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1
sentences with sa: proper noun, indefinite common noun, adjective / subjects - noun, witin, demonstrative pronouns
articles ba (mention na), kum
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postpositional predicates
plural (nani): common noun/demonstrative pronoun/witin + nani
yawan inclusive “we” pronoun
negation of sa: apia sa
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existence: bara sa
questions (1): yes-no (particle ki; yes and no answers)
questions (2): wh-type (dia, yâ)
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present progressive, third-person: -isa
general negative: -ras
SOV order
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(simple) postpositions: ra, wina, kat, wal, ni
direct objects (with or without ra)
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aorist, third-person: -an
future, third-person: -aisa
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first and second person SINGULAR of kaia (present), present continuous (-isa), future (-aisa)
personal pronouns (singular)
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present of waia & balaia
want/nu kaia
general negative (-ras + kaia)
-i + kaia
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ligature in -ka: (1) after demonstratives and preposed adjectives
(2) after possessive NPs and ai, wan
(3) used alone
infinitive (some uses)
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other ligature forms
a-verbs and i-verbs
plural personal pronouns
use of verb forms with plural
the banghwaia construction
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infinitive uses: want, sip
relationals (3P)
suffixed possessive forms
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infixed ligature
infinitive uses: -aia sa
numerals, quantifiers
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infixed possessive forms
relationals (1/2P)
negative ability construction
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full conjugation of aorist (regular, vowel stems, kaia)
impersonal construction
inalienable nouns
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object particles
imperative (2P affirmative) (regular, vowel stems, kaia)
sentence mood particles ([ki], ni, bika)
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more questions (full range of wh-words)
imperative (other than 2P affirmative) (regular, vowel stems, kaia)
brih waia, brih balaia
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compound verbs (various types, including i-participle ones)
irregular verb: yabaia
attributive adjectives
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coordination
periphrastic tenses: -i kapri, -ri kan
passive participle
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future II (-amna, -ma, -bia)
various uses
future negation (-ras; FUTURE + apia)
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same-subject participle (-i): form and introduction to uses
circumstantial clauses
complement clauses
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present I tense
adverbs (time…)
word order (heavy constituents)
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conditions
subject markers
anterior participle: -isi
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perfect tense
valency derivations (-w-, -k-, -b-)
passive voice (-an kapri)
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reflexives (ai)
different-subject construction (non-future) (aorist + present/aorist)
relative clauses (first type)
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focus and topic markers
different subject (future)
relative clauses (second type type)
other lexical derivation