User:Recent Runes/Pronunciation

Analysis of Pronunciation points

Sounds	Easy sound and easy spelling	Easy sound and hard spelling	Foreign sound and regular spelling	Foreign sound and irregular spelling	Hard sound and regular spelling	Hard sound and irregular spelling
/f/	f, ff, ph
/g/	g (+ a, o, u), gu	c
/gz/	x
/k/	k, c, cc	qu, ch
/ks/	x, cc
/m/	m, mm
/v/	v	f
/S/		ch, che, sch
/Z/		g (+ e, i, y), j, ge
/d/	d
/l/	l, ll
/n/	n, nn	-n
/s/	s, ss, sc, c, ce	ç, tion -> /sj%/, x, t
/t/	t, -te	d, pt, -t, th
/(t)/		-t
/z/	z, ze, s, se	x, sion -> /zj%/
/b/	b
/p/	p	bt -> /pt/
silence	c, d, g, h, l, p, s, t, x, f, z	-r
/'/		h
/H/			u (+ i, e, y, a, é)
/J/			gn
/R/			r, rr, re

Sounds	Easy sound and easy spelling	Easy sound and hard spelling	Foreign sound and regular spelling	Foreign sound and irregular spelling	Hard sound and regular spelling	Hard sound and irregular spelling
/a/	a, à	ai, e
/A/	â	a, as
/&/			am, an, em, en-
/@/		e, on
/(@)/		e
/e/	é, -er, ez, eff-, -es	e, -et, ai, ê, ei, aî, err, ess, ay
/E/	e, è, ê, ei, -et, ai	é, aî, ay, ea
/Ej/		ay, eil
/En/	aine	aîn
/Et/	-ette
/ER/	er, err, ère, aire	-er
/£/			ain, -en, ein, im, in	ym, yn, en-
/9/					eu, heu	oeu, uei
/9R/					eur
/*/						un
/2/					eu	eu, oeu, ue
/2z/					euse
elided		e
/i/	i, y
/in/	in* (*=vowel)
/j*/	i*, y* (*=vowel)	l, ll, il, ille
/ije/		ié, ier
/O/	o	au
/o/	au, eau, ô	o, o* (*=silent)
/%/			om, on
/u/	ou* (*=cons), oo, où, oû	oui
/w*/	ou* (*=vowel)
/wa/	oi, oî
/waj/		oy
/w£/			oin
/wA/		oi
/y/					u, ue	û, eû, eu

Rules

Rule	Text	IPA	Count		Level
A01 a	a	a	447		0.01
A02 a	à	a	10		0.01
A03 b	ai	a	7	clashes with E37 (gives E)	4.01
A04 b	e	a	1		4.01
A05 ?	aô	ai	0		?
A10 b	a	A	22	may clash with E37 in "ail(le)" -> "Aj"?	4.02
A11 a	â	A	11		0.12
A12 b	as	A	5		4.02
A20 c	am	&	9	not final or before m, n or h.	2.01
A21 c	an	&	120	not final or before n or h.	2.01
A25 c	em	&	20	see also R01	2.02
A26 c	en	&	178	see R01. [ 'enn*' -> /&n*/ is special case]	2.02
C00 a	c	/	4	usually preceded by 'n' or silent '*ct' ?	0.00
D00 a	d	/	24		0.00
E00 a	e	/	200	final after silent vowel or in silent '*es'.	0.00
E01 b	e	@	42	short words & 2nd last vowel sound	3.01
E02 b	e	(@)	40	generally difficult to predict	3.02
E03 b	on	@	1	odd (monsieur)	4.33
E04 b	de	d@	11	can override E24	3.01
E05 b	de	d(@)	14		3.02
E06 b	re	r@	22		3.01
E07 b	re	r(@)	37	can override E24, (@) is difficult	3.02
E08 b	que	k@	6		3.01
E09 b	que	k(@)	5		3.02
E10 b	e	e	10	clash with E01, E30	4.03
E11 a	é	e	312		0.11
E12 a	er	e/	332		0.11
E13 a	es	e/	3	can be silent in verb endings for "tu"	0.11
E14 b	et	e/	1	(only "et") clash with E36	4.03
E15 a	ez	e/	3	common verb ending for "vous"	0.11
E16 b	ai	e	10	clash with E37 (mostly verb infinitives)	4.04
E17 b	ê	e	7	clash with E32 (always verb infinitives)	4.03
E18 b	ei	e	5	clash with E35 (always verb infinitives)	4.03
E19 b K01	esqu	ek	1	only in lesqu- (would otherwise be Esk)	4.03
E20 b I11	ay	ei	2		4.04
E21 b	aîn	en	1	clash with E42 / enchaîner	4.04
E22 b	aît	et	2	maîtrise, maîtriser	4.04
E23 b	err	eR	4	unlike English & clash with E51	4.03
E24 b S03	ess	es	15	unlike English and may be overridden by E04, E05 or E07 if first vowel or E30 if at end of word	4.03
E25 b	eff	ef	5	unlike English but always true for the start of a word. "eff" only appears at start of word anyway!	3.09
E30 a	e	E	132	often followed by 2 consonants	0.12
E31 a	è	E	22		0.12
E32 a	ê	E	16	E17 clashes but E32 is more common	0.12
E33 b	é	E	2	clashes with E11	4.05
E35 a	ei	E	7	E18 clashes and "ein" can give "£"	0.12
E36 a	et	E/	7	E14 clashes, but E36 is more common	0.12
E37 a	ai	E	27	A03, A10 & E16 clash but E37 is more common, and consistent with E43, E53 & E54. E61 can nasalize it.	0.12
E38 b	ea	E	1	English words	5.01
E39 b	aî	E	3		0.12
E40 b [J06]	ay	Ej	3	difficult	4.05
E41 a [J04]	eil	Ej/	5	J04 is difficult part	1.20
E42 b	aîn	En	4	difficult (no nasalisation)	4.06
E43 a	aine	En	7	includes E37	0.12
E44 a	ette	Et/	9		0.12
E50 a R01	er	ER	50	always precedes a consonant	0.22
E51 a R02	err	ER	4	E23 clashes	0.22
E52 a R03	ère	ER	15	moderate	0.22
E54 a R03	aire	ER	18	easy (includes E37)	0.22
E56 b R01	er	ER/	6	clashes with E12 (short or English words)	4.06
E57 a R02	err	ER/	0		0.22
E60 c	aim	£	0	faim	2.03
E61 c	ain	£	23		2.03
E62 d	en	£	2	clashes with A26	4.07
E63 c	en	£/	17	final	2.03
E64 c	ein	£	4		2.03
E66 c	im	£	8		2.03
E67 c	in	£	56	Often combined with W20 in "oin".	2.03
E68 c	ym	£	1		2.03
E69 c	yn	£	1		2.03
E70 e	eu	9	9	not as final sound or followed by /z/	3.03
H00 E71 e	heu	9	5	includes E70, always in "heur".	3.03
E72 f	oeu	9	2	hard spelling	4.08
E73 e R01	eur	9R	41	includes E70	3.03
E74 f	uei	9	1	hard spelling & pronunciation	4.08
E80 e	um	*	0		3.06
E81 e	un	*	10	only words containing the word "un"!	3.06
E82 f	eu	2	4	clashes with E70. Combines with J16.	4.10
E83 e	eu	2/	9	final /2/ sound so no clash with E70	3.04
E84 e Z05	euse	2z	24	/z/ follows /2/ so no clash with E70	3.04
E83 e X00	eux	2/	15	Combines with H07.	3.04
E83 e E00	eue	2/	2	final /2/ sound so no clash with E70	3.04
E87 f	oeu	2	0	rare (oeufs)	4.10
E88 f	ue	2	0	possible clash with H02 or H05	4.10
E90 b	e		7	Elided vowel - difficult. also see M01	4.11
F01 a	ph	f	5		0.00
G00 a	g	/	4	see also O21 (always after 'n')	0.00
G01 a	gu	g	9	to give a hard /g/ sound before 'e' or 'i'.	1.05
G02 b	c	g	1	'second'	4.31
G10 b Z08a	x	gz	4	only before vowels	1.26
H00 a	h	silent	28		0.00
H10 b	h	'	10	"aspirated h" prevents liaison	1.24
H01 c I01	ui	Hi	25	only applies if no preceding vowel or letter 'q' or 'g' which would absorb the 'u'.	1.11
H02 c E12	uer	He/	5	same conditions as H01	1.11
H03 c I05 J06	uy	Hij	3		1.21
H04 c E11	ué	He	1	same conditions as H01	1.11
H05 c E30 L10	uel	HEl	3	same conditions as H01	1.11
H06 c A01	ua	Ha	2	same conditions as H01 or after 'r'.	1.11
H07 c E83	ueu	H2	1		3.04
I01 a	i	i	359	'i' is not followed by a vowel	0.11
I02 a	î	i	0		0.11
I05 a	y	i	10	combines with H03	0.11
I07 a J07 E11	ié	ije	1		1.21
I08 a J08 E12	ier	ije	3		1.21
I10 a	ile	il/	6		0.11
I11 a	yle	il	1	part of E20 too. (really 'y' -> /i/)	0.11
I15 a	in	in	32	"in" is always followed by a vowel	0.11
I16 a	yn	in	0		0.11
J01 a	i	j	103	'i' is always followed by a vowel	1.19
J02 b	l	j	2	hard, only in "*ail" ?	1.20
J03 b	ll	j	19	hard, always in "*ill*"	1.20
J04 b	il	j/	3	hard, note "*ile." -> /*il/ (no rule)	1.20
J05 b	ille	ij/	2	hard, some overlap with J03 & J09	1.20
J06 a	y	j	8	'y' is always followed by a vowel	1.21
J07 b	ié	ije	1	see I07	1.21
J08 b	ier	ije	3	see I08	1.21
J09 b	ille	j/	6	"ille" is always preceded by a vowel	1.20
J10 a E10 D00	ied	je/	4		1.19
J11 a E32	llet	jE/	1		1.20
J12 a E27 E00	ième	jEm/	3		1.19
J13 a E26 E00	ienne	jEn/	4		1.19
J15 a E65	ien	j£	15	usually final except 'bien*'.	2.10
J20 c	gn	J	17		1.12
K01 b	qu	k	79		1.02
K02 b	ch	k	1	Rare. "ch" is followed by a consonant.	1.02
K10 a	x	ks	10	before some vowels or all consonants	0.00
K11 a	cc	ks	2	before 'e, i, y' otherwise /k/.	0.00
K12 a	x	ks/	2	like K10	0.00
L00 b	l	/	1	'l' usually /l/ or /j/.	4.24
L01 a	l	l	255	compare with J02	0.00
L02 a	ll	l	21	compare with J03	0.00
L10 a	l	l/	27		0.00
L11 a E00	le	l/	50		0.00
L12 a E00	lle	l/	15		0.00
M01 a A26 T00	ment	m&/	17		2.02
E90 M02 a A26 T00	ement	m&	33	Silent 'e' is always part of word stem.	2.02
M03 a E00	me	m/	19	Other 'm' -> /m/'s not labelled.	0.00
M04 a E00	mme	m/	7	Other 'mm' -> /m/'s not labelled.	0.00
M02 a A26 E11	ementé	m&te	1	Silent 'e' is always part of word stem.	2.02
E90 M01 a E61	emain	m£	1	lendemain	4.11
N99 b	ng	N	1	English pronunciation (pressing)	5.01
N99 b	n	n/	1	English pronunciation (zen)	5.01
N10 a	ne	n/	19		0.00
N11 a	nne	n/	5		0.00
E90 N12 a E44	enette	nEt	1	pichenette	4.11
O01 a	o	O	182		0.12
O03 b	au	O	2	clashes with O13	4.14
O05 a M04	omm	Om	7	like O01 + m	0.12
O10 b	o	o	6	"oé" & "éo" "oc." + odd hard cases	4.15
O11 b	o	o/	3		3.07
O12 a	ô	o	11		0.11
O13 a	au	o	46		0.11
O14 a	eau	o	17		0.11
O15 T00	ot	o/	3		3.07
O15 S00	os	o/	8		3.07
O15 P00	op	o/	2		3.07
O18 Z01	os	oz	7		3.08
O18 Z05	ose	oz	2		3.08
O20 c	om	%	17		2.04
O21 c	on	%	134		2.04
O22 c P91	ompt	%t	4		2.05
O23 c G91	ongt	%t	1		2.05
P00 a	p	/	15		0.00
P01 b	bt	pt	2		4.27
P90 d	p		1	see T12	-
R00 b	r	/	1	monsieur	4.32
R01 c	r	R	715	Level may be 0.21 to 0.23	0.23
R02 c	rr	R	24	Level may be 0.21 to 0.23	0.23
R03 c	re	R/	129	Level may be 0.21 to 0.23	0.23
R01 c E06	re	R@	22		3.01
R01 c E07	re	R(@)	37		3.02
S00 a	s	/	94		0.00
S01 b	ç	s	10	before 'a, o, u'.	1.06
S02 a	sc	s	4	before 'e, i, y'.	0.00
S03 a	ss	s	74		0.00
S05 b	s	s/	3	clashes with S00	4.17
S06 a	ce	s/	28		0.00
S07 a	se	s/	7	always preceded by a consonant	0.00
S08 b	x	s	2	unusual + clash with K10. six, dix.	4.18
S10 a E12	cer	se/	14		0.11
S11 a E12	ser	se/	8		0.11
S20 a J01 A01	cia	sja	2		1.22
S21 a J01 E10	cier	sje	1		1.22
S22 b J01 O21	tion	sj%/	30		2.06
S23 b J01 O01	tion(n)	sjOn	3	hard; /sj/ is produced as in S22	2.07
S24 f E88	cue	s2	0	no examples!	4.10
S25 b J01 E26	tie	sjE	1	hard	4.25
S30 b	ch	S	88		1.03
S31 b	che	S/	15	like S30 + E00	1.03
S32 b	sch	S	1	hard: schéma	1.03
T00 a	t	-	176	associated with many other rules	0.00
T01 b	th	t	6		1.07
T02 b	d_	t	0	in liaison?	999
T03 b	t_	t	0	in liaison?	999
T04 b	t	t/	0	final t not silent, see Y10.	999
T05 a	te	t/	75		0.00
T07 b	t	(t)	2	but & (huit drops /t/ before a consonant)	4.22
T10 a S30	tch	tS	1	match	1.03
T11 b S30	sh	(t)S	1	smash	4.30
P90 T12 b	pt	t	1	sept	4.23
U01 a	oo	u	1	English	5.01
U02 a	ou	u	132		0.12
U03 a	où	u	1	où	0.12
U04 b	oui	u	4	always followed by 'll'.	4.20
U05 a	oû	u	2		0.12
V01 b	w	v	0	German words?	5.01
V02 b	f	v	1	only in liasons (neuf)	4.26
W01 a	ou	w	10	before vowels	1.14
W02 b	w	w	0	English words?	5.01
W03 b	wh	w	0	English words?	5.01
W10 a	oi	wa	66		1.15
W11 b	oy	waj	5	hard	1.16
W12 b	oi	wA	5	clash with W10	1.17
W13 a	oî	wa	1	hard	1.15
W20 a E67	oin	w£	15		2.09
X00 a	x	/	29		0.00
Y01 e	u	y	137		3.05
Y02 e	û	y	4		3.05
Y03 e	ue	y/	11	'ue' always at end of word	3.05
Y10 T04	eût	yt/	0	odd (in être)	4.21
Z00 a	z	/	0	part of E15	0.00
Z01 a	s	z	55	between vowels	0.00
Z02 a	s_	z	0	liaisons?	?
Z03 b	x_	z	1	dix	1.25
Z04 a	z	z	5		0.00
Z05 a	se	z/	40		0.00
Z06 b	z	z/	0	final 'z' not silent, in some names only?	4.34
Z07 a	ze	z/	3		0.00
(Z08)	x	gz		part of G10	-
Z10 b J01 O21	sion	zj%/	4	unlike English	2.08
Z20 b	g	Z	44	'g' always followed by 'i', 'y' or 'e' for /Z/, otherwise gives /g/.	1.04
Z21 b	j	Z	34	always true	1.04
Z22 b	ge	Z	31		1.04
Z22 b O21	geon	Z%	1		2.04
Z23 b A21 T00	geant	Z&/	1	similar to Z22	2.01

0.00# Easy rules (C00, D00, E00, F01, G00, H00, K10, K11, K12, L01, L02, L10, L11, L12, M03,

M04,

N10, N11, P00, S00, S02, S03, S06, S07, S10, S11, T00, T05, X00, Z00,

Z01, Z04, Z05, Z07)

0.01#

Essential words needed early in lessons

11

0.11# Easy consonants and vowels /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ (A01, A02, E11, E12, E13, E15, I01, I02,

I05, I10, I11, I15, O12, O13, O14) 110

0.12# Easy consonants and vowels /A/ /E/ /O/ /u/ (A11, E30, E31, E32, E35, E36, E37, E39,

E43, E44, O01, O05, U02, U03, U05) 52

0.13# Easy consonants and both sets of vowels (rules for 0.11 & 0.12) 59

0.21# Easy consonants + /R/ and vowels /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/

(0.11 rules + R01, R02, R03) 71

0.22#

Easy consonants + /R/ and vowels /A/ /E/ /O/ /u/ (0.12 + E50..E52

+ R01, R02, R03) 51

0.23#

Easy consonants + /R/ and both sets of vowels (rules

for 0.21 & 0.22) 83

1.02#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'qu' or 'ch' -> /k/

(K01, K02) 35

1.03#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'ch', 'che' or 'sch' -> /S/

(S30, S31, S32) 46

1.04#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + /Z/

(Z20, Z21, Z22) 41

1.05#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'gu' -> /g/

(G01) 6

1.06#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'ç' -> /s/

(S01) 13

1.07#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'th' -> /t/

(T01) 2

1.11#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'u' -> /H/

(H01...H07) 22

1.12#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'gn' -> /J/

(J20) 6

1.14#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'ou' -> /w/

(W01) 6

1.15#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'oi' or 'oî'

-> /wa/ (W10, W13) 47

1.16#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'oy' -> /waj/

(W11) 3

1.17#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'oi' -> /wA/

(W12) 4

1.19#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'i' -> /j/

(J01, J10, J12, J13) 33

1.20#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'l' or 'll' -> /j/

(J02...J05, J09, J11) 10

1.21#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'y' -> /j/ + 'ié' or 'ier' -> /ije/ (I07, I08, J06, J07, J08)

8

1.22#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'cia' -> /sja/ or 'cier' ->

/sje/ (S20, S21) 2

1.24#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'h' -> /'/ (aspirated h)

(H10) 5

1.25#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'x' -> /z/

(Z03) 1

1.26#

Easy vowels and easy consonants + 'x' -> /gz/

(G10, Z08) 1

2.01#

Easy vowels and all consonants + 'am' or 'an' -> /&/ (nasal) (A20, A21) 82 2.02# The above + 'em' or 'en' -> /&/ (nasal)

(A25, A26) 119

2.03#

The above + 'aim','ain','ein','im','in', 'ym' or 'yn' -> /£/

(E60 E61 E64 E66 E67 E68 E69) 60

2.04#

The above + 'om' or 'on' -> /%/ (nasal)

(O20, O21) 90

2.05#

The above + 'p' or 'g' elided after 'om' or 'on'

(O22, O23, G91, P91) 5

2.06#

The above + 'tion' -> /sj%/ (S22)

21

2.07#

The above + 'tion(n)' -> /sjOn/ (S23)

1

2.08#

The above + 'sion' -> /zj%/ (Z10)

3

2.09#

The above + 'oin' -> /w£/ (nasal) (W20)

12

2.10#

The above + 'ien' -> /j£/ (J15, E63)

15

3.01#

Easy vowels and all consonants + nasal vowels + @

(E01, E04, E06, E08) 43

3.02#

Easy vowels and all consonants + nasal vowels + @ + (@)

(E02, E05, E07, E09) 84

3.03#

The above + 'eu' -> /9/ (not final)

(E70, E71, E73) 40

3.04#

The above + 'eu' -> /-2/ (final) or 'eus' -> /2z/

(E83, E84) 27

3.05#

The above + 'u', 'û' or 'ue' -> /y/

(Y01, Y02, Y03) 125

3.06#

The above + 'um' or 'un' -> /*/

(E80, E81) 9

3.07#

The above + final 'o', 'op', 'os', 'ot' -> /o/ (final)

(O11, O15) 10

3.08#

The above + 'os' or 'ose' -> /oz/ (O18)

9

3.09#

The above + 'eff-' -> /ef/ (initial)

(E25) 5

4.01#

Irregular spelling 'ai' or 'e' -> /a/

(A03, A04) 7

4.02#

Irregular spelling 'a' or 'as' -> /A/

(A10, A12) 25

4.03#

Irregular spelling 'e', '-et', 'ê', 'ei', 'err', 'ess'

-> /e/ (E10, E14, E17, E18, E19, E23, E24) 42

4.04#

Irregular spelling 'ai', 'aî', 'ay' -> /e/

(E16, E20, E21, E22) 15

4.05#

Irregular spelling 'é', 'ay' -> /E/

(E33, E40) 5

4.06#

Irregular spellings 'aîn' -> /En/, '-er' -> /ER/ (E42, E56)

10

4.07#

Irregular spellings 'en-' -> /£/

(E63) 2

4.08#

Irregular spellings 'oeu', 'uei' -> /9/

(E72, E74) 3

4.10#

Irregular spellings 'eu', 'oeu', 'ue' -> /2/

(E82, E87, E88) 3

4.11#

Irregular spellings 'e' -> // (elided inside word)

(E90) 9

4.14#

Irregular spellings 'au' -> /O/ (O03)

2

4.15#

Irregular spellings 'o' -> /o/ (O10)

6

4.17#

Irregular spelling '-s' -> /s/ (final 's' not silent)

(S05) 3

4.18#

Irregular spelling '-x' -> /s/ (S08)

2

4.20#

Irregular spellings 'oui' -> /u/ (U04)

4

4.21#

Irregular spellings 'eû', 'eu' -> /y/ (Y04, Y10)

0

4.22#

Irregular spellings 't' -> (t) (T07)

2

4.23#

Irregular spellings 'p' -> // (elided)

(P90) 5

4.24#

Irregular spellings '-l' -> // (silent at end of word)

(L00) 1

4.25#

Irregular spellings 'tiel' -> /sjEl/ (S25)

1

4.26#

Irregular spellings 'f' -> /v/ (V02)

1

4.27#

Irregular spellings 'b' -> /p/ (P01)

2

4.30#

Irregular spellings 'sh' -> /(t)S/

(T11) 1

4.31#

Irregular spellings 'c' -> /g/ (G02)

1

4.32#

Irregular spellings '-eur' -> /2/

(R00) 1

4.33#

Irregular spellings 'on' -> /@/

(E03) 1

4.34#

Irregular spellings '-z' -> /-z/ (final 'z' not silent)

(Z06) 0

5.01#

Foreign words

(E38, U01, N99, V01) 2

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