, things are pretty straightforward. In the second form, the arithmetic expression is evaluated. If the expression evaluates to a negative number, then execution continues at the first line number. If the expression evaluates to zero, then execution continues at the second line number. Otherwise, execution continues at the third line number.
[edit] case (switch)
- select case(...) case (...); ... end select
If an if block consists of repeated tests on a single variable, it may be posssible to replace it with a select case construct. For example, the code
if (month == "January") then num_days = 31 else if (month == "February") then num_days = 28 print *,"You can put more stuff here." else if (month == "March") then num_days = 31 else num_days = 30 end if
can be replaced by
select case (month)
case ("January")
num_days = 31
case ("February")
num_days = 28
print *,"You can put more stuff here."
case ("March")
num_days = 31
case default
num_days = 30
end select
Fortran does not need a break statement.
[edit] Loops
- do i=1,10 ... end do
To iterate, Fortran has a do loop. The following loop prints the squares of the integers from 1 to 10:
do i=1,10 print*,i**2 end do
One can exit a loop early using exit, as shown in the code below, which prints the squares of integers until one of the squares exceeds 25.
do i=1,10 isquare = i**2 if (isquare > 25) exit print*,isquare end do
Loops can be nested. The following code prints powers 2 through 4 of the integers from 1 to 10
do i=1,10
do ipower=1,3
print*,i,ipower,i**ipower
end do
end do
In an archaic form of DO, a line number on which the loop(s) end is used. Here's the same loop, explicitly stating that line 1 is the last line of each loop:
DO 1 i=1,10
DO 1 ipower=1,3
1 PRINT *,i,ipower,i**ipower
If using the archaic form, the loop must not end on an IF or GO TO statement. You may use a CONTINUE statement instead in these cases.
There is also an optional increment argument when declaring a do loop. The following will count up by two's. 2, 4, 6, ...
do i=2,10,2 write (*,*) i end do
Arguments to the do loop don't have to be numbers, they can be any integer that is defined elsewhere in the program. start, end, and increment can be any variable name.
do i=start,end,increment
code goes here
end do
[edit] Simple statements
GO TO statementNumber will jump to the specified statement number.
STOP conditionCode will stop with the specified condition code or exit code. STOP may be coded without an argument. Note that on many systems, STOP 0 is still a failure.
EXIT will leave a loop.
CONTINUE can be used to end an archaic DO loop when it would otherwise end on an IF.
RETURN leaves a subroutine or function.
