Esperanto/Appendix F
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Below follows a summary of all Esperanto grammar.
Contents |
[edit] Pronouns
I mi we ni you vi he li she ŝi it ĝi they ili one oni thou ci -self si
"Oni" means "one" (as in the French on), "you", "we", etc: "how do you do that?" "kiel oni faras tion?". It does not mean "I".
Pronouns can take the objective case by means of the standard -n suffix: "min" for "me", etc.
For possession ("my", "mine", "your", "yours", "his", "her", "hers", "theirs", "their", "one's") add an -a to the end of the pronoun. For plural, add the standard -j. The possessive pronoun and its plural can also take the objective with an -n, e.g. "li malamis mian katon" "he hated my cat".
[edit] Numbers
[edit] Cardinal Numbers
zero nul one unu two du three tri four kvar five kvin six ses seven sep eight ok nine naŭ ten dek hundred cent thousand mil ten thousand dekmil hundred thousand centmil
The remaining numbers are formed thusly :
909 naǔcent naǔ 12 dek du 40 kvardek 1984 mil naǔcent okdek kvar
Concatenating numbers together, as in naǔcent, implies multiplication, otherwise addition is implied.
[edit] Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal numbers are adjective, formed using the suffix -a:
first unua second dua
With compound numbers, a hyphen must be used:
twenty-first dudek-unua
Since these are adjectives, they must agree with the noun:
Mi vidas la unuan viron. I see the first man.
As in English, they can be abbreviated:
1st 1a, 1an 2nd 2a, 2an
[edit] Nouns & Adjectives
All words ending in o, oj, on or ojn are nouns. All words ending in a, aj, an or ajn are adjectives.
[edit] Plural, Object
Words ending in -j are plural. Words ending in -n have the objective case. Words ending in -jn are plural objects.
Unlike in English, adjectives and their nouns must agree - they have the same ending, so that the plural/objects match up.
la bona knabo - the good boy la bonaj knaboj - the good boys
[edit] Verbs
[edit] Infinitive & Tenses
All verbs are regular, with only one kind of infinitive. Infinitives end with -i. The three tenses (past, present and future) are formed by adding -is, -as and -os respectively to the stem (removing the i first):
skribi to write mi skribas I write mi skribis I wrote mi skribos I will write
[edit] Participles
Participles are adjectives formed from verbs. There are two types: the active and the passive.
[edit] Active
| estas | estis | estos | |
|---|---|---|---|
| -inta (action recently completed) |
estas skribinta (has written) |
estis skribinta (had written) |
estos skribinta (will have written) |
| -anta (action still on-going) |
estas skribanta (is writing) |
estis skribanta (was writing) |
estos skribanta (will be writing) |
| -onta (action soon to begin) |
estas skribonta (is going to write) |
estis skribonta (about to write) |
estos skribonta (will be about to write) |
Note that suffixes:
- -is and -inta indicate completion.
- -as and -anta indicate an action on-going
- -os and -onta indicate an action in the future
The suffix -anta is also used to form adjectives, for example sleeping is dormanta.
[edit] Passive Participles
Passive participles can be formed from transitive verbs and are used for the passive voice.
| -ita (action recently completed) having been |
-ata (action still on-going) being |
-ota (action soon to begin) about/going to be |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| estas | Mi estas vidita I am (in the state of) having been seen. I have been seen. |
Mi estas tenata I am (being) held. |
Mi estas laŭdota I am about (going) to be praised. |
| estis | Li estis vidita He was (in the state of) having been seen. He had been seen. |
Li estis tenata He was (being) held. |
ŝi estis laŭdota She was about (going) to be praised. |
| estos | Ni estos viditaj We shall be (in the state of) having been seen. We shall have been seen. |
Ni estos tenataj We shall be (being) held. |
Ni estos laŭdotaj We shall be about (going) to be praised. |
| estus | Vi estus viditaj You would be (in the state of) having been seen. You would have been seen. |
Vi estus tenataj You would be (being) held. |
Vi estus laŭdotaj You would be about (going) to be praised. |
| estu | (Ke) ili estu viditaj (That) they may be (in the state of) having been seen. That they may have been seen. |
Ke ili estu tenataj That they may be (being) held. |
(Ke) ili estu laŭdotaj (That) they should be about (going) to be praised. |
| esti | Esti vidita To be (in the state of) having been seen. To have been seen. |
Esti tenata To be (being) held. |
Esti laŭdota To be about (going) to be praised. |
The direct object of sentences in passive voice is denoted by de after the participle:
La ŝtelisto estas serĉata de la policanoj The thief is being searched for by the police.
[edit] Agreement
Since these participles are adjectives they must agree in number with the subject, by adding a -j for plural subjects:
Ili estas skribintaj They have written Ni estis skribontaj We were about to write Vi estos skribantaj You will be writing
[edit] Imperative
The imperative (command) form is made by removing the infinitive and adding a -u.
skribu write iru go faru ĝin! do it! mi iru tiam ĉi I should go now
[edit] Conditional (volitive mood)
The conditional or "would" form is made by means of a -us.
vi farus you would, you would do mi povus I could ni manĝus we would eat
[edit] Nouns from verbs
[edit] Active
| -into | someone who was ...ing | skribinto (someone who was writing) |
| -anto | someone who is ...ing | skribanto (a writer) |
| -onto | someone who will be ...ing | skribonto (someone who will be writing) |
[edit] Passive
| -ito | someone who was ...ed | amito (someone who was loved) |
| -ato | someone who is ...ed | amato (someone who is loved) |
| -oto | someone who will be ...ed | amoto (someone who will be loved) |
[edit] Conjunctions
| both ... and | kaj ... kaj |
|
| either ... or | aŭ ... aŭ | |
| neither ... nor | nek ... nek |
|
[edit] Comparisons
| more ... than | pli ... ol |
|
| less ... than | malpli ... ol |
|
| as ... as | tiel ... kiel |
|
| such ... as | tia ... kia |
|
| the same as | sama ... kia |
|
| the same as | sama ... kiel |
|
