Flora of New York/Gentianales

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Order Garryales[edit | edit source]

The order Garryales...[1]
  1. ↑ P.F. Stevens (2001-2015). "Garryales." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, Sep. 2013.

Family Eucommiaceae[edit | edit source]

The Eucommiaceae (hard rubber tree family) contains a single living species.[1]
  1. ↑ Eucommiaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Eucommia[edit | edit source]

Although a number of extinct Eucommia species were native to North America, the only living species, Eucommia ulmoides, is native to central China but has been planted worldwide. It is known for being a very cold-tolerant rubber-producing tree. It has been reported as naturalized in Indiana and Ohio, but not in New York State.[1]
  1. ↑ BONAP county-level map for Eucommia ulmoides
Garryales — Eucommiaceae — Eucommia
Genus Eucommia hard rubber tree N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
1890. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.
Hardy rubber tree
Hard rubber tree
Chinese rubber tree
Gutta-percha tree
Introduced,
Not naturalized
Deciduous,
Tree

NYFA: Xm
BONAP
IUCN Red List: [1] Images
Wikispecies

Order Gentianales[edit | edit source]

The order Gentianales...[1]
  1. ↑ P.F. Stevens (2001-2015). "Gentianales." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, Sep. 2013.
Order Family Subfamily Tribe Subtribe Genera G T
Gentianales Rubiaceae Cinchonoideae Naucleeae — Cephalanthus (button bush) 1 1
Rubioideae Morindeae — Mitchella (partridge berry) 1 1
Spermacoceae — Diodia (buttonweed)
Houstonia (bluet)
Oldenlandia (clustered bluets) 		3 6
Rubieae — Rubia (madder)
Sherardia (field-madder)
Asperula (woodruff)
Cruciata (bedstraw)
Galium (bedstraw, wild-licorice, cleavers) 		5 29
Loganiaceae — — — Spigelia (Indian pink, pinkroot) 1 1
Gentianaceae — Chironieae — Centaurium (centaury)
Sabatia (rose gentian, pink) 		2 6
Gentianeae Gentianinae Gentiana (gentian) 1 5
Swertiinae Bartonia (screwstem)
Frasera (green-gentian)
Gentianella (dwarf gentian)
Gentianopsis (fringed-gentian)
Halenia (spurred-gentian) 		5 7
Apocynaceae Rauvolfioideae Vinceae Vincinae Vinca (periwinkle) 1 2
Amsonieae — Amsonia (bluestar) 1 3
Apocynoideae Apocyneae — Apocynum (dogbane) 1 3
Periplocoideae — — Periploca (silk vine) 1 1
Asclepiadoideae Asclepiadeae Asclepiadinae Asclepias (milkweed) 1 12
Cynanchinae Cynanchum (honeyvine) 1 1
Tylophorinae Vincetoxicum (swallow-wort) 1 3

Family Rubiaceae[edit | edit source]

The Rubiaceae (coffee or madder family).[1][2]
  1. ↑ Rubiaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
  2. ↑ Rubiaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Subfamily Cinchonoideae[edit | edit source]

Tribe Naucleeae[edit | edit source]

Cephalanthus[edit | edit source]
Cephalanthus occidentalis
buttonbush
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Cinchonoideae — Naucleeae — Cephalanthus
Genus Cephalanthus Buttonbush N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753.  Cephalanthus occidentalis  L. in…
1794.  Cephalanthus oppositifolius  Moench in…
1828.  Cephalanthus occidentalis  var. pubescens  Raf.  in…
1838.  Cephalanthus acuminatus  Raf. in…
1849.  Cephalanthus occidentalis  var. californicus  Benth.  in…
1889.  Cephalanthus angustifolius  Dippel in…
1917.  Cephalanthus berlandieri  Wernham in…
1917.  Cephalanthus hansenii  Wernham in…
1982.  Cephalanthus occidentalis  ssp. californicus  (Benth.) A.E.Murray  in…
Buttonbush ⓘ
Common buttonbush ⓘ
Eastern buttonbush ⓘ
Button willow ⓘ
Honey bells ⓘ
Céphalanthe occidental ⓘ
Céphalante occidental ⓘ
Bois-bouton ⓘ
Bois-noir ⓘ
Native, CoC: 7,
Secure
OBL
Perennial,
Tree, shrub,
Sun - part shade

NYFA: 5
iNat
USDA-NN
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
LBJ
Images
Wikispecies

Subfamily Rubioideae[edit | edit source]

Tribe Morindeae[edit | edit source]

Mitchella[edit | edit source]
Mitchella repens L.
partridgeberry
Mitchella consists of just two species, one from eastern Asia and the other, Mitchella repens (partridgeberry), is native to eastern North America.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Morindeae — Mitchella
Genus Mitchella Mitchella N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Mitchella repens L.
1862. Perdicesca repens (L.) Prov.
 Partridgeberry,
Partridge-berry,
Two-eyed berry,
Twinberry,
Squaw vine
Pain-de-perdrix 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
Part shade - shade

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
Tropicos
BONAP
LBJ
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Tribe Spermacoceae[edit | edit source]

Hexasepalum[edit | edit source]
Hexasepalum teres
The only species of Hexasepalum Bartl. ex DC. (1830) known to be native to New York is rough buttonweed (Hexasepalum teres).[1]
  1. ↑ Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr. (2014). "Hexasepalum teres (Rubiaceae), A New Combination." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 8(1): 17-18.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Spermacoceae — Hexasepalum
Genus Hexasepalum Buttonweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Walter) J.H. Kirkbr.
1788. Diodia teres Walter
1913. Diodella teres (Walter) Small
2014. Hexasepalum teres (Walter) J.H.Kirkbr.
Rough buttonweed
Buttonweed
Poorjoe
Native, CoC: 0,
Secure
FACU-UPL
Annual,
Herb-forb
10 counties
NYFA: 5
iNat
USDA-N0
WFO
POWO
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
Tropicos
LBJ
Images
Wikispecies
Diodia[edit | edit source]
Diodia virginiana
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Spermacoceae — Diodia
Genus Diodia Buttonweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
    Diodia virginiana L.
Virginia buttonweed ⓘ
Introduced from
 southern US,
N. America native,
Not naturalized
Bronx (2017)
NYFA: x
USDA-N0
Images
Wikispecies
Houstonia[edit | edit source]
Houstonia caerulea
bluets
The genus Houstonia contains about 20 species, generally known as Bluets. All are North American natives. Three are considered to be native to New York State.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Spermacoceae — Houstonia
Genus Houstonia Bluet N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Houstonia caerulea L.
1833. Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hook.
1834. Anotis coerulea (L.) G.Don
1856. Oldenlandia caerulea (L.) A.Gray
1907. Houstonia caerulea  var. faxonorum  Pease & A.H.Moore
Common bluets ⓘ
Quaker ladies ⓘ
Little bluet ⓘ
Azure bluet ⓘ
Bluets ⓘ
Native, CoC: 1,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 Gaertn.
Long-leaved bluets ⓘ
Longleaf summer bluet ⓘ
Houstonie à longues feuilles
Native, CoC: 8,
Secure
0
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.
1818. Houstonia canadensis in…
1941. Hedyotis canadensis in…
Canada bluets ⓘ
Canadian summer bluet ⓘ
Native, CoC: 7,
Very vulnerable,
S2, G4-5
Perennial,
Herb-forb
Erie (1930)
4 iNat counties
NYFA: U
iNat
USDA-N0
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
var. calycosa A.Gray
1813. Hedyotis lanceolata Poir.
1830. Anotis lanceolata (Poir.) DC.
1884. Houstonia purpurea  var. calycosa  
1901. Houstonia calycosa (A. Gray) C. Mohr
1901. Houstonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britton
1954. Hedyotis purpurea  var. calycosa  (A.Gray) Fosberg
 Midwestern purple bluets,
Purple bluet,
Venus' pride 		Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered,
SH, G5-T5,
NYNHP: H[1]
Perennial,
Herb-forb
Essex, Tompkins, Washington (1892-1927)
NYFA: Z1
USDA-N0
ITIS
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
var. purpurea
1753. Hedyotis purpurea L.
Large purple bluets
Purple bluet
Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered,
SH, G5-T5
Perennial,
Herb-forb
Suffolk (1925), Washington
NYFA: Z
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program (2021). Online Conservation Guide for Houstonia purpurea var. calycosa. Acc. 2-Sep-2021: "This taxon has not been observed in New York since the 1940's."
Oldenlandia[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Spermacoceae — Oldenlandia
Genus Oldenlandia Oldenlandia N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 Clustered bluets,
Clustered mille graines 		Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1
USDA-N0
Images
Wikispecies

Tribe Rubieae[edit | edit source]

Galium[edit | edit source]
There are about 24 species of Galium or bedstraw in New York State.[1][2][3][4]
  1. ↑ Valerie L. Soza & Richard G. Olmstead (2010). "Evolution of breeding systems and fruits in New World Galium and relatives (Rubiaceae)" American Journal of Botany 97(10): 1630–1646, 2010
  2. ↑ Valerie L. Soza (2010). "Diversification of Galium within Tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae): Evolution of Breeding Systems, Species Complexes, and Gene Duplication" International Association for Plant Taxonomy; Botanical Society of America
  3. ↑ Li-E Yang, Ying Meng, De-Li Peng, Ze-Long Nie, Hang Sun (2018). "Molecular phylogeny of Galium L. of the tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae) – Emphasis on Chinese species and recognition of a new genus Pseudogalium." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 126: pp. 221-232, ISSN 1055-7903.
  4. ↑ Friedrich Ehrendorfer, Michael H. J. Barfuss, Jean-Francois Manen, Gerald M. Schneeweiss (2018). "Phylogeny, character evolution and spatiotemporal diversification of the species-rich and world-wide distributed tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae)." PLOS ONE 14(1): e0211589.
Galium sect. Platygalium[edit | edit source]
Galium boreale
Section Platygalium species generally have 3-veined leaves in whorls of 4, though the lateral veins are obscure in Galium pilosum.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Platygalium
Genus Galium sect. Platygalium Bedstraw N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Galium boreale L.
1800. Galium hyssopifolium Hoffm.
1818. Galium septentrionale Roem.& Schult.
1819. Galium strictum Torr.
1830. Galium borealevar. hyssopifolium
1830. Galium borealevar. intermedium
 Northern bedstraw,
Boreal bedstraw,
Crosswort
Gaillet boréal 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
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BONAP
IPN
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 (Torr.) Torr.
1819. Galium circaezansvar. lanceolatum
1824. Galium lanceolatum (Torr.) Torr.
 Lanceleaf wild licorice,
Lanceleaf licorice bedstraw,
Torrey's wild licorice,
Spear wild licorice
Gaillet lancéolé 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
Go Botany
VASCAN
ITIS
Tropicos
NatureServe
BONAP
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Wikispecies
 Michx.
 var. circaezans
    Galium bermudense
    Galium circaeoides
    Galium rotundifoliumvar. circaezans
 Licorice bedstraw,
Wild licorice 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-
Go Botany
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
Note: IWF
 Michx.
 var. hypomalacum
 Licorice bedstraw,
Forest bedstraw,
Wild licorice 		Native, CoC: 7,
Vulnerable

NYFA: 3
USDA-
Go Botany
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Aiton
 ssp. pilosum
 Hairy bedstraw Native, CoC: 6,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
Go Botany
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Aiton
ssp. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & A.Gray
1788. Galium purpureum Walter
1791. Galium walteri J.F.Gmel.
1803. Galium puncticulosum Michx.
1805. Galium punctatum Pers.
1841. Galium pilosum  var. puncticulosum  Torr.& A.Gray
 Hairy bedstraw Native,
No records

NYFA: D
USDA-N0
Go Botany
Tropicos
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Steller ex Schult. & Schult.f
 Boreal bedstraw Native, CoC: 10?,
Endangered

NYFA: 1
USDA-NN
Go Botany
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Torrey & A.Gray
 Shining bedstraw Native, CoC: 10?,
Endangered,
NYNHP: 1[1]

NYFA: 1
USDA-NN
Go Botany-0
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Galium concinnum. Endangered, S1/G5.
Galium sect. Aparinoides[edit | edit source]
Galium palustre
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Aparinoides
Genus Galium sect. Aparinoides Bedstraw N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Galium palustre L.
1782. Galium diffusum Gilib.
1782. Galium incarnatum Gilib.
1796. Galium montanum With.
1818. Galium glomeratum Vill. ex Roem. & Schult.
1851. Galium fontinale K.Koch
1880. Rubia palustris (L.) Baill.
1898. Galium rumelicum Formánek
1928. Galium masferreri Sennen
 Common marsh bedstraw,
Marsh bedstraw 		Native, CoC: 3,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
1753. Galium tinctorium L.
1803. Galium claytonii Michx.
1841. Galium trifidum  var. tinctorium  (L.) Torr. & A.Gray
1897. Galium tinctorium  var. floridanum  Wiegand
1939. Galium trifidum  ssp. tinctorium  (L.) H.Hara
 Stiff marsh bedstraw,
Stiff three-petal bedstraw 		Native, CoC: 5,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Michx.
1803. Galium asprellum Michx.
1814. Galium micranthum Pursh
 Rough bedstraw,
Kidney-vine,
Pointed cleavers 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany
NatureServe
BONAP
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 L.
 ssp. trifidum
1753. Galium trifidum L.
1877. Galium brandegeei A.Gray
1880. Rubia linnaeana Baill.
1921. Galium trifidum  ssp. distentum  Printz
1949. Galium trifidum  ssp. typicum  R.T.Clausen
1958. Galium baicalense Pobed.
1958. Galium ruprechtii Pobed.
 Three-petal bedstraw Native, CoC: 7,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany
NatureServe
BONAP
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 Bigelow
 ssp. obtusum
1824. Galium obtusum Bigelow
1824. Galium trifidum  var. latifolium  Torr.
1952. Galium obtusum  var. ramosum  Gleason
 Bluntleaf bedstraw,
Blunt-leaved bedstraw 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany
ITIS
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 (Wiegand) Wiegand
1897. Galium tinctorium  var. labradoricum  Wiegand
1904. Galium labradoricum (Wiegand) Wiegand
 Bog bedstraw,
Northern bog bedstraw 		Native, CoC: 8,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany
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BONAP
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 Fernald & Wiegand
1910. Galium brevipes Fernald & Wiegand
1982. Galium trifidum  ssp. brevipes  (Fernald & Wiegand) Á.Löve & D.Löve
 Limestone swamp bedstraw Native, CoC: 10?,
Likely extirpated

NYFA: Z
iNat
GBIF
USDA-NN
COL
WFO
POWO
Go Botany
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BONAP
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Galium sect. Aparine[edit | edit source]
Galium aparine
Galium aparine (cleavers or stickywilly) was previously included in sect. Kolgyda but has been segregated along with similar Galium spurium into sect. Aparine, which appears to be a sister to the clade formed by sects. Kolgyda and Hylaea.

Note that BONAP lists most Galium species, including Galium aparine as noxious weeds in New York, Pennsylvania and New England. This is likely based on prohibited-seed lists that don't distinguish between Galium species.

The native status of Galium aparine is inconsistent. It is generally treated as native but noxious weed in North America.[1]

  1. ↑ Gucker, Corey L. (2005). Galium aparine. in Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Aparine
Genus Galium sect. Aparine Bedstraw N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Galium aparine L.
1794. Aparine hispida Moench
1880. Rubia aparine (L.) Baill.
Cleavers ⓘ
Catchweed bedstraw ⓘ
Stickywilly ⓘ
Scratch bedstraw
Bedstraw ⓘ
Goose-grass ⓘ
Gaillet gratteron ⓘ
Native, CoC: 0,
Secure,
G5
FACU
Annual,
Vine, Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
iNat
GBIF
USDA-NX?
COL
WFO
Kew WCSP
POWO
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
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BONAP
CABI
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Galium sect. Kolgyda[edit | edit source]
Galium tricornutum
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Kolgyda
Genus Galium sect. Kolgyda Bedstraw N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Dandy
Galium tricorne Stokes p.p.
 Rough-fruited corn bedstraw,
Roughfruit corn bedstraw 		Introduced,
Not naturalized

NYFA: X
NYFA: Oneida (1888)
No NY observations
USDA-XX
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
Galium sect. Hylaea[edit | edit source]
Galium triflorum
Note that BONAP lists most Galium species, including Galium triflorum as noxious weeds in New York, Pennsylvania and New England. This is likely based on prohibited-seed lists that don't distinguish between Galium species.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Hylaea
Genus Galium sect. Hylaea Bedstraw N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Michx.
1803. Galium triflorum Michx.
1803. Galium jalapense Schltdl.
1935. Galium triflorum  var. asprelliforme  Fernald
Sweet-scented bedstraw ⓘ
Three-flowered bedstraw
Fragrant bedstraw ⓘ
Gaillet à trois fleurs
Gaillet odorant
Native, CoC: 7,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-vine

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
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 (L.) Scop.
1753. Asperula odorata L.
1771. Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.
1829. Asterophyllum asperula K.F.Schimp. & Spenn.
1829. Asterophyllum sylvaticum K.F.Schimp. & Spenn.
1868. Chlorostemma odoratum (L.) Fourr.
1888. Asperula eugeniae K.Richt.
Sweet woodruff ⓘ
Sweet-scented bedstraw ⓘ
Sweet bedstraw ⓘ
Woodruff ⓘ
Introduced from
 temperate Asia,
 Europe,
Somewhat invasive,
 NYIS: 48%[1],
 iMapInvasives,
 USGS: L48 established,
Naturalized,
SNA, GNR
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: X
GBIF
USDA-XX
POWO
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
NatureServe
BONAP
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  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Galium odoratum: Low (48).
Galium sect. Leiogalium[edit | edit source]
Galium album
Although most sources show the hedge bedstraw species Galium mollugo as being widepread in the Northeast and the similar Galium album being less common, if not rare,[1] the New York Flora Atlas now excludes Galium mollugo from New York State and shows Galium album as common, having moved its Galium mollugo records to Galium album. Other sources, such as VASCAN[2] show G. album as a synonym of G. molluglo. See D. Mersereau and A. DiTommaso (2001).[3]
  1. ↑ Galium album at Go Botany
  2. ↑ Galium mollugo at VASCAN
  3. ↑ D. Mersereau and A. DiTommaso (2001). "The biology of Canadian weeds. 121. Galium mollugo L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Leiogalium
Genus Galium sect. Leiogalium Bedstraw N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753.  Galium mollugo  L.
1762.  Galium erectum  Huds. in…
1764.  Galium album  Garsault
1796.  Galium flaccidum  Salisb. (Ambiguous)
1822.  Galium vulgare  Gray
1880.  Rubia mollugo  (L.) Baill.
1880.  Galion molluginum  St.-Lag.
False baby's breath ⓘ
Smooth bedstraw ⓘ
Introduced,
Potentially invasive,
 Invasive.org: 9,
 USGS: L48 invasive,
NYFA excluded

NYFA-Excluded
NYFA: Excluded
iNat
GBIF
50+ counties
USDA-XX
COL
POWO
FSUS
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
Tropicos
BONAP
IPN
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Wikispecies
 Mill.
1768. Galium album Mill.
1771. Galium sylvestre Scop.
1778. Galium erectum Huds. (i)
1833. Galium sylvestre  ssp. mollugo  Gaudin
1864. Galium mollugo  var. erectum  Asch.
1865. Galium mollugo  ssp. erectum  Syme
1887. Galium elatum  ssp. erectum  Berher
1921. Galium mixtum Stranski
1926. Galium mollugo  var. erectum  (Huds.) Domin
2000. Galium mollugo  ssp. album  (Mill.) Tzvelev in…
Hedge bedstraw ⓘ
White bedstraw ⓘ
False baby's breath ⓘ
Whorled bedstraw ⓘ
Wild madder
Gaillet mollugine,
Caille-lait blanc 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 northern Africa,
Potentially invasive,
 USGS: L48 established,
Naturalized

NYFA: X
NYFA: 49 counties
GBIF
15 counties
USDA-XX
COL
Kew WCSP
POWO
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 L.
1762. Galium sylvaticum L.
 Scotch-mist,
Wood bedstraw,
Baby's breath
Gaillet des bois,
Gaillet des forêts 		Introduced

NYFA: X
NYFA: 4 counties
? counties
USDA-XX
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 L.
1762. Galium aristatum L.
 Awned bedstraw Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 northern Africa,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-
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Galium sect. Galium[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Galium
Genus Galium sect. Galium Bedstraw N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 ssp. verum
1753. Galium verum L.
1879. Galium verumvar. verum
1885. Galium verumssp. verum
 Lady's bedstraw,
Yellow bedstraw,
Yellow Spring bedstraw 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 northern Africa,
Potentially invasive,
 iMapInvasives

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 L.
 ssp. wirtgenii (F.W. Schultz) Oborný
1854. Galium wirtgenii F.W.Schultz
1879. Galium verumvar. wirtgenii
1885. Galium verumssp. wirtgenii
 Wirtgen's bedstraw Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 Retz.
  Galium mollugo ×
  Galium verum
1795. Galium × pomeranicum Retz.
1804. Galium × ochroleucum
Wolf ex Schweigg.
1850. Galium × ambiguum Gren. & Godr.
1903. Galium × ochroleucumvar. ambiguum
 Pale yellow bedstraw Introduced,
N. America native

NYFA: X
USDA-XN
Tropicos
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Galium sect. Asperula[edit | edit source]
Galium arvense
Galium arvense (blue woodruff) is still often listed in the genus Asperula.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Asperula
Genus Galium sect. Asperula Woodruff N.Y. Status Images Distribution n NPT
 (L.) F. Herm.
1753. Asperula arvensis L.
1844. Asperula setosa Jaub. & Spach
1904. Galium sherardiiflorum (L.) E.H.L.Krause
1844. Asperula arvensis  var. setosa  (Jaub. & Spach) J.Thiébaut
1956. Galium arvense (L.) F. Herm.
 Blue woodruff Introduced

NYFA: X
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Galium sect. Cruciata[edit | edit source]
Cruciata pedemontana
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Cruciata
Genus Galium sect. Cruciata Bedstraw N.Y. Status Images Distribution n NPT
 (Bellardi) Ehrend.
1789. Galium pedemontanum (Bellardi) All.
1788. Vaillantia pedemontana Bellardi
1961. Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend.
 Piedmont bedstraw,
Yellow bedstraw,
Piedmont Crosswort 		Introduced
Tompkins (1989)
NYFA: X
USDA-
Tropicos
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 Opiz
1771. Galium cruciata (L.) Scop.
1852. Cruciata laevipes Opiz
1958. Cruciata chersonensis Ehrend.
 Smooth bedstraw Introduced
Ontario (1918)
NYFA: X
USDA-X0
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Sherardia[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Sherardia
Genus Sherardia Field madder N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 Blue field madder,
Blue fieldmadder,
Cultivated field madder 		Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
Images
Wikispecies
Rubia[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Rubia
Genus Rubia Rubia N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
Rubia tinctoria L. orth. var.
 Dyer's madder,
Indian madder,
Madder 		Introduced,
Impersistent

NYFA: Xm
NYFA: Washington (1892, 1934)
No NY observations
USDA-X0
Images
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Family Loganiaceae[edit | edit source]

The Loganiaceae is a mostly-tropical family with no members that are native to or reported to have naturalized in New York.

Spigelia[edit | edit source]

Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.
Indian pink
Spigelia marilandica, a native of the southeastern U.S., has been propagated in New York and sold in the "native" plant trade. According to the Agriculture Research Service, it is only considered native as far north as southern Indiana and Maryland.
Gentianales — Loganiaceae — Spigelia
Genus Spigelia Pinkroot N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) L.
1753. Lonicera marilandica L.
1767. Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.
 Indian pink,
Woodland pinkroot 		N. America native
 southern US,
No specimens,
Cultivated
Perennial,
Forb-herb

NYFA: 0
USDA-N0
ARS-GRIN
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Family Gentianaceae[edit | edit source]

The Gentianaceae (gentian family).[1][2]

Tribe Chironieae[edit | edit source]

Centaurium[edit | edit source]

Centaurium erythraea
common centaury
  1. ↑ Gentianaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
  2. ↑ Gentianaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).
Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Chironieae — Centaurium
Genus Centaurium Centaury N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Rafn
1782. Centaurium umbellatum Gilib. inval.
1800. Centaurium erythraea Rafn
 auct. Centaurium minus non Moench, rej.
 auct. Erythraea centaurium
 Common centaury,
European centaury 		Introduced
FAC

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 (Sw.) Druce
 Branched centaury,
Branching centaury-plant,
Lesser centaury 		Introduced
FAC

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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Sabatia[edit | edit source]

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Chironieae — Sabatia
Genus Sabatia Rose-gentian N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Pursh
    S. maculata (Benth.) Benth. & Hook.f.
    S. palmeri A.Gray
    S. purpusii Brandegee
    S. simulata Britton
 Sea pink,
Marsh pink,
Rose of Plymouth,
Saltmarsh rosegentian 		Native,
Threatened,
NYNHP: 2[1]

NYFA: 2
USDA-N0
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 (L.) Pursh
1753. Chironia angularis L.
1814. Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh
 Square-stemmed rose pink,
Rose pink,
Bitterbloom 		Native,
Endangered,
NYNHP: 1[2]

NYFA: 1
USDA-NN
Images
Wikispecies
 (L.) Torr.
    Sabatia gracilis (Michx.) Salisb.
 Slender marsh pink,
Slender rose gentian 		Native,
Endangered,
NYNHP: 1[3]

NYFA: 1
USDA-N0
Images
Wikispecies
 (L.) BSP.
var. dodecandra
    Chironia dodecandra L.
    Sabatia chloroides (Michx.) Pursh
 Large marsh pink,
Marsh rose gentian 		Native,
Extirpated

NYFA: Z
USDA-N0
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Sabatia stellaris. Threatened, S2/G5.
  2. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Sabatia angularis. Endangered, S1/G5.
  3. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Sabatia campanulata. Endangered, S1/G5.

Tribe Gentianeae[edit | edit source]

Subtribe Gentianinae[edit | edit source]

Gentiana[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Gentiana
Genus Gentiana Gentian N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Griseb.
 Fringe-topped bottle gentian Native,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
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 Raf.
 Bottle gentian,
Closed gentian 		Native,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
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 Froel.
 Narrow-leaved gentian Native,
Vulnerable

NYFA: 3-4
USDA-NN
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 L.
 Soapwort gentian,
Soap gentian,
Harvestbells 		Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1
USDA-N0
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LBJ
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 Pringle
 Downy gentian Native,
Likely extirpated

NYFA: Z
USDA-NN
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Subtribe Swertiinae[edit | edit source]

Bartonia[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Bartonia
Genus Bartonia Screwstem N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
(L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.
1753. Sagina virginica L.
1801. Bartonia tenella Willd.
1888. Bartonia virginica (L.) BSP
1895. Bartonia moseri B.L.Rob.
 Yellow screwstem,
Virginia screwstem,
Yellow bartonia
Bartonie de Virginie 		Native,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
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ssp. paniculata
 Twining screwstem Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1
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Frasera[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Frasera
Genus Frasera Green-gentian N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
    Frasera officinalis
    Frasera verticillata
    Frasera walteri
    Swertia caroliniensis
Columbo
American columbo
Green gentian
Yellow gentian
Carolina gentian
Native,
Threatened

NYFA: 2
USDA-NN
Images
Wikispecies
Gentianella[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Gentianella
Genus Gentianella Dwarf-gentian N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Small
ssp. quinquefolia
 Agueweed,
Gall-of-the-earth,
Stiff gentian 		Native,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
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Gentianopsis[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Gentianopsis
Genus Gentianopsis Fringed-gentian N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Froel.) Ma
 Greater fringed gentian Native,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
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 (Raf.) Holub
 Lesser fringed gentian Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1
USDA-NN
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Halenia[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Halenia
Genus Halenia Spurred-gentian N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Sm.) Griseb.
 Spurred gentian Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1
USDA-NN
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Family Apocynaceae[edit | edit source]

The Apocynaceae (dogbane or periwinkle family).[1][2][3]
  1. ↑ Apocynaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
  2. ↑ Apocynaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).
  3. ↑ Endress, M.E., Liede-Schumann, S. & Meve, U. 2014. An updated classification for Apocynaceae. Phytotaxa 159 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press. Full text PDF from ResearchGate

Subfamily Rauvolfioideae[edit | edit source]

Tribe Vinceae[edit | edit source]

A very common New York ground cover, both cultivated and naturalized is Vinca minor, known commonly as periwinkle or myrtle. It is often found in wooded areas were old homesteads once stood and along ditches and stream banks where floodwaters have carried the rhizomes downstream from their previous location.
Vinca[edit | edit source]
Vinca minor
Of the two periwinkles, Vinca minor is very common outside of cultivation and is considered to be moderately invasive. Vinca major is not known to naturalize in New York State.
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Rauvolfioideae — Vinceae — Vinca
Genus Vinca Periwinkle N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Vinca minor L.
 Lesser periwinkle,
Common periwinkle,
Myrtle,
Running-myrtle
Petite pervenche,
Pervenche mineure 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Moderately invasive,
 NYIS: 57%[1],
CP-3[2]

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 L.
1753. Vinca major L.
 Greater periwinkle,
Bigleaf periwinkle,
Large-leaved periwinkle
Grande pervenche 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Not naturalized

NYFA: X
USDA-
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  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Vinca minor: Moderate (57).
  2. ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

Tribe Amsonieae[edit | edit source]

Amsonia[edit | edit source]
Amsonia tabernaemontana
Amsonia or bluestar species are native to southern North America and are sold in the "native" wildflower trade but are not native to New York. It's uncertain whether they have truly naturalized the state.
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Rauvolfioideae — Vinceae — Amsonia
Genus Amsonia Bluestar N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Walter
1762. Tabernaemontana amsonia L.
1788. Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter
1814. Amsonia salicifolia Pursh
1838. Ansonia salicifolia (Pursh) Raf.
1894. Amsonia amsonia (L.) Britton
1928. A. tabernaemontana  var. salicifolia  (Pursh) Woodson
Common bluestar ⓘ
Eastern bluestar
Texas-star
Willowleaf Bluestar
Introduced from
 southern US,
N. America native

NYFA: X
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 Woodson
 Shining bluestar,
Ozark bluestar 		Introduced,
N. America native

NYFA: X
USDA-N0
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Subfamily Apocynoideae[edit | edit source]

Tribe Apocyneae[edit | edit source]

Apocynum[edit | edit source]
Apocynum cannabinum
hemp dogbane
Apocynum, or dogbane, is generally considered to be a weedy native genus.
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Apocynoideae — Apocyneae — Apocynum
Genus Apocynum Dogbane N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Apocynum cannabinum L.
1770. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq.
1789. Apocynum hypericifolium Aiton
1902. Apocynum suksdorfii Greene
1912. Apocynum ithacense Greene
 Hemp dogbane,
Clasping-leaved dogbane,
Indian hemp,
American-hemp
Apocyn chanvrin,
Apocyn à feuilles
  de millepertuis 		Native, CoC: 2,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-N
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1753. Apocynum androsaemifolium L.
1894. Apocynum pumilum (A.Gray) Greene
1901. Apocynum ambigens Greene
1906. Apocynum scopulorum Greene
 Spreading dogbane,
Bitter-root,
Common dogbane,
Creeping dogbane
Apocyn à feuilles
  d'androsème,
Herbe à la puce 		Native, CoC: 2,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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Greene (pro sp.)
  Apocynum androsaemifolium ×
  Apocynum cannabinum
1893. Apocynum × floribundum Greene
1897. Apocynum × medium Greene
1901. Apocynum × milleri Britton
1930. Apocynum × jonesii Woodson
 Intermediate dogbane,
Jones' dogbane,
Hybrid of
 hemp dogbane &
 spreading dogbane
Apocyn moyen 		Native, CoC: x,
Secure

NYFA: 4
USDA-N
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Subfamily Periplocoideae[edit | edit source]

Periploca[edit | edit source]

Periploca graeca
Silkvine (Periploca graeca) is native to eastern Europe and is listed as invasive in Northeastern Spain. It is capable of rooting vegetatively from small pieces of stem.[1]

Vouchered plant specimens have been collected from Erie and Monroe counties, but it is not thought to have naturalized there.[2] It has also been reported along roadsides in Suffolk County, NY, and Fairfield County, CT, but it is uncertain whether those plants were cultivated or naturalized.[3]

  1. ↑ J. A. Conesa, D. Mercadal, J. Pedrol, J. Recasens (2009). "Invasive behavior of Periploca graeca in alluvial forests of Segre river (Catalonia, NE Spain)." CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International).
  2. ↑ Weldy, Troy, David Werier, and Andrew Nelson. 2016 New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
  3. ↑ Periploca graeca, New York Metropolitan Flora Project. 07/19/2012
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Periplocoideae — Periploca
Periploca Tourn. ex. L. Silk-vine N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Periploca graeca L.
1820. Periploca graeca Schult.
 Silkvine,
Silk vine,
Grecian silkvine
Bourreau des arbres 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Potentially invasive
Perennial,
Woody vine

NYFA: X
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Subfamily Asclepiadoideae[edit | edit source]

The New York Flora Atlas includes Asclepias, Cynanchum, and Periploca in Asclepiadaceae. It includes the three Vincetoxicum species as Cynanchum.[1]
  1. ↑ Asclepiadaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Tribe Asclepiadeae[edit | edit source]

Subtribe Asclepiadinae[edit | edit source]
Asclepias[edit | edit source]
The milkweed genus Asclepias is here separated into two clades according to Fishbein, et. al. (2011).[1] Each of these clades contains milkweeds that support monarch butterfly developmemt. In New York, these are:
  • common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
  • swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
  • butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa)
  • whorled milkweed (Asclepias verticillata)
  • poke milkweed (Asclepias exaltata)

Showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa) also supports monarchs west of the Mississippi, where it is native, but the benefit of planting it in New York for this purpose could be questioned.

  1. ↑ Mark Fishbein, et. al. (2011) "Phylogenetic Relationships of Asclepias (Apocynaceae) Inferred from Non-Coding Chloroplast DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 36(4):1008-1023. 2011.
Asclepias clade incarnata/verticillata[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Asclepiadinae — Asclepias
Genus Asclepias Milkweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
ssp. incarnata
1753. Asclepias incarnata L.
 Western swamp milkweed,
Swamp milkweed,
Rose milkweed
Asclépiade incarnate,
Asclépiade rouge 		Native, CoC: 4,
Secure
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
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 L.
ssp. pulchra (Ehrh. ex Willd.) Woodson
1798. Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. ex Willd.
1840. Asclepias maritima Raf. non Jacq.
1921. A. incarnatavar. neoscotica
1954. A. incarnatavar. pulchra
 Eastern swamp milkweed,
Swamp milkweed 		Native, CoC: 4,
Vulnerable
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 3?
USDA-N0
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 L.
1753. Asclepias verticillata L.
 Whorled milkweed,
Eastern whorled milkweed,
Horsetail milkweed 		Native, CoC: 9,
Threatened,
NYNHP: S2[1]
FACU-UPL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 3
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 L.
1753. Asclepias curassavica L.
Madagascar cottonbush
Tropical milkweed
Bloodflower
Introduced from
 Neotropics,
Highly invasive,
 Invasive.org: [2],
 GRIIS-US: Invasive,
Not listed NYFA

NYFA: ? counties
GBIF
? counties
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  1. ↑ New York Rare Plant Status Lists, March 2019, Compiled by Stephen M. Young, New York Natural Heritage Program.
Asclepias clade syriaca/speciosa[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Asclepiadinae — Asclepias
Genus Asclepias Milkweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1762. Asclepias syriaca L.
1840. A. serica Raf.
1844. A. cornuti Decne.
1904. A. kansana Vail
1935. A. syriacavar. kansana
 Common milkweed,
Kansas milkweed,
Silkweed,
Virginia silk
Asclépiade commune,
Cochons de lait,
Herbe à coton 		Native, CoC: 0,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-N
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 Jacq.
1767. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq.
1818. A. vanilla Raf.
1840. A. quadrifolia
var. oppositifolia
 Fourleaf milkweed,
Four-leaved milkweed,
Whorled milkweed
Asclépiade à quatre feuilles 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure

NYFA: 5
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 L.
1753. Asclepias tuberosa L.
1753. Asclepias decumbens L.
    
 Butterfly-weed,
Butterfly milkweed,
Orange milkweed,
Pleurisy root
Asclépiade tubéreuse,
Asclépiade de l'intérieur 		Native, CoC: 2,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
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Sm.
1797. A. amplexicaulis Sm.
1803. A. obtusifolia Michx.
1832. A. rotundifolia Raf.
1930. A. gladewitzii Farw.
 Clasping milkweed,
Blunt-leaved milkweed 		Native, CoC: 2,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
USDA-N
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 L.
1756. Asclepias exaltata L.
1762. A. syriacavar. exaltata
1788. A. polystachya Walter
1814. A. phytolaccoides
G.F. Lyon ex Pursh
1904. A. bicknellii Vail
 Poke milkweed,
Tall milkweed
Asclépiade très grande,
Grande asclépiade 		Native, CoC: 6,
Likely secure
FACU-UPL
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
Sun - part shade

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
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 L.
1753. Asclepias purpurascens L.
1753. A. amoena L.
1794. A. compressa Moench
1832. A. dasypus Raf.
1840. A. gonalis Raf.
 Purple milkweed,
Eastern purple milkweed
Asclépiade pourprée 		Native, CoC: 2,
Threatened,
USFS-CA,
NYNHP: 2[1]
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 2-3
USDA-NN
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 Raf.
1808. Asclepias viridiflora Raf.
1819. As. lanceolata E.Ives (i)
1824. As. viridifloravar. lanceolata
1829. Acerates viridiflora
(Raf.) Pursh ex Eaton
1841. Acerates lanceolata Steud.
1946. As. viridifloravar. linearis
 Green milkweed,
Green comet milkweed,
Short green milkweed,
Green-flowered milkweed
Asclépiade à fleurs vertes 		Native, CoC: 10,
Threatened,
NYNHP: 2[2]

NYFA: 2
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White milkweed,
Redring milkweed 		Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered,
NYNHP: 1[3]

NYFA: 1
USDA-N
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 L.
1753. Asclepias rubra L.
1788. A. cordata Walter (i)
1803. A. laurifolia Michx.
1814. A. acuminata Pursh
1818. A. periplocaefolia Nutt.
1903. A. rubravar. laurifolia
 Red milkweed,
Tall pink bog milkweed 		Native, CoC: 10,
No recent reports
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
Sun - part shade

NYFA: Z
USDA-N
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 Vail
  Asclepias amplexicaulis ×
  Asclepias syriaca
1904. Asclepias intermedia Vail
    
    
 Intermediate milkweed,
Hybrid of
 clasping milkweed &
 common milkweed 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: ?
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 Torr.
1827. Asclepias speciosa Torr.
1837. Asclepias douglasii Hook.
1931. Asclepias giffordii Eastw.
 Showy milkweed,
Greek milkweed
Belle asclépiade 		Introduced from
 w. North America,
N. America native,
No reports

NYFA: P
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A. speciosa × syriaca
  Asclepias speciosa ×
  Asclepias syriaca
 Hybrid
 Showy milkweed &
 Common milkweed 		Native,
Introduced,
No reports

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Note: [4]
  1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Asclepias purpurascens. Threatened, S2S3/G5?.
  2. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Asclepias viridiflora. Threatened, S2/Gx.
  3. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Asclepias variegata. Endangered, S1/G5.
  4. ↑ David Werier (2014) "New York Vascular Plant Desiderata List" ver. 15 May 2014
Subtribe Cynanchinae[edit | edit source]
Many sources, including the New York Flora Atlas still include the Vincetoxicum species in Cynanchum.
Cynanchum[edit | edit source]
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Cynanchinae — Cynanchum
Genus Cynanchum L. Swallow-wort N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Michx.) Pers.
1803. Gonolobus laevis Michx.
1805. Cynanchum laeve Pers.
1818. Enslenia albida Nutt.
1894. Ampelamus albidus Britton
2001. Ampelamus laevis Krings
 Honeyvine,
Smooth swallowwort,
Climbing milkweed
Dompte-venin glabre 		Introduced,
US South native

NYFA: X
USDA-NX
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Subtribe Tylophorinae[edit | edit source]
Vincetoxicum[edit | edit source]
Vincetoxicum includes the two very highly invasive alien vines black swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum nigrum) and pale swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum), also known as dog-strangling vines, which are both well-established in parts of New York State. Aside from their general invasiveness and the subsequent loss of habitat for native plants, these milkweed relatives have been implicated in luring monarch butterflies away from native milkweed as a place to lay eggs. Because only milkweed can supprort monarch larvae, those that hatch from eggs laid on the swallow-wort cannot survive.

As with some other invasive plants, when swallow-wort is first introduced in an area, its rate of spread is fairly slow, so the rate of future spread and the difficulty of controlling it is often underestimated. A phenomenon called the Allee effect is responsible for increasing the growth rate of individual swallow-wort plants as their population increases and the population of competing plants declines, up to a limit of course.[1] The root cause of this effect is not certain, but a likely contributor is allelopathy on the part of the invasive swallow-worts, which both produce the phytotoxin -(-) antofine.

  1. ↑ Naomi Cappuccino (2004). "Allee effect in an invisive alien plant, pale swallow-wort Vincetoxicum rossicum (Asclepiadaceae)." OIKOS 106: 3-8, 2004.
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Tylophorinae — Vincetoxicum
Genus Vincetoxicum Swallow-wort N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Moench
1753. Asclepias nigra L.
1802. Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench
1805. Cynanchum nigrum Pers. nom. illeg.
1991. Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi
 Black swallow-wort,
Black dog-strangling vine,
Climbing poison,
Louise's swallow-wort
Dompte-venin noir,
Cynaque noir,
Cynanche noire 		Introduced from
 southern Europe,
Very highly invasive,
 NYIS: 90%[1],
Prohibited[2],
CP-2[3]
Perennial,
Forb-herb, vine

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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(Kleopow) Barbar.
1929. Cynanchum rossicum Kleopow
1950. Vincetoxicum rossicum Barbar.
1952. Antitoxicum rossicum Pobed.
auct. Cynanchum medium non R.Br.
auct. Vincetoxicum medium non Dcne.
 Pale swallow-wort,
European swallow-wort,
Dog-strangling vine (DSV)
Dompte-venin de Russie 		Introduced from
 eastern Europe,
Very highly invasive,
 NYIS: 88%[4],
Prohibited[2],
CP-3[5]
Perennial,
Forb-herb, vine

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 Medik.
1753. Asclepias vincetoxicum L.
1790. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.
1794. Vincetoxicum officinale Moench
1805. Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers.
1883. Vincetoxicum vincetoxicum H.Karst.
1961. Alexitoxicon vincetoxicum H.P.Fuchs
 White swallow-wort,
Pale swallow-wort,
White dog-strangling vine,
Poison-rope swallowwort
Dompte-venin officinal 		Introduced,
Questionable[6]
Perennial,
Forb-herb, vine

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cynanchum louiseae: Very high (90).
  2. ↑ a b New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species
  3. ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)
  4. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cynanchum rossicum: Very high (88).
  5. ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)
  6. ↑ Vincetoxicum hirundinaria is not thought to be widely naturalized in North America. New York specimens may be a whiter shade of Vincetoxicum rossicum
Subtribe Oxypetalinae[edit | edit source]
Araujia[edit | edit source]
Araujia sericifera
South American bladderflower (Araujia) species have not been reported in New York. White bladderflower (Araujia sericifera) is widely naturalized and of concern in regions with Mediterranean-type climates.[1] It is listed as highly invasive, tier 1b in New York State.[2]
  1. ↑ Plants of the World Online (2022) Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
  2. ↑ York State Invasive Species Tiers (2022) New York Natural Heritage Program
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Oxypetalinae — Araujia
Genus Araujia Bladderflower N.Y. Status Images Distribution  NPT
 Brot.
1817. Araujia sericifera Brot.
1829. Apocynum volubine Vell.
1885. Araujia hortorum E.Fourn.
White bladderflower ⓘ
Cape-dandelion ⓘ
Introduced from
 South America,
Potentially invasive,
Not listed in NY

NYFA: Not listed
iNat
GBIF
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