Flora of New York/Dipsacales

← Apiales	Flora of New York — Dipsacales				→ Lycophytes
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

Dipsacales introduction[edit | edit source]

The order Dipsacales is here organized, down to subfamily, according to the system presented in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.^[1]

Dipsacales

Viburnaceae

Viburneae—Viburnum

Adoxeae

	Sabmbucus

	Adoxa

Caprifoliaceae

Diervilloideae

	Diervilla

	Weigela

Caprifolioideae

	Lonicera

	Symphoricarpus

	Triosteum

Linnaeoideae

	Linnaea borealis (twinflower, NY native)

	Kolkwitzia amabilis (beautybush, invasive)

	Abelia

Dipsacoideae

Dipsaceae

	Succisella (devil’s bit)

	Dipsacus (teasel)

	Cephalaria (giant scabious)

	Knautia (bluebuttons)

	Scabiosa (pincushions)

Triplostegieae—Triplostegia (none in NY)

Valerianoideae

	Valeriana

	Valerianella

	Zabelioideae

	Morinoideae

↑ P. F. Stevens, (2001-2015). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, April 2015 - University of Missouri, St Louis, and Missouri Botanical Garden.

Dipsacales table of contents[edit | edit source]

Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genus	Common Names	#
Dipsacales	Viburnaceae	Viburnoideae	Viburneae	Viburnum	hobblebush, nannyberry, arrowwood, possumhaw, cranberrybush	19
		Adoxoideae	Adoxeae	Sambucus	elderberry	3
		Adoxoideae	Adoxeae	Adoxa	muskroot	1
	Caprifoliaceae	Diervilloideae	—	Diervilla	northern bush-honeysuckle	1
		Diervilloideae	—	Weigela	crimson weigela	2
		Caprifolioideae	—	Triosteum	horse-gentian	3
				Lonicera	honeysuckle	20
				Symphoricarpos	snowberry	4
		Linnaeoideae	—	Linnaea	twinflower	1
		Linnaeoideae	—	Kolkwitzia	beautybush	2
		Dipsacoideae	Dipsaceae	Succisella	frosted pearls	1
				Dipsacus	teasel	3
				Knautia	scabious, blue-buttons	1
				Scabiosa	scabious, pincushions	1
		Valerianoideae	—	Valeriana	valerian	3
		Valerianoideae	—	Valerianella	corn salad	3

Family Viburnaceae[edit | edit source]

The viburnum family (Viburnaceae Raf., nom. cons. or Adoxaceae E. Mey., nom. cons.) in New York contains about 14 species of Viburnum, three species of Sambucus (elderberries), and the endangered Adoxa moschatellina (muskroot). These species were previously included in the Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family), and have the characteristic opposite-leaf pattern of that family.

Recent sources, including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, treat the Adoxaceae as Viburnaceae Raf., nom. cons.^[1]^[2]

Tribe Viburneae[edit | edit source]

Viburnum[edit | edit source]

Viburnum phylogeny[edit | edit source]

The four major clades of Viburnum, proposed by Donoghue, Winkworth and Clement,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] are all represented in New York by about 14 species (17 taxa) of woody plants.

Viburnum

Pseudotinus

	V. lantanoides (hobblebush)

Valvatotinus

Lentago

	V. lentago (nannyberry)

	V. nudum (wild raisin)

	V. prunifolium (blackhaw)

Euviburnum

	V. lantana (wayfaring tree)

Crenotinus

Lutescentia

	V. plicatum (Japanese snowball)

Solenotinus

	V. sieboldii (Siebold’s arrowwood)

Tinus	Eurasian (none in NY)

Porphyrotinus

Molotinus

	V. rafinesquianum (downy arrowwood)

Dentata

	V. dentatum var. lucidum (smooth arrowwood)

	V. dentatum var. venosum (southern arrowwood)

Oreinotinus

	South & Central American (none in NY)

Opulus

	V. opulus var. americanum (highbush cranberry)

	V. opulus var. opulus (Guelder rose)

V. edule (squashberry)

Laminotinus

Lobata

	V. acerifolium (maple-leaved viburnum)

Succotinus

	V. dilatatum (linden arrowwood)

	V. setigerum (tea viburnum)

Viburnum clade Pseudotinus[edit | edit source]

Landis et al. (2019) place sect. Pseudotinus in a small, un-named, mostly east Asian clade along with sect. Urceolata. They list Viburnum lantanoides (hobblebush) as the only North American species in this clade. This clade appears to be the sister of a clade containing the Crenotinus and Valvatotinus clades.^[1]

↑ Michael J. Landis, Deren A. R. Eaton, Wendy L. Clement, Brian Park, Elizabeth L. Spriggs, Patrick W. Sweeney, Erika J. Edwards, Michael J. Donoghue (2019). "Joint phylogenetic estimation of geographic movements and biome shifts during the global diversification of Viburnum." Systematic Biology doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa027

Dipsacales — Viburnaceae — Opuloideae — Viburneae — Viburnum — clade Pseudotinus
Genus Viburnum clade Pseudotinus	Hobblebush	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum lantanoides Michx. 1783. Viburnum lantana var. latifolium C.F.Ludwig 1789. Viburnum lantana var. grandifolium Aiton 1805. Viburnum lantana var. canadensis Pers. 1803. Viburnum lantanoides Michx. 1818. Viburnum grandifolium (Aiton) Sm. 1912. Viburnum lantanoides praecox Kache 1913. Viburnum alnifolium f. praecox (Kache) Hesse 1917. Viburnum alnifolium var. praecox (Kache) Rehder 1924. Viburnum alnifolium f. roseum House 1947. Viburnum lantanoides f. praecox (Kache) Rehder	Hobblebush, Alder-leaved viburnum, American wayfaring tree, Witch hobble Viorne bois-d'orignal, Viorne faux-lantana, Viorne à feuilles d'aulne	Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACU Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Viburnum clade Valvatotinus[edit | edit source]

Clade Valvatotinus contains the North American section Lentago and the Eurasian section Euviburnum. Clade Valvatotinus is sister to clade Crenotinus.^[1]

↑ Michael J. Landis, Deren A. R. Eaton, Wendy L. Clement, Brian Park, Elizabeth L. Spriggs, Patrick W. Sweeney, Erika J. Edwards, Michael J. Donoghue (2019). "Joint phylogenetic estimation of geographic movements and biome shifts during the global diversification of Viburnum." Systematic Biology.

Dipsacales — Viburnaceae — Opuloideae — Viburneae — Viburnum — clade Valvatotinus
Genus Viburnum sect. Lentago	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum lentago L. 1753. Viburnum lentago L. 1808. Viburnum lentagoides Raf. 1880. Viburnum lentaginum St.-Lag. (orth. var.) 1889. Viburnum vetteri Zabel 1889. Viburnum × vetteri Zabel 1897. Viburnum lentago var. pyrifolium Chapm. 1908. Viburnum lentago var. sphaerocarpum A.Gray ex Fernald 1949. Viburnum lentago f. sphaerocarpum (A.Gray ex Fernald) Rehder	Nannyberry,, Nanny-berry, Sweet viburnum, Black haw, Sheepberry Viorne flexible, Viorne lentago, Alisier, bourdaine	Native, CoC: 4, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN LBJ Images Wikispecies
Viburnum cassinoides L. 1762. Viburnum cassinoides L. 1809. Viburnum squamatum Muhl. ex Willd. 1813. Viburnum pyrifolium Pursh 1789. Viburnum laevigatum Aiton (nom. superfl.) 1841. Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides Torr. & A.Gray 1841. Viburnum nudum var. angustifolium Torr. & A.Gray 1953. Viburnum cassinoides var. harbisonii McAtee	Northern wild raisin, Wild raisin, Withe-rod, Witherod viburnum, Witherwood, Swamp haw, Possumhaw Viorne cassinoïde, Alises, Alisier, Bleuets sains, Bourdaine	Native, CoC: 7, Secure OBL-FACW Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - shade		NYFA: 5 GBIF	USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN LBJ Images Wikispecies
Viburnum nudum L. 1753. Viburnum nudum L. 1825. Tynus nudus (L.) J.Presl 1838. Viburnum laurifolium Raf. 1838. Viburnum oleifolium Tausch 1841. Viburnum nudum var. claytonii Torr. & A.Gray 1883. Viburnum nudum var. serotinum Ravenel ex Chapm. 1884. Viburnum nudum var. grandifolium A.Gray 1889. Viburnum anglicum Dippel 1903. Viburnum nudum var. nitidum Zabel	Southern wild-rasin, Possumhaw, Withe-rod	Native, CoC: 9, Endangered OBL-FACW Perennial, Tree-shrub		NYFA: 1 NYFA: Suffolk (1938) iNat GBIF No RG observations	USDA-N0 WFO POWO Go Botany Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Viburnum prunifolium L. 1753. Viburnum prunifolium L. 1808. Viburnum pyrifolium Poir. 1893. Viburnum prunifolium var. globosum Nash 1924. Viburnum bushii Ashe 1935. Viburnum prunifolium var. bushii (Ashe) E.J.Palmer & Steyerm.	Black-haw ⓘ Blackhaw ⓘ Black haw ⓘ Sweet-haw Stagbush	Native, CoC: 4, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Shrub, Part shade		NYFA: 4 GBIF	USDA-N0 WFO POWO ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Genus Viburnum sect. Euviburnum	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum lantana L. 1753. Viburnum lantana L. 1779. Viburnum tomentosum Lam. 1796. Viburnum pallidum Salisb. (nom. superfl.) 1812. Viburnum farinosum Stokes 1860. Viburnum lantana var. rugosum Lange 1868. Viburnum lantana var. aureomaculatum Jacob-Makoy 1885. Viburnum lantana var. glabratum Chabert 1887. Viburnum aragonensis Pau 1925. Viburnum lantana versicolor J.R.Duncan & V.C.Davies	Wayfaring tree, Mealytree, Wayfaring viburnum Viorne mancienne	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 53%^[1], CP-5^[2] NE-4^[3] Perennial, Tree, shrub		NYFA: X iNat GBIF	USDA-XX WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
Viburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl. 1888. Viburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl. 1901. Callicarpa vastifolia Diels 1928. Viburnum rhytidophyllum roseum Anon. 1949. Viburnum rhytidophyllum f. roseum (Anon.) Rehder	Leatherleaf, Leatherleaf arrowwood, Leatherleaf viburnum	Introduced from China, Cultivated, Invasive.org: x Perennial, Shrub		NYFA-Excluded NYFA: excluded 10 counties	USDA-X0 POWO Images Wikispecies
Viburnum × carlcephalum Burkwood ex Rullo, Brach & Gandhi Viburnum carlesii × Viburnum macrocephalum 2020. Viburnum × carlcephalum Burkwood ex Rullo, Brach & Gandhi	Fragrant snowball viburnum	Introduced, Cultivated, Artificial hybrid		NYFA-Excluded	Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum lantana: Moderate (53). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY. ↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Viburnum clade Crenotinus[edit | edit source]

Crenotinus is an Asian clade containing the sections Solenotinus and Lutescentia. It is sister to clade Valvatotinus.^[1] The two species in this clade introduced in New York occasionally naturalize and are of concern for becoming invasive.

↑ Michael J. Landis, Deren A. R. Eaton, Wendy L. Clement, Brian Park, Elizabeth L. Spriggs, Patrick W. Sweeney, Erika J. Edwards, Michael J. Donoghue (2019). "Joint phylogenetic estimation of geographic movements and biome shifts during the global diversification of Viburnum." Systematic Biology doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa027

Dipsacales — Viburnaceae — Opuloideae — Viburneae — Viburnum — clade Crenotinus
Genus Viburnum sect. Lutescentia	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum plicatum Thunb. 1784. Viburnum tomentosum Thunb. 1794. Viburnum plicatum Thunb. 1866. Viburnum plicatum var. tomentosum Miq. 1880. Viburnum tomentosum var. plicatum (Thunb.) Maxim.	Japanese snowball, Doublefile viburnum	Introduced from eastern Asia, Highly invasive, Naturalized, NYS Tier 2^[1], SNA, GNR Perennial, Shrub		Broome, Dutchess, Nassau, Orange, Oswego, Rockland, Suffolk, Westchester NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: VT
Genus Viburnum sect. Solenotinus	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum sieboldii Miq. 1867. Viburnum sieboldii Miq.	Siebold viburnum, Siebold’s arrowwood	Introduced from eastern Asia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[2], Naturalized, CP-5^[3] NE-4^[4], SNA, GNR Perennial, Tree, shrub		Bronx, Nassau, Putnam, Queens, Rensselaer, Suffolk, Westchester NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
↑ New York State Invasive Species Tiers for Japanese snowball, Viburnum plicatum. NYS Tier 2. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum sieboldii: Moderate (62). ↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Viburnum clade Porphyrotinus[edit | edit source]

Clade Porphyrotinus contains western hemisphere Viburnum species. The two sections represented in New York (Dentata and Mollotinus) contain North America species. A much larger South/Central American section (Oreinotinus) is sister to sect. Dentata.^[1]

The viburnum leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta viburni) often defoliates smooth arrowwood (V. dentatum) and downy arrowwood (V. rafinesqueanum) from this clade, but Viburnum opulus is its preferred host.^[2]

Viburnum rafinesqueanum var. affine is listed in the New York Flora Atlas as a synonym of Viburnum rafinesqueanum, but POWO and other sources list it as an accepted taxon.^[3]^[4]

However, it appears that "FNA Ed. Comm., in prep. k" treats Viburnum rafinesqueanum var. affine as a synonym of Viburnum rafinesqueanum.^[5]

Dipsacales — Viburnaceae — Opuloideae — Viburneae — Viburnum — clade Porphyrotinus
Genus Viburnum sect. Dentata	Arrowwood	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum recognitum Fernald 1789. Viburnum dentatum var. lucidum Aiton 1924. Viburnum ashei Bush 1941. Viburnum recognitum Fernald 1953. Viburnum recognitum var. alabamense McAtee 1953. Viburnum dentatum var. ashei (Bush) McAtee 1953. Viburnum dentatum ssp. ashei (Bush) McAtee 1956. Viburnum scabrellum var. ashei (Bush) McAtee 2011. Viburnum alabamense (McAtee) Sorrie	Smooth arrowwood ⓘ Smooth arrow-wood Northern arrowwood ⓘ Arrow wood ⓘ Viorne litigieuse Viorne dentée	Native, CoC: 3, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree-shrub, Sun - shade		NYFA: 5 GBIF	USDA-NN COL POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN LBJ Images Wikispecies Note: ^[1]
Viburnum venosum Britton 1789. Viburnum dentatum var. pubescens Aiton 1814. Viburnum pubescens (Aiton) Pursh 1901. Viburnum venosum Britton 1904. Viburnum venosum var. canbyi Rehder 1904. Viburnum venosum var. longifolium Rehder 1952. Viburnum dentatum var. venosum (Britton) Gleason 1953. Viburnum scabrellum var. venosum (Britton) Mc Atee	Southern arrowwood Southern arrow-wood	Native, CoC: 7, Threatened FAC Perennial, Tree-shrub, Sun - shade		NYFA: 2 iNat GBIF	USDA-N WFO POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Genus Viburnum sect. Mollotinus	Arrowwood	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum rafinesqueanum Schult. var. rafinesqueanum 1820. Viburnum rafinesquianum Schult. in… 1820. Viburnum rafinesqueanum Schult. in… 1918. Viburnum affine var. hypomalacum S.F.Blake in…	Downy arrowwood, Downy-leaved arrow-wood Viorne de Rafinesque	Native, CoC: 8, Secure UPL Perennial, Shrub, Part Shade - shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN u.p. FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Viburnum rafinesqueanum Schult. var. affine 1911. Viburnum affine Bush 1935. Viburnum rafinesqueanum var. affine House		Introduced from Midwest, N. America native		NYFA: ? counties ? counties	POWO Images Wikispecies
↑ http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/sm_arrow.htm

Viburnum clade Opulus[edit | edit source]

This small clade with a worldwide distribution is the sister to clade Laminotinus

Both sect. Lobata and sect. Opulus have leaves with somewhat of a maple-leaf shape. The native and invasive Eurasian variety of V. opulus are very similar in appearance, and some populations may be the result of introgression between the two.

In much of the state, the European V. opulus var. opulus has become more common than the American variety, partially due to distribution of the European variety by the state for "conservation" plantings.

Dipsacales — Viburnaceae — Opuloideae — Viburneae — Viburnum — clade "Opulus"
Genus Viburnum sect. Opulus	Cranberrybush	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum opulus L. var. americanum Aiton 1768. Viburnum americanum Miller 1785. Viburnum trilobum Marshall 1789. Viburnum opulus var. americanum Aiton 1915. Viburnum opulus ssp. americanum (Mill.) Piper & Beattie 1949. Viburnum opulus ssp. trilobum (Marshall) R.T.Clausen 1956. Viburnum opulus var. trilobum (Marshall) McAtee	Highbush cranberry, American cranberrybush, Cranberrybush viburnum, Mooseberry Viorne trilobée, Viorne pimbina	Native, CoC: 3, Likely secure, NE-5^[1] FACW Perennial, Shrub, Sun - part shade		NYFA: 4 iNat	USDA-NN WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies Note: ^[2]
Viburnum opulus L. var. opulus 1753. Viburnum opulus L. 1753. Viburnum opulus var. roseum L. 1821. Viburnum roseum Steud.	European cranberrybush, Guelder rose	Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 67%^[3], CP-3^[4] NE-4^[5]		Albany, Cayuga, Monroe, Onondaga, Oswego, Rensselaer, Suffolk NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies Note: ^[6]
Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. 1803. Viburnum opulus var. edule Michx. 1808. Viburnum edule Raf. 1833. Viburnum acerifolium Bong. 1838. Viburnum opulus var. pauciflorum Raf. 1841. Viburnum opulus var. eradiatum Oakes 1841. Viburnum pauciflorum Bach.Pyl. ex Torr. & A.Gray (nom. illeg.) 1921. Viburnum eradiatum (Oakes) House	Squashberry ⓘ Mooseberry ⓘ Moosewood viburnum ⓘ Highbush cranberry ⓘ Few-flowered cranberrybush Viorne comestible ⓘ Pimbina ⓘ	Native, CoC: 10, Threatened, S2, G5 FACW Perennial, Shrub		Essex (1919-2009), Ulster (1991-1994) NYFA: 2	USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ Category 5 Plants - native invasives - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=267 ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum opulus var. opulus: Moderate (67). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=402

Viburnum clade Laminotinus[edit | edit source]

Clade Laminotinus is sister to section Opulus.

Dipsacales — Viburnaceae — Opuloideae — Viburneae — Viburnum — clade Laminotinus
Genus Viburnum sect. Lobata	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum acerifolium L. 1753. Viburnum acerifolium L. 1878. Viburnum involucratum Chapm. (nom. illeg.) 1883. Viburnum densiflorum Chapm. 1914. Viburnum acerifolium var. glabrescens Rehder 1956. Viburnum acerifolium var. densiflorum (Chapm.) McAtee	Mapleleaf viburnum, Maple-leaved viburnum, Mapleleaf arrowwood, Possum haw, Dockmackie Viorne à feuilles d'érable	Native, CoC: 7, Secure UPL Perennial, Shrub, Sun - shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Genus Viburnum sect. Succotinus	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. var. dilatatum 1784. Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. 1911. Viburnum brevipes Rehder 1966. Viburnum dilatatum var. macrophyllum P.S.Hsu 1966. Viburnum fulvotomentosum P.S.Hsu 1988. Viburnum dilatatum var. fulvotomentosum (P.S.Hsu) P.S.Hsu	Linden arrowwood, Linden viburnum	Introduced from China, Japan, South Korea, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 57%^[1], IPA, Sun - part shade		Bronx, Nassau, Orange, Queens, Rockland, Suffolk NYFA: X	USDA-X0 POWO ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies Note: ^[2]^[3]
Viburnum setigerum Hance 1882. Viburnum setigerum Hance 1907. Viburnum theiferum Rehder 1911. Viburnum bodinieri H. Lév. 1965. Viburnum setigerum var. sulcatum P.S.Hsu	Tea viburnum, Tea-leaf viburnum	Introduced from Cina, Taiwan, Invasive, NYIS: 41%^[4]		NYFA: X NYFA: 5 counties 7 counties	USDA-X0 POWO ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum dilatatum: Moderate (57). ↑ http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/c353/viburnum-dilatatum.aspx ↑ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/v/vibdil/vibdil1.html ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum setigerum: Low (41).

Tribe Adoxeae[edit | edit source]

Sambucus[edit | edit source]

Sambucus contains the shrubs know as elderberry or simply elder. The name Sambucus is likely derived from the Latin sambuca (a type of harp).

Some sources, including New York Flora Atlas, treat the American black elderberry as Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis, while other common sources treat it as Sambucus canadensis. The European black elderberry (Sambucus nigra s.s.) has not been discovered outside of cultivation in New York.

Dipsacales — Viburnaceae — Adoxoideae — Sambuceae — Sambucus
Genus Sambucus	Elderberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Sambucus racemosa 1753. Sambucus racemosa L. 1803. Sambucus pubens Michx. 1892. Sambucus callicarpa Greene 1901. Sambucus microbotrys Rydb. 1913. S. racemosassp. pubens House	Red elderberry, Scarlet elder, Red-berried elder, Bunchberry elder Sureau rouge	Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Shrub, Shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ MBG Images Wikispecies
Sambucus canadensis L. 1753. Sambucus canadensis L. 1884. S. canadensisvar. laciniata 1911. S. simpsonii Rehder 1994. S. nigrassp. canadensis 2003. S. nigravar. canadensis	Common elderberry, American black elderberry, Black elder, American elder Sureau blanc, Sirop blanc, Sureau du Canada	Native, CoC: 4, Secure FACW-FAC Perennial, Shrub, Part shade		NYFA: 5 iNat GBIF	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos LBJ MBG Images Wikispecies
Sambucus nigra L. 1753. Sambucus nigra L. 1753. Sambucus nigravar. laciniata L. 1769. Sambucus laciniata Mill.	European black elderberry	Introduced from Eurasia, Not naturalized, Not reported FACW-FAC Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: 0	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos MBG Images Wikispecies
Sambucus ebulus L. 1753. Sambucus ebulus L.	Dwarf elderberry, Dwarf elder, Danewort Sureau yèble	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Not naturalized, Tompkins only		NYFA: X	USDA-XX VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Adoxa[edit | edit source]

The sole member of the Adoxa genus is muskroot (Adoxa moschatellina), which is considered endangered in New York.

Dipsacales — Viburnaceae — Adoxoideae — Adoxeae — Adoxa
Genus Adoxa	Muskroot	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NPT
Adoxa moschatellina L. Adoxa moschatellina L.	Muskroot, Musk-root, Musk root, Moschatel, Townhall clock Moscatelline	Native, CoC: 9, Endangered, DEC-A^[1], NYNHP: 1^[2] FAC Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN Go Botany-0 VASCAN BONAP Images Wikispecies
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Adoxa moschatellina. Endangered, S1/G5.

Family Caprifoliaceae[edit | edit source]

Caprifoliaceae is represented by the "Cap" in "MADCap Horse", the mnemonic used to recall which trees and shrubs have opposite leaves. (The other trees being Maple, Ash, Dogwood, and Horse-chestnut.)

Subfamily Diervilloideae[edit | edit source]

The Diervilloideae is also commonly treated as Diervillaceae Pyck (1998) (bush honeysuckle family). It should be noted that most of the non-native Caprifoliaceae species in New York also take the form of a bushes or shrubs commonly called bush honesuckle (Lonicera spp.) and are considered to be highly invasive.

Diervilla[edit | edit source]

Diervilla contaiins three species of eastern North American bush honeysuckle. It was named in honor of the French surgeon and writer, Sieur de Dièreville, who introduced the genus to Europe after his travels to Acadia around 1700.

Its only New York native, Northern bush-honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera), is considered to be a good replacement for the invasive exotic bush honeysuckles (in Lonicera sect. Coeloxylosteum). Diervilla's other two species (D. rivularis and D. sessilifolia are native to limited regions of the southeastern U.S. but are not known to naturalize in New York.

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Diervilloideae — Diervilla
Genus Diervilla	Bush-honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Diervilla lonicera Mill. 1753. Lonicera diervilla L. 1768. D. lonicera Mill. 1803. D. tournefortii Michx. 1892. D. diervilla MacMill. (i) 1940. D. loniceravar. hypomalaca	Northern bush-honeysuckle, Bush-honeysuckle Dièreville chèvrefeuille, Herbe bleue	Native, CoC: 6, Secure UPL Perennial, Shrub, Shade, part shade,		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ FEIS Images Wikispecies

Weigela[edit | edit source]

Weigela is native to eastern Asia and has been planted in New York as an ornamental shrub. Weigela floribunda is listed as naturalized in some counties in the southeastern part of the state. Weigela japonica has not been confirmed to truly naturalize.

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Diervilloideae — Weigela
Genus Weigela Thunberg (1780)	Weigela	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Weigela floribunda (Siebold & Zucc.) K.Koch 1839. Diervilla floribunda Siebold & Zucc. in… 1854. Weigela floribunda (Siebold & Zucc.) K.Koch in… 1863. Diervilla multiflora Lem. in… 1868. Weigela arborea-grandiflora Jacob-Makoy in… 1868. Weigela arborescens-versicolor Jacob-Makoy in… 1889. Weigela arborea Dippel in… 1889. Weigela arborescens Dippel in… 1889. Diervilla floribunda var. grandiflora Dippel in… 1927. Diervilla sanguinea Nakai in… 1936. Weigela kariyosensis Nakai in…	Weigela, Crimson weigela	Introduced from eastern Asia, Naturalized		NYFA: X NYFA: Orange, Rockland, Suffolk Westchester	USDA-X POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies
Weigela japonica Thunb. var. japonica 1780. Weigela japonica Thunb. in… 1830. Diervilla japonica (Thunb.) DC. in… 1839. Diervilla versicolor Siebold & Zucc. in… 1900. Diervilla floribunda var. versicolor Rehder in… 1927. Diervilla floribunda var. versicolor (Siebold & Zucc.) Rehder 1939. Weigela floribunda var. versicolor (Rehder) Rehder in…	Japanese weigela	Introduced from temperate Asia, Unknown naturalization		NYFA: X NYFA: Albany, Westchester No NY observations	USDA-EXCL POWO ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Caprifolioideae[edit | edit source]

The Caprifolioideae (honeysuckle subfamily)...

Tribe Caprifolieae here contains Lonicera and Symphoricarpos.^[1]

↑ Nina Theis, Michael J. Donoghue,and Jianhua Li (2008) "Phylogenetics of the Caprifolieae and Lonicera (Dipsacales) Based on Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 33(4): pp. 776–783

Triosteum[edit | edit source]

The New York Flora Atlas lists three species of horse gentian (Triosteum).

Triosteum species	sepal length (mm)	sepal back (abaxial surface)	sepal margins	leaf width (cm)	leaf shape	stem pubescence (mm)	style	fruit
T. aurantiacum	10 - 18	evenly pubescent	evenly pubescent	4 - 15	tapers to narrow, sessile base	> 0.5	± included	orange-red ovoid
T. perfoliatum	10 - 18	evenly pubescent	evenly pubescent	4 - 15	connate-perfoliate	≤ 0.5	exserted	yellow-orange subglobose
T. angustifolium	9 - 12	glabrous or short-pubescent	hispid-ciliate	2 - 6	lanceolate	1.5 - 3.0

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Caprifolioideae — Triosteeae — Triosteum
Genus Triosteum	Horse-gentian	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Triosteum aurantiacum E.P.Bicknell 1901. Triosteum aurantiacum E.P.Bicknell 1918. Triosteum aurantiacum var. glaucescens Wiegand 1923. Triosteum perfoliatum var. aurantiacum (E.P.Bicknell) Wiegand 1923. Triosteum perfoliatum var. glaucescens (Wiegand) Wiegand	Orangefruit horse-gentian, Wild coffee, Coffee tinker's weed	Native, CoC: 7, Secure Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5 iNat GBIF	USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Triosteum perfoliatum L. 1753. Triosteum perfoliatum L. 1803. Triosteum majus Michx. 1817. Karpaton hastatum Raf. 1837. Triosteum connatum Raf. 1837. Triosteum obovatum Raf.	Perfoliate-leaved horse-gentian, Perfoliate tinker's-weed, Feverwort	Native, CoC: 8, Rare Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4 GBIF	USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Triosteum angustifolium L.	Lesser horse-gentian, Yellowfruit horse-gentian, Yellow-leaved tinker's-weed, Narrow-leaved horse gentian	Native, CoC: 8, Likely extirpated FAC Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: Z	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Lonicera[edit | edit source]

Members of the Lonicera genus are mostly known as honeysuckle. There are seven native New York honeysuckles and a couple other North American honeysuckles. But there are also about a dozen Eurasian honeysuckles found in New York, many of which have become quite prevalent and are considered highly invasive in the Northeast.

Lonicera subg. Caprifolium[edit | edit source]

Subgenus Caprifolium contains vining or trailing shrub honeysuckles with perfoliate leaves immediately beneath the flowers.

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Caprifolioideae — Caprifolieae — Lonicera subg. Caprifolium
Genus Lonicera subg. Caprifolium	Honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lonicera dioica L. 1767. Lonicera dioica L. 1768. Lonicera glauca Hill 1830. Caprifolium douglasii Lindl. 1830. Lonicera douglasii (Lindl.) DC. 1896. Lonicera hirsuta var. glaucescens Rydb. 1897. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. 1912. Lonicera dioica var. glaucescens Butters 1929. Lonicera dioica var. douglasii (Lindl.) Farw. 1982. Lonicera dioica ssp. glaucescens Á.&D.Löve	Smooth honeysuckle Limber honeysuckle Glaucous honeysuckle Mountain honeysuckle Wild honeysuckle Red honeysuckle Douglas honeysuckle Dhèvrefeuille dioïque Chèvrefeuille glauque	Native, Secure FACU Perennial, Vine, shrub		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies Note: ^[1]
Lonicera hirsuta Eaton 1818. Lonicera hirsuta Eaton 1826. Lonicera pubescens Sweet 1952. Lonicera hirsuta var. interior Gleason 1968. Lonicera hirsuta var. schindleri B.Boivin	Hairy honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille hirsute, Chèvrefeuille hérissé	Native, Likely secure FAC Perennial, Vine		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Lonicera sempervirens L. 1753. Lonicera sempervirens L. 1768. Periclymenum sempervirens L. 1789. Lonicera sempervirens var. minor Aiton 1802. Caprifolium sempervirens Moench 1895. Phenianthus sempervirens Raf. 1903. Lonicera sempervirens var. hirsutula Rehder	Trumpet honeysuckle, Coral honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille toujours vert	Native, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Vine		NYFA: 4	USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Lonicera × italica Schmidt ex Tausch Lonicera caprifolium × Lonicera etrusca	Italian honeysuckle Clématite des jardins	Introduced, Europe native Perennial, Vine		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies
Genus Lonicera subg. Caprifolium (excluded taxa)	Honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lonicera caprifolium L. (1753)	Italian woodbine, Italian honeysuckle, Perfoliate honeysuckle Clématite des jardins	Introduced, Europe native Perennial, Vine		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies
↑ Many references treat all varieties of Lonicera dioica as a single taxon, but the 2003 USDA Forest Service Conservation Assessment for Red Honeysuckle (Lonicera dioica L. var. glaucescens) (Rydb.) Butters states that "If it is to be accepted as a variety, its correct name should be Lonicera dioica var. douglasii (Lindl.) Farw., otherwise it could be considered a minor variation within Lonicera dioica L."

Lonicera subg. Lonicera[edit | edit source]

Lonicera sect. Isika & Nintooa[edit | edit source]

Because sect. Nintooa appears to be embedded within sect. Isika, these two sections have been placed in the following table together.^[1]

↑ Nina Theis, Michael J. Donoghue, and Jianhua Li (2008). "Phylogenetics of the Caprifolieae and Lonicera (Dipsacales) Based on Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 33(4): pp. 776–783.

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Caprifolieae — Lonicera subg. Lonicera
Genus Lonicera subg. Lonicera sect. Nintooa	Honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lonicera japonica Thunb.	Japanese honeysuckle	Introduced from East Asia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 84%^[1], CP3^[2] NE1^[3]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies Note: VT
Genus Lonicera subg. Lonicera sect. Isika	Honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton Xylosteon fragrantissimum	Winter honeysuckle ⓘ Sweet breath of spring ⓘ Fragrant honeysuckle ⓘ January jasmine	Introduced from China, Invasive		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies
Lonicera standishii Jacques	Standish's honeysuckle	Introduced, Impersistent		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies
Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng. 1823. Xylosteon involucratum Richardson 1824. L. involucrata Banks ex Spreng. 1826. Lonicera ledebourii Eschsch. p.p.	Twinberry honeysuckle, Bearberry honeysuckle, California honeysuckle, Black twinberry	Introduced from west & north, N. America native, No NY reports, Cultivated		NYFA: 0	USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lonicera spp.: Very high (84). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Lonicera sect. Lonicera[edit | edit source]

The Lonicera section Lonicera (syn. sect. Coeloxylosteum sensu Rehder)^[1] in New York contains native and naturalized "fly honeysuckles" including the very-highly invasive "Eurasian bush honeysuckles."

Section Lonicera is characterized by flowers with a two-lipped corolla and hollow branches.^[2]

↑ Masayoshi Nakaji, et al. (2015). "A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of Lonicera L. (Caprifoliaceae) in Japan Based on Chloroplast DNA Sequences." Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 66(3): 137–151 Because this section contains L. xylosteum, the type species of genus Lonicera, this section should be named Lonicera as autonym.
↑ Nina Theis, Michael J. Donoghue,and Jianhua Li (2008) "Phylogenetics of the Caprifolieae and Lonicera (Dipsacales) Based on Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 33(4): pp. 776–783

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Caprifolioideae — Caprifolieae — Lonicera subg. Lonicera sect. Lonicera
Genus Lonicera subg. Lonicera sect. Lonicera	Fly honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lonicera canadensis Bartram & W.Bartram ex Marshall 1777. Lonicera canadensis Bartram 1785. Lonicera canadensis Marshall 1813. Xylosteon ciliatum Pursh	American fly-honeysuckle, Canada fly honeysuckle^[1], Fly Honeysuckle^[2] Chèvrefeuille du Canada	Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACU Perennial, Shrub, Sun - shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. 1822. Xylosteon oblongifolium Goldie 1833. Lonicera oblongifolia Hook. 1911. Lonicera oblongifolia var. altissima Rehder	Swamp fly-honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille à feuilles oblongues	Native, CoC: 9, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies
Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Roem. & Schult. 1803. Xylosteon villosum Michx. 1819. Lonicera villosa Roem. & Schult. 1841. L. caeruleavar. villosa ^[3] 1982. L. caeruleassp. villosa	Mountain fly-honeysuckle, Northern fly-honeysuckle, Velvet honeysuckle, Blue fly honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille velu	Native, CoC: 9, Vulnerable Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: 3?	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Lonicera reticulata Raf. 1838. Lonicera reticulata Raf. 1864. Caprifolium proliferum G.Kirchn. 1884. Lonicera sullivantii A.Gray 1910. L. prolifera J.R.Booth ex Rehder 1952. L. proliferavar. glabra Gleason	Grape honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille réticulé	Introduced from US Midwest, N. America native		NYFA: X	USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Lonicera tatarica L. 1753. Lonicera tatarica L. 1800. Lonicera sibirica Georgi 1803. Xylosteon tataricum Michx. 1891. Caprifolium tataricum Kuntze	Tatarian honeysuckle, Tartarian honeysuckle Clématite de Tartarie	Introduced from Eurasia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 86% ^[4], CP2^[5] NE1^[6], IPA VT		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Lonicera morrowii A.Gray 1857. Lonicera morrowii A.Gray 1917. Lonicera insularis Nakai 1968. Xylosteon morrowii Moldenke 2011. Lonicera tatarica var. morrowii Q.E.Yang et al.	Morrow's honeysuckle, Asian fly honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille de Morrow	Introduced from Asia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 86% ^[4], CP2^[5] NE1^[6], IPA VT		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Lonicera × bella Zabel Lonicera morrowii × Lonicera tatarica 1889. Lonicera × bella Zabel	Bell's honeysuckle, Showy fly honeysuckle, Bella honeysuckle, Whitebell honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille de Bell, Chèvrefeuille joli	Introduced, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 86% ^[4], CP2^[5] NE1^[6], IPA VT		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. 1857. Xylosteon maackii Rupr. 1859. Lonicera maackii Maxim. 1864. Lonicera maackii Herder 1891. Caprifolium maackii Kuntze	Amur honeysuckle, Bush honeysuckle, Late honeysuckle, Maack's honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille de Maack, Clématite de Maack	Introduced from Asia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 84% ^[4], CP2,^[5] NE1^[6], IPA VT			NYFA: X Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies
Lonicera xylosteum L. 1753. Lonicera xylosteum L. 1889. Lonicera segreziensis Lavallée ex Dippel	European fly honeysuckle, Fly honeysuckle, Dwarf honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille à balais, Camérisier à balais, Clématite des haies	Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive, NYIS: 33%^[7], CP4^[8] NE4^[9], IPA		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Lonicera ruprechtiana Regel 1869. Lonicera ruprechtiana Regel 1891. Caprifolium ruprechtianum Kuntze 1893. Lonicera × muscaviensis Rehder	Manchurian honeysuckle, Ruprecht's honeysuckle	Introduced from temperate Asia, Potentially invasive, Excluded		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Lonicera × notha Zabel Lonicera ruprechtiana × Lonicera tatarica 1889. Lonicera × notha Zabel	Hybrid of Manchurian & Tatarian honeysuckle	Introduced, Potentially invasive		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Genus Lonicera subg. Lonicera sect. Lonicera (excluded taxa)	Fly honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lonicera × xylosteoides Tausch. Lonicera tatarica × Lonicera xylosteum 1838. Lonicera × xylosteoides Tausch	Hybrid of Tatarian honeysuckle & European fly honeysuckle	Introduced, Potentially invasive, Excluded		Excluded NYFA-Excluded	USDA-XX VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies
↑ Northern Ontario Plant Database ↑ Connecticut Botanical Society ↑ GRIN treats Lonicera villosa as a synonym of L. caerulea var. villosa ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lonicera spp.: Very high (84-86). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY. ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lonicera xylosteum: Unknown (33). ↑ Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Symphoricarpos[edit | edit source]

Three species of Symphoricarpos have been found in New York. Symphoricarpos albus (snowberry) has varieties that are both native (var. albus) and introduced (var. laevigatus).

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Caprifolioideae — Caprifolieae — Symphoricarpos
Genus Symphoricarpos	Snowberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F.Blake var. albus Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx.	Common snowberry, Northern snowberry, Thin-leaved snowberry, White coralberry, Waxberry Symphorine blanche	Native, Likely secure		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies
Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F.Blake var. laevigatus (Fernald) S.F. Blake 1905. Symphoricarpos racemosusvar. laevigatus 1914. Symphoricarpos albusvar. laevigatus 1927. Symphoricarpos rivularis Suksd.	Pacific snowberry, Common snowberry, Smooth-leaved snowberry, Waxberry Symphorine lisse, Symphorine blanche lisse	Introduced from western N. America, N. America native, Naturalized, SNA, G5-T5 Perennial, Shrub, subshrub		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench 1753. Lonicera symphoricarpos L. 1794. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench 1803. Symphoricarpos vulgaris Michx. 1892. Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (L.) MacMill. (i)	Buck brush, Coralberry, Indian-coralberry, Indian-currant Symphorine à baies-de-corail	Introduced from US south, N. America native, Naturalized, SNA, G5 FACU Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: X	USDA-NX ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies
Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. (1833)	Wolfberry, Western snowberry, Northern snowberry	Introduced from midwest, N. America native, Not naturalized, SNA, G5 FACU-UPL Perennial, Shrub		Chemung (1950), Ontario, Otsego (2005), Rensselaer (1997) NYFA: X	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Linnaeoideae[edit | edit source]

The Linnaeoideae (twinflower subfamily)...

Linnaea[edit | edit source]

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Linnaeoideae — Linnaea
Genus Linnaea L.	Twinflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Linnaea borealis L. ssp. americana (Forbes) Hultén ex R.T. Clausen Linnaea americana Forbes L. borealisssp. americana	Twinflower, Longtube twinflower	Native, CoC: 9, Likely secure FAC Perennial, Herb-forb, subshrub		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies

Kolkwitzia[edit | edit source]

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Linnaeoideae — Kolkwitzia
Genus Kolkwitzia	Beautybush	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. 1901. Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn.	Beautybush, Cold-whiskey-plant, Buisson de beauté	Introduced, Highly invasive, NYS Tier 2		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Abelia[edit | edit source]

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Linnaeoideae — Abelia
Genus Abelia	Abelias	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NPT
Abelia × grandiflora (Rovelli ex Andre) Rehder Abelia chinensis × Abelia uniflora 1886. Abelia rupestris var. grandiflora Rovelli ex André in… 1892. Abelia × rupestris Späth 1900. Abelia × grandiflora (Rovelli ex Andre) Rehder in… 2013. Linnaea × grandiflora (Rovelli ex André) Christenh. in…	Glossy abelia ⓘ	Introduced, US: established (category C3), Invasive.org: [1]		NYFA: ? counties iNat GBIF 4 counties	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Dipsacoideae[edit | edit source]

The Dipsacoideae (teasel subfamily) is native to a region centered on the Mediterranean and has no members that are native to the western hemisphere.^[1]

↑ Carlson & al. "Phylogeny and character evolution in Dipsacaceae" TAXON 58(4) November 2009: 1075–1091

Tribe Dipsaceae[edit | edit source]

Succisella[edit | edit source]

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Dipsacoideae — Succiseae — Succisella
Genus Succisella Beck	Succisella	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Succisella inflexa (Kluk) Beck 1803. Scabiosa australis Wulfen 1809. Scabiosa inflexa Kluk 1830. Succisa australis Rchb. 1893. Succisella inflexa Beck	Devil’s bit ⓘ Southern succisella Frosted pearls Succiselle infléchie	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX VASCAN Images Wikispecies

Dipsacus[edit | edit source]

Teasels (Dipsacus spp.) are common weeds in New York, introduced from Eurasia.

The most common teasels in New York State are wild fuller's teasels (Dipsacus fullonum).

The least common are the cultivated fuller's teasels (Dipsacus sativus) which have been used as natural combs in the textile industry since the Middle Ages.^[1]

Cut-leaf teasels (Dipsacus laciniatus) have turned out to be the most invasive. They seem to be increasing in population and are on the DEC's list of Prohibited Invasive Species.^[2]^[3]

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Dipsacoideae — Dipsaceae — Dipsacus
Genus Dipsacus L.	Teasel	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Dipsacus fullonum L. 1753. Dipsacus fullonum L. 1762. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. 1778. Dipsacus fullonum var. sylvestris Schmalh. 1909. Dipsacus arcimusci Lojac. 1962. Dipsacus fullonum ssp. sylvestris A.R.Clapham.	Common teasel, Wild fuller's teasel, Wild teazle Cardaire sauvage	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Highly invasive, NYIS Tier: 4, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [2], Naturalized Biennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X iNat GBIF	USDA-XX WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Dipsacus laciniatus L. 1753. Dipsacus laciniatus L.	Cutleaf teasel, Cut-leaf teasel, Cut-leaved teasel, Laciniate teasel Cardère découpée, Cardère laciniée	Introduced from Eurasia, Highly invasive, NYIS: 76%^[1], Prohibited^[2], NYS Tier 4^[3]		NYFA: X NYFA: 11 counties iNat 0 counties	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Dipsacus sativus (L.) Honckn. 1762. Dipsacus fullonum Huds. non L. 1763. Dipsacus fullonumvar. sativus L. 1767. Dipsacus sativus (L.) Garsault 1782. Dipsacus sativus (L.) Honckn. 1912. Dipsacus fullonumssp. sativus Thell.	Cultivated teasel, Cultivated fuller's teasel, Indian teasel, Fuller's teasel	Introduced from Mediterranean, Not naturalized, USGS: L48 established, SNA, GNR FACU Biennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X NYFA: 3 counties iNat GBIF No NY observations	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Dipsacus laciniatus: Highly invasive (76%). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ New York State Invasive Species Tiers for Dipsacus laciniatus. NYS Tier 4. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program

Cephalaria[edit | edit source]

Cephalaria gigantea (giant scabious) was collected from Madison County in 1982. It is unknown whether the plant was naturalized.

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Dipsacoideae — Dipsaceae — Cephalaria
Genus Cephalaria	Scabious	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cephalaria gigantea Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov	Giant scabious ⓘ	Introduced, Unknown naturalization		NYFA: Xu NYFA: Madison (1982) no observations	Images Wikispecies

Knautia[edit | edit source]

Bluebuttons or field scabiosa

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Dipsacoideae — Knautieae — Knautia
Genus Knautia	Scabious	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. 1753. Scabiosa arvensis L. 1823. Knautia arvensis Coult.	Field scabiosa, Field-scabious, Bluebuttons, Blue-buttons Knautie des champs, Scabieuse des champs	Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive, IPA		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Scabiosa[edit | edit source]

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Dipsacoideae — Scabioseae — Scabiosa
Genus Scabiosa	Pincushions	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Scabiosa columbaria L. 1753. Scabiosa columbaria L.	Dove pincushions, Pincushion flower, Yellow scabious Oeil de perdrix, Colombaire	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Valerianoideae[edit | edit source]

The Valerianoideae has often been included in the Valerianaceae (valerian family).

Because the genus Valeriana has been found to be polyphyletic, with six genera, including Valerianella embedded within it, Christenhusz & Byng (2018) recommended moving all of those genera into Valeriana'.^[1]

↑ Christenhusz, M.J.M., Fay, M.F. & Byng, J.W. (eds.) 2018. The Global Flora Vol 4. Global List of Vascular Plants (GLOVAP) nomenclature part 1.

Valeriana[edit | edit source]

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Valerianoideae — Valeriana
Genus Valeriana	Valerian	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & A.Gray) Rydb. 1841. Valeriana sylvatica var. uliginosa Torr. & A.Gray in… 1901. Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & A.Gray) Rydb. in… 1918. Valeriana dubiosa Gand. in… 1951. Valeriana sitchensis ssp. uliginosa (Torr. & A.Gray) F.G.Mey. in… 1952. Valeriana septentrionalis var. uliginosa (Torr. & A.Gray) Gleason in… 1967. Valeriana sitchensis var. uliginosa (Torr. & A.Gray) B.Boivin in…	Marsh valerian, Swamp valerian, Mountain valerian Valériane des tourbières, Valériane uligineuse	Native, Endangered, CA		NYFA: 1-2	USDA- Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe Images Wikispecies
Valeriana officinalis L. 1753. Valeriana officinalis L. 1932. Valeriana stubendorfii Kreyer ex Kom. 1933. Valeriana dageletiana Nakai ex F.Maek.	Garden heliotrope, Common valerian, European valerian, Garden valerian Valériane officinale, Valériane cultivée	Introduced from Eurasia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[1], Prohibited in CT, Finger Lakes Tier 4		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Valeriana officinalis: Moderate (62). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

Valerianella[edit | edit source]

Christenhusz & Byng (2018) recommended moving all Valerianella species into Valeriana.^[1] That change does not yet seem to be universally accepted.

↑ Christenhusz, M.J.M., Fay, M.F. & Byng, J.W. (eds.) 2018. The Global Flora Vol 4. Global List of Vascular Plants (GLOVAP) nomenclature part 1.

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Valerianoideae — Valerianella
Genus Valerianella	Cornsalad	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Valerianella chenopodiifolia (Pursh) DC. 1813. Fedia chenopodiifolia Pursh in… 1830. Valerianella chenopodiifolia (Pursh) DC. in… 1837. Fedia triquetra Hochst. & Steud. ex Shuttlew. in… 1837. Valerianella triquetra Shuttlew. in… 1838. Fedia radiata Torr. & A.Gray in… 1841. Fedia fagopyrum Torr. & A.Gray in… 1841. Fedia radiata var. leiocarpa Torr. & A.Gray in… 1843. Valerianella fagopyrum Walp. in… 2018. Valeriana chenopodiifolia (Pursh) Christenh. & Byng in…	Goose-foot corn-salad, Goosefoot valerian Valérianelle à feuilles de chénopode	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, S1, G5 FAC Annual or biennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 1 NYFA: 6 counties iNat GBIF Monroe, Onondaga	USDA- COL WFO POWO FSUS VASCAN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Valerianella umbilicata (Sull.) Alph.Wood 1842. Fedia umbilicata Sull. in… 1848. Fedia patellaria Sull. ex A.Gray in… 1861. Valerianella umbilicata (Sull.) Alph.Wood in… 1861. Valerianella patellaria (Sull. ex A.Gray) Alph.Wood in… 1872. Valerianella radiata var. umbilicata (Sull.) Porter in… 1872. Fedia radiata var. umbilicata (Sull.) Porter in… 1883. Valerianella woodsiana var. patellaria (Sull. ex A.Gray) A.Gray in… 1883. Valerianella woodsiana var. umbilicata (Sull.) A.Gray in… 1938. Valerianella intermedia Dyal in… 1952. Valerianella radiata var. intermedia (Dyal) Gleason in… 2018. Valeriana narda Christenh. & Byng in… 2018. Valeriana umbilicata (Sull.) Christenh. & Byng in…	Navel cornsalad ⓘ Northern corn salad ⓘ Kankakee corn-salad ⓘ Navel-shaped cornsalad ⓘ Northern valerian ⓘ Tall cornsalad ⓘ Wood's cornsalad ⓘ Valérianelle ombiliquée ⓘ	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, No recent reports, SH, G3-G5 FACW-FAC Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: Z NYFA: 3 counties iNat No NY observtations	USDA-NN POWO Go Botany ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. 1753. Valeriana locusta var. radiata L. in… 1797. Valeriana radiata (L.) Willd. in… 1803. Fedia radiata (L.) Michx. in… 1811. Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. in… 1841. Fedia woodsiana Torr. & A.Gray in… 1843. Valerianella woodsiana (Torr. & A.Gray) Walp. in… 1938. Valerianella stenocarpa var. parviflora Dyal in… 1938. Valerianella radiata var. missouriensis Dyal in… 1938. Valerianella radiata var. fernaldii Dyal in… 2018. Valeriana woodsiana (Torr. & A.Gray) Christenh. & Byng in… 2018. Valeriana valerianella Christenh. & Byng in…	Beaked corn-salad	Native from southeastern US, N. America native		NYFA-Excluded NYFA: Excluded iNat No NY observations	USDA-N POWO Go Botany ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr. 1753. Valeriana locusta L. in… 1776. Valerianella olitoria (L.) Pollich in… 1800. Locusta communis Delarbre in… 1805. Fedia olitaria (L.) Vahl in… 1821. Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr. in… 1823. Fedia locusta (L.) Rchb. in… 1867. Masema olitorium (L.) Dulac in…	European cornsalad, Common cornsalad, Lamb's-lettuce Mâche douchette, Valérianelle	Introduced from Europe, Naturalized, SNA, G5		NYFA: X NYFA: 7 counties 6 counties	USDA- POWO ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

[1] P. F. Stevens, (2001-2015). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, April 2015 - University of Missouri, St Louis, and Missouri Botanical Garden.

[2] Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 (and more or less continuously updated since).

[3] Viburnaceae Raf. at Plants of the World Online (POWO) 18 March 2021

[4] R.C. Winkworth & M.J. Donoghue (2005). "Viburnum phylogeny based on combined molecular data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography." American journal of botany, 92(4), 653–666. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.4.653

[5] Wendy L Clement and Michael J Donoghue (2012). "Barcoding success as a function of phylogenetic relatedness in Viburnum, a clade of woody angiosperms," BMC Evolutionary Biology 12:73

[6] Wendy L Clement, Mónica Arakaki, Patrick W. Sweeney, Erika J. Edwards, Michael J. Donoghue (2014). "A chloroplast tree for Viburnum (Adoxaceae) and its implications for phylogenetic classification and character evolution." American Journal of Botany 101(6): 1029–1049

[7] Michael J. Landis, Deren A. R. Eaton, Wendy L. Clement, Brian Park, Elizabeth L. Spriggs, Patrick W. Sweeney, Erika J. Edwards, Michael J. Donoghue (2019). "Joint phylogenetic estimation of geographic movements and biome shifts during the global diversification of Viburnum." Systematic Biology doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa027

[8] Michael J. Landis, Deren A. R. Eaton, Wendy L. Clement, Brian Park, Elizabeth L. Spriggs, Patrick W. Sweeney, Erika J. Edwards, Michael J. Donoghue (2019). "Joint phylogenetic estimation of geographic movements and biome shifts during the global diversification of Viburnum." Systematic Biology doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa027

[9] Michael J. Landis, Deren A. R. Eaton, Wendy L. Clement, Brian Park, Elizabeth L. Spriggs, Patrick W. Sweeney, Erika J. Edwards, Michael J. Donoghue (2019). "Joint phylogenetic estimation of geographic movements and biome shifts during the global diversification of Viburnum." Systematic Biology.

[10] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum lantana: Moderate (53). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

[CP5-11] Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

[12] Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[13] Michael J. Landis, Deren A. R. Eaton, Wendy L. Clement, Brian Park, Elizabeth L. Spriggs, Patrick W. Sweeney, Erika J. Edwards, Michael J. Donoghue (2019). "Joint phylogenetic estimation of geographic movements and biome shifts during the global diversification of Viburnum." Systematic Biology doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa027

[14] New York State Invasive Species Tiers for Japanese snowball, Viburnum plicatum. NYS Tier 2. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program.

[15] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum sieboldii: Moderate (62).

[CP5-16] Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

[17] Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[18] Michael J. Landis, Deren A. R. Eaton, Wendy L. Clement, Brian Park, Elizabeth L. Spriggs, Patrick W. Sweeney, Erika J. Edwards, Michael J. Donoghue (2019). "Joint phylogenetic estimation of geographic movements and biome shifts during the global diversification of Viburnum." Systematic Biology doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa027

[19] "Viburnum Leaf Beetle." New York State Department of Environmental Conservation website. 17-Sep-2016.

[20] Viburnum rafinesquianum (Downy Arrow-wood) in 2006-2024 MinnesotaWildflowers.info.

[21] Viburnum rafinesqueanum var. affine (Bush ex C.K.Schneid.) House. POWO (2024). "Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ Retrieved 01 January 2024."

[22] Viburnum rafinesqueanum var. affine (Bush ex C. K. Schneider) House in VASCAN 01-Jan-2024

[23] ttp://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/sm_arrow.htm

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