Japanese/Pitch accent

From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection

Japanese uses pitch accent, where every mora can either be pronounced with a high or low pitch. Not all dictionaries will indicate this, but pitch accent is certainly important, because it can make the difference between different words.

For example, using bold for high pitches:

ima (今) - "now"
ima (居間) - "living room"

Pitch is, however, to some extent a characteristic of regional accents, so a Kanto speaker may be using the opposite pitches to a Kansai speaker. Where pitch is taught, it will be standard Japanese (essentially the Tokyo dialect). Pitchless Japanese is easily understood by native speakers and incorrect pitch will at most sound somewhat odd. Studying pitch, therefore, isn't essential to the learning Japanese and is perhaps best picked up by conversing with native speakers.

Linguists, however, tend to classify Japanese as having a falling pitch following what is considered the stressed vowel.

[edit] Pitch classification

When dictionaries give pitch accent, they'll usually indicate it with a number. The number tells you the mora where the last high pitch is. To figure out the pitch pattern, put a low onto the first mora (unless the last high pitch is on that mora), put high pitches onto all the mora that follows, until you hit the last high pitch. After that, put low pitches.

Even more helpful dictionaries will do all of this work for you, by telling you exactly where all the pitches rise or fall.

So, to give some examples.

low HIGH HIGH... (0)
kodomo	子供	child
watashi	私	I
tomodachi	友達	friend
zasshi	雑誌	magazine
akai	赤い	red
gakkou	学校	school
HIGH low low... (1)
jisho	辞書	dictionary
chuugoku	中国	China"
nani	何	what
hashi	箸	chopsticks
low HIGH low low... (2)
kokoro	心	heart
jitensha	自転車	bicycle
purezento	プレゼント	present
low HIGH HIGH low low... (3)
sensei	先生	teacher
ookii	大きい	big
takusan	たくさん	many
low HIGH HIGH HIGH low low... (4)
atarashii	新しい	new
utsukushii	美しい	beautiful
otouto	弟	(one's) younger brother
panfuretto	パンフレット	pamphlet

Notice how tomodachi (1) and otouto (4) look as if they have the same pitch pattern even though they don't? The difference is clear if you add a grammatical pattern like -wa after: then we get otoutowa and tomodachiwa.