Turkish/Cases
The [edit] Cases
Cases are familiar to some languages such as Latin, German, Polish or Finnish. However, if your native language is English, it may be difficult to learn cases immediately. But, if you use and/or study Turkish, you will understand the importance of case. In Turkish, prepositions like "to", "from", "at","in" etc. do not exist. Instead, case suffixes are employed.
| e, i | ö, ü | a, ı | o, u | ev "house" | araba "car" | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yalın Hal "Nominative" | bahçe "garden" | araba "(a) car" | ||||
| İlgi Hali "Genitive" | -(n)in | -(n)ün | -(n)ın | -(n)un | bahçe "garden's" | arabanın "car's" |
| Belirtme Hali "Accusative" | -(y)i | -(y)ü | -(y)ı | -(y)u | bahçeyi "(the) garden (as an object)" | araba "(the) car (as an object)" |
| Yönelme Hali "Dative" | -(y)e | -(y)e | -(y)a | -(y)a | bahçeye "to garden" | arabaya "to car" |
| Bulunma Hali "Locative" | -de | -de | -da | -da | bahçede "in garden" | arabada "on car" |
| Ayrılma Hali "Ablative" | -den | -den | -dan | -dan | bahçeden "from garden" | arabadan "from car" |
| Eşitlik Hali "Essesive" | -ce | -ce | -ca | -ca | bahçece "as a garden" | arabaca "as a car" |
| İlgi Hali "Instructive" | -(y)le | -(y)le | -(y)la | -(y)la | bahçeyle "with garden" | arabayla "with car" |
| İlgisizlik Hali "Abbesive" | -siz | -süz | -sız | -suz | bahçesiz "without garden" | arabasız "without car" |
[edit] Example
Kitap okuyorum. "I'm reading a book." Nominative
Kitabı okuyorum. "I'm reading the book." Accusative
Evin kapısı. "House's door." Genitive
Eve gidiyorum. "I'm going to house." Dative
Evde bekliyorum."I'm waiting in house" Locative
Evden geldim. "I came from house." Ablative
Arabayla gidiceğiz. "We will go with car." Instructive
Arabasız gidemeyiz. "We can't go without car." Abbesive
Suffixes attached to the names (people, cities, countries) are preceded by an ' . Ali => Ali'ye (to Ali, male name)
Tarkan => Tarkan'a (to Tarkan, male name)
Ayşe => Ayşe'ye (to Ayşe, girl name)
Sibel => Sibel'e (to Sibel, girl name)
The dative (-a, -e) and accusative (ı, i, u, ü) case suffixes require a buffer consonant y in words ending with a vowel and become (-ya, -ye) and (yı, yi, yu, yü) respectively as in:
Ankara'ya (to Ankara); I am going to Ankara => Ankara'ya gidiyorum.
Türkiye'ye (to Turkey); I am going to Turkey => Türkiye'ye gidiyorum.
halıyı (the carpet); I am buying the carpet. => Halıyı alıyorum.
The genitive case requires an additional n in words ending with a vowel as in:
Ayşe'nin (Ayşe's) => Ayşe'nin babası (Ayşe's father)
Ali'nin (Ali's) => Ali'nin annesi (Ali's mother)
Atilla'nın (Atilla's) => Atilla'nın abisi (Atilla's [elder] brother)
Arto'nun (Arto's) => Arto'nun ninesi (Arto's grandmother)
Hüsnü'nün (Hüsnü's) => Hüsnü'nün evi (Hüsnü's house)
