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It arises from dipolar coupling between two spin half nuclei, or from transitions in quadrupolar nuclei such as deuterium. Pake extracted the proton-proton distance from his experiments on a single crystal and powdered hydrates of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)[1].
↑Nuclear Resonance Absorption in Hydrated Crystals: Fine Structure of the Proton Line,G. E. Pake, J. Chem. Phys. 16, 327 (1948); doi:10.1063/1.1746878; http://link.aip.org/link/JCPSA6/v16/i4/p327/s1
