Physics Course/Matter

Matter

Matter refers to any physical object that has shape and can be measured along with any physical , chemical, and electrical poperties

Characteristics

Physical Properties

Physically all matter exists in one of three states Solid like Ice Cube or in Liquid like Water or Gas like Water Vapor . All matter has a Mass and a Volume of Matter's Material . Mass has a symbol M and measured in unit Kiligram Kg . Volume has a symbol V and measured in unt Meter Cube m³

The ratio of Mass over Volume indicates matter's Density

$D = \frac{M}{V}$

Chemical Properties

Chemically all matter made up from Chemical Element's Atom . For example Water is made from two Atoms of Chemical Elements Oxygen and Hydrogen that has the Chemical Formula H₂

Electrical Properties

All Matter's Atom can be divided into smaller sub atomic particles called Electric Charged Carrying Particles that are indivisible by any reaction.

There are three kinds of Charged Particles . Electron carries negative charge , Proton carries positive charge and Neutron carries no charge. The characteristic of three charged particles are shown below

Charged Particles	Mass	Charge	Notation
Electron	9.1094 × 10−31 kg	−1.602 × 10−19 C	e-
Proton	1.6726 ×10−27 kg	+1.602 × 10−19 C	p+
Neutron	1.6726 ×10−27 kg	0 C	p0

Matter's Atomic Model

Since Charged Particles are the smallest particles of a matter therefore a model of matter from charged particles can be developed . There are two model developed by Rutherford and Borh that can be used as a model of matter

Rutherford's Model

1. All matter is made up of chemical elements; atom is the smallest element of matter that cannot be divided by chemical reaction and still has the properties of matter.
2. All atoms have a nucleus made of Protons and Neutrons locate in the center and Electrons' orbits circulates around the Nucleus of the Atom
3. The number of Electrons on all orbits must be equal to the number of Protons in the Nucleus. The Atomic Number indicates the number of Electrons in orbits or the number of Protons in Nucleus.
4. Only Electron in the outer most orbit can participate in any action .

Bohr's Model

1. Each orbit of electrons has a quantum energy level correspond to its radius. There are four quantum energy level namely 1,2,3,4 where 1 is the smallest energy level
2. The outermost electron orbit has the lowest Quantum Potential Energy E = h f and the greatest Kinetic Energy $E = \frac{1}{2} m v^2$
3. As electron moves from a low potential energy level to a high potential energy level the difference in energy is used to emit Light of Quantum Energy or Photon Light $E = E_1 - E_2 = h f = h \frac{C}{\lambda}$

Reference

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