Spanish/Diminutives
Diminutives are suffixes that indicate small size, youth, affection or contempt. English examples are –y in doggy or -let in booklet.
The most common Spanish diminutive suffix is -ito/-ita. Gatito means small cat, particularly kitten. Esté quietecito is a nice way of telling someone to keep still. Unlike English, Spanish diminutives can be applied not only to nouns (gatito) but to adjectives (quietecito) and adverbs (rapidito).
Morphology of -ito/-ita
Diminutives are formed in the following ways
- replacing the last vowel by -ito/ita, or adding -ito/ita to the last consonant: perro/perrito, papel/papelito. If the word ends in the diphthongs io/ia then only one i is left: despacio/despacito.
- adding -cito/-cita: corazón/corazoncito, duende/duendecito/duendecita.
- replacing the last vowel by -ecito/-ecita, or adding -ecito/ecita to the last consonant: quieto/quietecito, pez/pececito, tren/trencito/trenecito.
- adding -cecito/-cecita: pie/piecito/piececito.
Regular formation of diminutives
- Words ending in unstressed o/a or diphthongs io/ia replace it by -ito/-ita: gata/gatita, Julio/Julito, vacío/vaciíto, feo/feíto.
- Words ending in unstressed e/i/u or stressed vowel add -cito/-cita:: duende/duendecito/duendecita, whisky/whiskicito, sofá/sofacito.
- Words ending in n or r add -cito/-cita: camión/camioncito, motor/motorcito.
- Words ending in another consonant add -ito/-ita: farol/farolito, lápiz/lapicito.
- The diminutive is formed from the masculine and/or singular form. Patrón->patroncito/patroncita, not patrona->*patronita. agua->agüita->agüitas->paragüitas and not paraguas->*paraguasito.
(*) indicates non-existent word.
It follows that all diminutives ending in -ecito/-ecita are irregular.
Some irregular diminutives: novio/noviecito, pez/pececito, Carlos/Carlitos, mano/manito/manita (manita is used in México and Spain), caliente/calentito.
Defective words
Many words lack a diminutive, such as edad/*edadita, bondad/*bondadita, ciudad/*ciudadita (but maldad/maldadita), útil/*utilito (but fácil/facilito), lunes/*lunesito, …, viernes/*viernesito (but sábado/sabadito, domingo/dominguito), espacio/*espacito (but despacio/despacito), lenguaje/*lenguajito/*lenguajecito, apetito/*apetitito, termita/*termitita.
On the other hand there are diminutives that are never used, such as autentiquito, peliagudito, emigrantito, cabellerita.
Diminutives of diminutives
chico/chiquito/chiquitito; poco/poquito/poquitito.
-ico/-ica
In some countries, particularly Colombia and Cuba the endings tito/tita are replaced by tico/tica: zapato/zapatico (preferred to zapatito). Other examples: pato/patico, rato/ratico.
Other diminutive suffixes
- -illo/-illa: venado/venadillo, mujer/mujercilla. (Affectionate, pejorative.)
- -ico/-ica: perrico/perrica
- -ucho/-ucha:casa/ casucha. (Pejorative.)
- -ín/ina: pequeñín/pequeñina. (Affectionate.)
- -uelo/uela: ladrón/ ladronzuelo/ladronzuela. (Affectionate.)
- -ete/-eta: viejo/vejete. (Pejorative.)
- -uco/-uca: perro/perruco. (Pejorative. Used mainly in Cantabria.)
Words originated from diminutives
Some diminutives have evolved to be new words. For example, a knob is a small pear (perilla). These words may have their own diminutives (perillita).
- pera: pear; perilla: knob
- mano: hand; manecilla: clock hand
- chico: boy; chiquillo: lad
- bolso: bag; bolsillo: pocket
- balanza: scale, balance; balancín: seesaw