Lojban/Attitudinals

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Attitudinals (cnivla) modify the brivla, cmavo, or cmene that they follow. At the beginning of a bridi (after .i) they affect the entire bridi. Immediately after a gadri they will affect the entire sumti/tanru that applies. If they immediately follow << fu'e >>, they will modify anything within the attitudinal brackets (which are terminated by << fu'o >> - which typically is not elidable). Attitudinals usually act as a condenced version of a clause or parenthetical statement. Attitudinals, with vocatives especially, may be thought of as "how are you"-type questions. For example, << coi .uipei >> may be thought of as "Hello, how are you?", while << co'o .uipei >> may be viewed as "Good-bye- how do you feel about that one?". It is important to remember that the aforementioned examples ask only if the other person is happy, not just any old emotion (which would have been expressed only with << pei >>).

[edit] Emotional modifiers:

Modifier	Modification
cai	very strong
sai	strong
(nothing)	felt
ru'e	weak
cu'i	not felt
nairu'e	weak negative
nai	negative felt
naisai	strong negative
naicai	very strong negative

[edit] Attitudinal indicators and suffixes with examples of modifier use:

[edit] Attitudinals

[edit] Simple propositional emotions:

Attitudinal	attitude	-cu'i	-nai
.a'a	attentive	inattentive	avoiding
.a'e	alertness		exhaustion
.ai	intent	indecision	refusal
.a'i	effort	lack of effort	repose
.a'o	hope		despair
.au	desire	indifference	reluctance
.a'u	interest	no interest	repulsion

[edit] Complex propositional emotions:

Attitudinal	attitude	-cu'i	-nai
.e'a	permission		prohibition
.e'e	competence		incompetence
.ei	obligation		freedom
.e'i	constraint	independence	resistance to constraint
.e'o	request		negative request
.e'u	suggestion	no suggestion	warning
.ia	belief	skepticism	disbelief
.i'a	acceptance		blame
.ie	agreement		disagreement
.i'e	approval	non-approval	disapproval

[edit] Miscellaneous pure emotions:

Attitudinal	(nothing)	-cu'i	-nai
.ii	fear	nervousness	security
.i'i	togetherness		privacy
.io	respect	lack of respect	disrespect
.i'o	appreciation	lack of appreciation	envy
.iu	love	lack of love	hatred
.i'u	familiarity		mystery

[edit] Complex pure emotions:

Attitudinal	(nothing)	-cu'i	-nai
.o'a	pride	modesty	shame
.o'e	closeness	detachment	distance
.oi	complaint/pain	no complaints	pleasure
.o'i	caution	boldness	rashness
.o'o	patience	mere tolerance	anger
.o'u	relaxation	composure	stress

[edit] Simple pure emotions:

Attitudinal	(nothing)	-cu'i	-nai
.ua	discovery		confusion
.u'a	gain		loss
.ue	surprise	no surprise	expectation
.u'e	wonder		commonplace
.ui	happiness		unhappiness
.u'i	amusement		weariness
.uo	completion		incompleteness
.u'o	courage	timidity	cowardice
.uu	pity		cruelty
.u'u	repentance	lack of regret	innocence

[edit] Emotional categories:

Category	(nothing)	-cu'i	-nai
ro'a	social	asocial	antisocial
ro'e	mental	absentminded	mindless
ro'i	emotional	emotionless	denying emotion
ro'o	physical	intangible	denying physical
ro'u	sexual	asexual	sexual abstinence
re'e	spiritual	secular	sacrilegious

[edit] Attitudinal modifiers:

Modifier	(nothing)	-cu'i	-nai	[gismu]
ga'i	hauteur/rank	equal rank	meekness/lack of rank	[galtu]
le'o	aggressive	passive	defensive
vu'e	virtue [zabna]		sin [mabla]	[vrude]
se'i	self-orientation		other-orientation	[sevzi]
ri'e	release	restraint	control	[zifre]
fu'i	easily/with help	without help	with difficulty/opposition	[frili]
be'u	lack/need	presence/satisfaction	satiation
se'a	self-sufficiency		dependency	[sevzi]

[edit] Special:

cmavo	(nothing)	-cu'i	-nai
pei	attitude question
dai	empathy
bu'o	start emotion	continue emotion	end emotion

[edit] Evidentials:

Evidential	(nothing)	-cu'i	-nai	[gismu]
ja'o	I conclude			[jalge]
ca'e	I define
ba'a	I expect / I anticipate	I experience	I remember	[balvi]
su'a	I generalize		I particularize	[sucta]
ti'e	I hear (hearsay) - not necessarily literally "hear"			[tirna]
ka'u	I know by cultural means			[kulnu]
se'o	I know by internal experience			[senva]
za'a	I observe			[zgana]
pe'i	I opine / It is my opinion that...			[pensi]
ru'a	I postulate / I presume			[sruma]
ju'a	I state (elliptical discursive)			[jufra]

[edit] Consecutive discourse:

cmavo	(nothing)	[gismu]
ku'i	however/but/in contrast	[karbi]
ji'a	additionally	[jmina]
si'a	similarly	[simsa]
mi'u	ditto	[mintu]
po'o	the only relevant case

[edit] Commentary on words:

cmavo	(nothing)	-nai	[gismu]
va'i	in other words	in the same words	[valsi]
ta'u	expanding a tanru	making a tanru	[tanru]

[edit] Commentary on discourse:

cmavo	(nothing)	-cu'i	-nai	[gismu]
li'a	clearly/obviously		obscurely	[klina]
ba'u	exaggeration	accuracy	understatement	[banli]
zo'o	humorously	dully	seriously
sa'e	precisely speaking		loosely speaking	[satci]
to'u	in brief		in detail	[tordu]
do'a	generously		parsimoniously	[dunda]
sa'u	simply		elaborating	[sampu]
pa'e	justice		prejudice	[pajni]
je'u	truly/It is true that,...		falsely	[jetnu]

[edit] Knowledge:

cmavo	(nothing)	-cu'i	-nai	[gismu]
ju'o	certainly	uncertain	certainly not	[djuno]
la'a	probably		improbably	[lakne]

[edit] Discourse management:

cmavo	(nothing)	-cu'i	-nai	[gismu]
ta'o	by the way	(sometimes: speaking of which,...)	returning to point	[tanjo]
ra'u	chiefly	equally	incidentally	[ralju]
mu'a	for example	omitting ex.	end examples	[mupli]
zu'u	on the one hand		on the other hand
ke'u	repeating		continuing	[krefu]
da'i	supposing		in fact

[edit] Miscellaneous indicators:

Attitudinal	(nothing)	-nai
ki'a	metalinguistic confusion
na'i	metalinguistic negator
jo'a	metalinguistic affirmer
li'o	omitted text (quoted material)
sa'a	material inserted by editor/narrator
xu	true-false question
pau	question premarker	rhetorical question
pe'a	figurative language	literal language
bi'u	new information	old information
ge'e	non-specific indicator

[edit] External links